Host-parasite List Research Articles

The taxonomy, ecology and host-specificity of some Phyllobothriidae (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a critical revision of Phyllobothrium Beneden, 1849 and comments on some allied genera

Two new and twelve little known species of Phyllobothrium or of allied genera, mainly from elasmobranchs and teleosts caught off the British Isles, have been investigated. As some of these could not be identified to species and the others presented difficulties, material from various other sources was obtained and examined for comparison. In addition, the literature on about 100 species allocated to Phyllobothrium was consulted and brought together. A critical appraisal of this literature is given and the genus is revised for the first time. Information on most of the species was found to be inadequate to provide a key and, therefore, a host-parasite list was compiled. As only about fifty species of Phyllobothrium sensu lato have been found in about 100 of the 3000 species of elasmobranchs known to exist, it is estimated that a very large number of Phyllobothrium spp. remains to be discovered and described. The possible significance of this fact is discussed. Brief descriptions of the most well-known species of Phyllobothrium are given and reasons against listing synonyms for these are emphasized. Of the 100 species already allocated to the genus only twenty-two are accepted at present; further studies may show that only three of these, viz. P. lactuca , P. dagnallium and P. serratum , show the typical features of the genus, as originally described. Fourteen of the twenty-two may, eventually, be placed in Anthocephalum Linton, 1890, if this genus is revived; the erection of a new genus or genera may be necessary for the remainder. P. britannicum sp.nov., from Raja montagui , is provisionally placed near P. lactuca but the bothridia are only slightly bifid, their margins are not so folded and the species is euapolytic. P. minutum sp.nov. from R. fullonica closely resembles P. auricularia, P. foliatum and P. loculatum and may, eventually, fall as a synonym of one of these; at present they are all little-known forms. Reasons are given for provisionally retaining Crossobothrium and Monorygma , with about ten species in each. It is suggested that three species originally placed in Phyllobothrium may be allied to Sphaerobothrium lubeti Euzet, 1959. An examination of the type material of P. ketae Ganavan, 1928, previously regarded as unique or as a neotenic form, has shown that the original description was partly based on a pseudophyllidean and possibly on the larvae of P. caudatum . A number of larvae of Phyllobothrium in invertebrates, teleosts and marine mammals, fourteen little-known species of the genus and invalid members are discussed. A detailed discussion is given of the ecology, host specificity and attachment of Phyllobothrium and allied genera to the gut mucosa of elasmobranchs. In a general discussion brief comments are made on life-history, the identification and classification of Phyllobothrium , self-fertilization and on ‘segmentation’. Almost 200 references are cited.

Studies on Monogenetic Trematodes. XXXIII. New Species of Gyrodactylus and a Key to the North American Species

Five new species of Gyrodactylus are described: G. colemanensis from Salmo gairdneri Richardson, Coleman National Fish Hatchery, Anderson (Shasto Co.) and Navarro River (Mendocino Co.); G. crysoleucas from Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill), Rooney Pond, 17 miles east of Sacramento (Sacramento Co.) (all) California; G. lacustris from Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, Cottonwood Lake, two miles north of Butte (McHenry Co.), North Dakota; G. perforatus from Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert), Bodega Lagoon (Sonoma Co.); and G. variabilis from Notemigonus crysoleucas, Rooney Pond, 17 miles east of Sacramento (Sacramento Co.) (both) California. Gyrodactylus hoffmani Wellborn & Rogers, 1967, is recorded from Pimephales promelas, Cottonwood Lake, two miles north of Butte (McHenry Co.), North Dakota. Parasite-host and host-parasite lists, and a key to the North American species of Gyrodactylus are provided. Treatment of fish hosts and methods concerning preparation, observation, measurement, illustration, and description including nomenclature and development of species described herein, were employed as given by Mizelle & Kritsky (1967) and Kritsky & Mizelle (in press). A recent emended diagnosis of Gyrodactylus by these authors (1967) facilitates much shorter descriptions of species in this genus. In each of the following described species (1) a single spicule is present in each cephalic lobe, (2) the rami of the superficial bar are secured under the anchor folds, and (3) the ends of the deep bar insert within the anchor knobs. All primary embryos were oriented as an inverted U. The width of the pharynx is the maximum for this organ. The filamentous hooklet loop is abbreviated FH loop; all measurements are given in microns. Paratypes are in the authors' collections. Gyrodactylus colemanensis n. sp. Figures 1-6 This species is described on the basis of 16 specimens (Holotype, USNM Helm. Coll. 61691) from the steelhead (skin), Salmo gairdneri Richardson, Coleman National Fish Hatchery, Anderson (Shasta Co.) (type locality); and Navarro River, (Mendocino Co.) (both), California. Vitellaria-like spherules infrequently present from cephalic area to haptor. Length 457 (400-552), width 110 (90-121). Cephalic lobes of moderate size. Pharyngeal bulbs subovate, subequal, width 47 (39-52); intestinal crura infrequently with mesial diverticula. Peduncle moderate to broad; haptor subcircular, width 80 (65-94), length 71 (65-85). Hook distribution extrahamular. Super1 The authors are grateful to Mrs. R. P. Dempster, Associate Curator, Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California for aid in the identification of fishes; and to Dr. W. A. Rogers for loan of paratypes of Gyrodactylus hoffmani Wellborn & Rogers, 1967. The following also are gratefully acknowledged for their cooperation in collecting fish hosts: Mr. E. B. Barney, Fishery Biologist, Coleman National Fish Hatchery, Anderson, California; Mr. P. Christman, Sr., of Butte, North Dakota; and Mr. J. W. Crane, graduate student at Sacramento State College, Sacramento, California. 2 The present work was supported by the National Science Foundation (GB 3803). TRANS. AMER. MICROSC. Soc. 86(4): 390-401. 1967. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.179 on Sun, 17 Apr 2016 07:43:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms MIZELLE & KRITSKY-MONOGENETIC TREMATODES 391

Parasites of Freshwater Fishes (Salmonidae and Coregonidae) of Insular Newfoundland

A survey was made of the parasites of freshwater game fishes in Insular Newfoundland. A total of 304 fish from five species (Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo salar (grilse, landlocked, parr, smolt), Salmo gairdneri, Salmo trutta, and Coregonus clupeaformis) was examined from 43 sampling stations covering the main watersheds of the island. Twenty-six parasitic species are recorded. Two new species, Phyllodistomum limnosa and Salmincola exsanguinata, are described. Descriptions are given and the systematic positions of the following discussed: Trichophrya piscium, Crepidostomum farionis, Apophallus brevis (metacercariae), Dibothriocephalus sp., Echinorhynchus lateralis, Metabronema salvelini, Philonema agubernaculum, Salmincola salmonea, and Argulus canadensis. A host–parasite list with percentage infections is given for all species of fish and a table showing the distribution between river and lake fish over the island as a whole is given for the commoner parasites of S. fontinalis. Distribution and host specificity are discussed.

New Records of Hymenopterous Parasites from California Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

AbstractParasites of the hymenopterous families Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, and Torymidae are listed from many different species of California Scolytidae. A parasite-host list and a host-parasite list are included to facilitate use of the paper. Forty-two records new to North American literature are presented.

THE SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF THE ZOO-PARASITIC OXYUROID NEMATODES.

Eleven Oxyuroid parasites are described in the present paper of which three belong to new genera and seven to new species. One species has been re-described. Basirella n.gen. is characterised in having a divided type of body into an anterior barrel-shaped part and a long posterior part. Neoprotozoophaga n.gen. possesses lateral alae in male, boat-shaped spicula and vulva in the oesophageal region. Propharyngodon n. gen. bears no spicule and accessory piece. Affinities are discussed. A host-parasite list is furnished.

Distribution of Certain Strigeid Trematodes in Great Britain

THE genus Apatemon has been recorded frequently from members of the Anatidae in Europe and the United States1,2. In Britain only one published record of this genus seems to be available. Baylis3 recorded Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) from Anas penelope from Cheshire. Two unpublished records exist of the occurrence of this species in Wales. Davies4 described this species from a domestic duck, and Williams5 recovered 12 specimens of Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) from Anas crecca and 15 specimens from Anas penelope. The host–parasite lists of Nicoll6 are not considered valid in this context as they do not differentiate between European and British records.

Protozoan Parasites of Domestic Animals and of Man

This book is the first of a series of three volumes on veterinarian parasitology planned by Dr. Levine. It deals primarily with the protozoan parasites of domestic animals but, as the title implies, also treats of the protozoan parasites of man. Though world-wide in scope, its emphasis is upon the parasites of the common domestic animals of temperate zones.The book is divided into 14 chapters, an appendix of scientific and common names of domestic and wild animals and a combined index and host-parasite list. The first chapter introduces the subject of parasitology. The second serves to introduce the reader to the protozoa; morphology, biology and classification are dealt with briefly but well. The section on classification is particularly noteworthy because in it the author uses his system of uniform endings for the higher taxa which he proposed in 1959.

Biological Notes on Pacific Coast Aphid Parasites, and Lists of California Parasites (Aphidiinae) and Their Aphid Hosts (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)1

Biological notes on distribution, new rearing data, hyperparasites, diapause, and other observations are given for 18 California species and 5 British Columbia species of Aphidiinae, based on scrutiny of 1500 specimens reared from 1956 to 1958. In addition, distribution, hosts, and diapause are noted for 9 species of secondary parasites. There are now 26 described species of Aphidiinae known from California, 18 of which occur in southern California. These parasites attack 68 species of aphids in 24 genera, of which 23 species and 4 genera are added as new hosts. Parasite-host and host-parasite lists are added for easy reference. New records for California aphid parasites are Aphidius (Aphidius) nigripes Ashmead, A. (A.) pisivorus Smith, A. (Lysiphlebus) chrysoaphidis Smith, and Praon unicus Smith. Asaphes fletcheri (Crawford), a primary parasite of Aphidius (A.) nigriteleus Smith, is also a new California record. New records for British Columbia aphid parasites are Aphidius (Aphidius) ohioensis Smith, A. (A.) pisivorus Smith, A. (A.) ribis Haliday and Ephedrus californicus Baker. Euneura lachni (Ashmead), a primary parasite of Aphidius (Protaphidius) ponderosae Muesebeck, is also a new British Columbia record.

New Dactylogyrid parasites from the gill filaments of cyprinid fishes from India

Three new monogenetic trematodes of the genus Dactylogyrus (Family Dactylogyridae) have been described from the gill filaments of two cyprinid fishes, Labeo bata and Barbus stigma, from India. The new forms have been named D. batae, D. orientalis and D. gussevi, which are distinguished from allied species by characteristic copulatory complex and other characters of haptoral armature. The description is illustrated with 13 camera lucida drawings. A host—parasite list of Indian species is appended.

List of the Parasites Recorded from Sea Mammals Caught off the West Coast of North America

A parasite-host list and host-parasite list, with complete references, of the ecto- and endo-parasites recorded from marine mammals of the North American west coast are presented. One trematode, 7 nematodes, 1 acanthocephalid, 1 copepod, 6 cirripedes, 5 amphipods and a lamprey are reported from 12 species of Cetacea. From 8 species of Pinnipedia, 5 trematodes, 4 cestodes, 12 nematodes, 7 acanthocephalids, 5 Acarina and 4 Anoplura are listed. A single species of Fissipedia has yielded 4 trematodes, 1 cestode, 1 nematode and 2 acanthocephalids, almost all of which have been found in Pinnipedia.

The Genus Anonchotaenia (Cestoda: Dilepididae) from North American Birds, with the Description of a New Species

Cestodes of the genus Anonchotaenia Cohn, 1900 have been little studied and in general are not well known in North America. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the literature, with special reference to North American forms, and present a description of a new species. A key to the species and a parasite-host list which includes several new hosts are also presented. The genus Anonchotaenia was proposed by Cohn (1900) for a cestode from Parus c. caeruleus, with A. clava as the type species. Von Linstow (1879) described Taenia Rudolphiana (syn. T. Loxiae recurvirostrae Blumenbach, 1779), T. globata, and T. breviceps, which Fuhrmann (1908) recognized to be synonymous with A. clava. Fuhrmann also selected A. globata as the most suitable for the type species. The description of the genus Anonchotaenia was not complete, and Fuhrmann (1901) proposed the name Anurina with A. longiovata as the type. A nurina inermis was mentioned as a further species, but no qualifying description was given. Fuhrmann (1901), in a correction, indicated that Anurina should have been written Amerina. Cohn (1901) gave a complete redescription of Anonchotaenia clava, which definitely established the characters of the genus. Clerc (1902) described Amerina inermis n. sp. from Sitta uralensis Licht., but in a later paper (1903) gives Fuhrmann credit for the species. Clerc (1903) recognized that the species he assigned to Amerina inermis was an undescribed species, and consequently redescribed it under the name Anonchotaenia bobica. Diamare (1901) makes a brief reference to the genus as Anurina. Both Anurina and Amerina must be considered synonyms of Anonchotaenia. The genus Zosteropicola was erected by Johnston (1912) for a cestode from Zosterops lateralis (Lath.), with Z. clelandi as type. Fuhrmann (1918) considered this genus to be identical with Anonchotaenia, and was dubious as to the existence of an armed rostellum, which was described for Z. clelandi. Fuhrmann (1918) did not think it justifiable to create a new genus for this species, even though an armed rostellum might exist, since it apparently agreed in all other respects with the characters of Anonchotaenia. A. clelandi is not included in the key or host list given below. Until more evidence is presented, or the type reexamined, this species must remain doubtful. There are now apparently 15 valid species in the genus Anonchotaenia: (1) A. globata (von Linstow, 1879) (syn. T. Rudolphiana von Linstow, 1879;

The Internal Parasites of Domestic Animals. A Manual for Veterinary Surgeons

This short, concise volume, written by a well-known British parasitologist, covers the protozoan and helminthic parasites of domestic animals. After a brief introductory section on nomenclature and history of veterinary parasitology (pp. 1–18), the book presents important data on the protozoa (pp. 19–48), the helminths (pp. 49–217), immunology and serology (pp. 218–237), therapeusis of helminthic infections (pp. 238–245), technic (pp. 246–267), host-parasite lists (pp. 270–276) and a brief but well-selected bibliography (pp. 277–284). The protozoan forms are considered all too briefly, but this fault is more than compensated by the splendid section on helminths. The author has utilized as a type for nematode structure the sheep hookworm, Monodontus trigonocephalus, an important pathogenic species. Generic keys are plentiful, the illustrations are accurate and life history diagrams are numerous. Only a few minor inaccuracies or inconsistencies have been found. Of these the most noticeable is the transposition of diagrams “J” and “L,” Fig. 119, p. 188.