Host Language Research Articles

Review: The Manmade Environment: Nya Nordiska Landskap (New Nordic Landscapes)

The Manmade Environment: Nya Nordiska Landskap (New Nordic Landscapes). DogA (Norwegian Centre for Art and Design), Oslo, 23 September–21 November 2010. Gammal Dock, Copenhagen, 11 February–22 May 2011. Arkitekturmuseet, Stockholm, 16 June–18 September 2011. Museum of Finnish Architecture, Helsinki, 7 October–4 December 2011. Architectural exhibitions are rare enough in this world given the paucity of informed staff to conceive and produce them and venues for their display. Landscape architecture exhibitions are rarer still; in the last decade only four stand out in terms of ambition, content, and presentation: Groundswell: Constructing the Contemporary Landscape , at the Museum of Modern Art (2005); Alexandre Chemetoff: Situations construites, at the Arc en Reve Centre d'Architecture in Bordeaux (2009); Stadtgrun: Urban Green: European Landscape Design for the 21st Century , at the Deutsches Architetkturmuseum in Frankfurt (2010), and Roberto Burle Marx: La Permanence de l'instable , originating at the Paco Imperial in Rio de Janeiro and recently shown at the Cite de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine in Paris (2011). A substantial publication accompanied each of these exhibitions. Significant efforts also lie behind The Manmade Environment: New Nordic Scopes , a collaboration of the Danish Architecture Centre and Norsk Form (Oslo), with the Arkitekturmuseet (Swedish Museum of Architecture), the Suomen Rakennustaiteen Museo (Museum of Finnish Architecture), and the Norraena husið (Nordic House) in Reykjavik, and the first attempt at a comprehensive look at landscape design in all five countries (Figures 1, 2). While the exhibition purports to present outstanding recent works of Nordic landscape architecture, that premise is open to question, as discussed below. This review comments on the presentation of the exhibition at the Swedish Museum of Architecture in Stockholm, where the revised subtitle was New Nordic Landscapes . Figure 1 The Manmade Environment: Nya Nordiska Landskap (Photo: Matti Ostling, Arkitekturmuseet) Figure 2 Detail of Figure 1 Historically, considerable disparity in what constitutes landscape architecture—or designed landscapes, if you will—has qualified work in the Nordic countries. Icelandic, Finnish, and Norwegian landscapes, with rare exceptions and until relatively recently, have tended to promote the look of the primeval landscape. The rare …

인터넷 토론 사이트의 논쟁댓글 및 논쟁관계 시각화

최근에는 인터넷 토론 사이트에서 댓글을 이용해 다른 사람들과 토론이나 논쟁하는 경우를 흔히 볼 수 있다. 논쟁을 통해 게시물의 내용과는 다른 새로운 의견이 나타날 수도 있으므로 논쟁댓글을 파악하고 식별하는 것은 중요한 문제라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내의 인터넷 토론 사이트인 SkepticalLeft와 아고라에서 수집한 댓글을 통해 인터넷 토론 게시판에서 논쟁댓글의 특성을 분석하였다. 그리고 이를 바탕으로 댓글 목록의 논쟁구간과 논쟁관계를 검출하고 이를 시각화하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안 방법의 성능을 보이기 위해 논쟁댓글과 논쟁 쌍을 검출하고 정확도와 재현율 그리고 F-measure를 측정하였다. 논쟁댓글검출 성능은 F-measure가 0.84(SkepticalLeft)와 0.83(아고라)으로 측정되었고, 논쟁 쌍 검출은 각각 0.75(SketpcialLeft)와 0.82(아고라)로 측정되었다. 제안 방법은 댓글 작성자의 순서관계만을 이용하므로 사용언어나 철자법에 제약받지 않는다. 또한 시각화된 뷰를 통해 게시판 이용자들이 댓글에 내포된 논쟁구조를 파악하는데 도움을 줄 것이다. Recently, many users discuss and argue with others using replying comments. This implies that a series of comments can be a new source of information since various opinions can be appeared in the dispute. It is important to understand the implicit dispute structure immanent in the comment set. In this paper, we examine the characteristics of disputes using replying comments in the Internet forum sites using a set of test articles with the comments collected from SketicalLeft and Agora, which are famous Internet forum sites in Korea. And we propose a new method for detecting and visualizing the dispute sections and relations from a large set of replying comments. To show the performance of our method, we measured precision, recall, and F-measure. According to the experimental results, the F-measures of the detection of the comments in dispute are about 0.84 (SketpcialLeft) and 0.83 (Agora); those of the detection of the commenter pairs in dispute are 0.75 (SketpcialLeft) and 0.82 (Agora), respectively. Since our method exploits the temporal order of commenters to detect the disputes, it is not dependent on the host language nor on the typos in comments. Also, our method can help the readers to grasp the structure of controversy hidden in the comment set through the visualized view.

Portable parallel performance from sequential, productive, embedded domain-specific languages

Domain-expert productivity programmers desire scalable application performance, but usually must rely on efficiency programmers who are experts in explicit parallel programming to achieve it. Since such programmers are rare, to maximize reuse of their work we propose encapsulating their strategies in mini-compilers for domain-specific embedded languages (DSELs) glued together by a common high-level host language familiar to productivity programmers. The nontrivial applications that use these DSELs perform up to 98% of peak attainable performance, and comparable to or better than existing hand-coded implementations. Our approach is unique in that each mini-compiler not only performs conventional compiler transformations and optimizations, but includes imperative procedural code that captures an efficiency expert's strategy for mapping a narrow domain onto a specific type of hardware. The result is source- and performance-portability for productivity programmers and parallel performance that rivals that of hand-coded efficiency-language implementations of the same applications. We describe a framework that supports our methodology and five implemented DSELs supporting common computation kernels. Our results demonstrate that for several interesting classes of problems, efficiency-level parallel performance can be achieved by packaging efficiency programmers' expertise in a reusable framework that is easy to use for both productivity programmers and efficiency programmers.

Modeling Domain-Specific Profilers.

Domain-specific languages and models are increasingly used within general-purpose host languages. While traditional profiling tools perform well on host language code itself, they often fail to provide mean- ingful results if the developers start to build and use abstractions on top of the host language. In this paper we motivate the need for dedicated profiling tools with three dierent case studies. Furthermore, we present an infrastructure that enables developers to quickly prototype new profilers for their domain-specific languages and models.

The strategies that peanut and nut‐allergic consumers employ to remain safe when travelling abroad

BackgroundAn understanding of the management strategies used by food allergic individuals is needed as a prerequisite to improving avoidance and enhancing quality of life. Travel abroad is a high risk time for severe and fatal food allergic reactions, but there is paucity of research concerning foreign travel. This study is the first to investigate the experiences of, and strategies used by peanut and tree nut allergic individuals when travelling abroad.MethodsThirty-two adults with a clinical history of reaction to peanuts or tree nuts consistent with IgE-mediated allergy participated in a qualitative interview study.ResultsTravel abroad was considered difficult with inherent risks for allergic individuals. Many participants recounted difficulties with airlines or restaurants. Inconsistency in managing allergen avoidance by airlines was a particular risk and a cause of frustration to participants. Individuals used a variety of strategies to remain safe including visiting familiar environments, limiting their activities, carrying allergy information cards in the host language, preparing their own food and staying close to medical facilities.ConclusionsParticipants used a variety of allergen avoidance strategies, which were mostly extensions or modifications of the strategies that they use when eating at home or eating-out in the UK. The extended strategies reflected their recognition of enhanced risk during travel abroad. Their risk assessments and actions were generally well informed and appropriate. A need for airline policy regarding allergy to be declared and adhered to is needed, as is more research to quantify the true risks of airborne allergens in the cabin. Recommendations arising from our study are presented.

Língua de acolhimento, língua de integração

Com o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos do Conselho da Europa e com uma Europa tendencialmente mais multilingue e multicultural, assiste-se ao emergir de termos que se impõem pela frequência ou (re)criam e fixam conceitos com reinterpretações, conforme as novas situações socioeducativas, como é o caso de "língua de acolhimento", que, neste texto, é objeto de reflexão. A pertinência dessa questão desenvolve-se no seguimento de outras relacionadas com conceitos como língua materna, língua segunda, língua estrangeira, já consagrados na Linguística Aplicada e na Didática das Línguas Vivas. A indispensabilidade de se refletir hoje sobre esses conceitos é fundamental para a prática pedagógica e para o planejamento linguístico, reflexão coadjuvada pela proposta do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência ao fornecer linhas de orientação em nível discursivo.

Balancing between heritage and host languages in bilingual kindergarten: viewpoints of Russian-speaking immigrant parents in Germany and in Israel

This study analyses Russian-speaking immigrant parents' beliefs and attitudes toward the education of their children in German and Israeli bilingual kindergartens. Why did the parents chose bilingual education? Which convergences and divergences exist in parents' beliefs, expectations and attitudes toward bilingual kindergartens in Germany and Israel? A quasi-experimental design was employed to evaluate the effect of the sociocultural context on how immigrant parents relate to their children's pre-school bilingual development. The main difference found between German and Israeli parents was their general representation of the optimal model of bilingual development. While German parents seem to be more oriented to a balanced development of both target languages, the Israeli parents prefer the ‘first language first’ approach. These findings are discussed in light of state and local language policies in Germany and Israel as well as in light of the language teaching models adopted by kindergarten policy makers.

The Role of Language Competence, Interpersonal Relationships, and Media Use in Bosnian Refugees’ Resettlement Process

Guided by Kim's Integrative Theory of Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation, this study examined the role of language competence, interpersonal relationships, and media use in refugee resettlement using data from 315 Bosnians living in St. Louis, Missouri. The participants were recruited via the snowball sampling technique, and their host language competence, host and ethnic interpersonal relationships, host and ethnic media use, functional fitness, psychological health, U.S. cultural and ethnic identity salience, and demographic information were measured. A total of six hypotheses and two research questions were examined. Correlation analyses revealed that host language competence, host and ethnic interpersonal relationships and media use, all positively contribute to refugees’ adaptation.

Bilingual toddlers reap the language they sow: ethnic minority toddlers' childcare attendance increases maternal host language use

This study investigated the development and correlates of language use in bilingual Turkish-Dutch immigrant mothers and their toddlers. In this short-term longitudinal study 87 mothers completed questionnaires on their Dutch and Turkish language use, ethnic identity and use of childcare. Observational data were obtained for maternal supportive presence and observed language use with the child. We found evidence that mothers who felt more strongly connected to the Turkish culture spoke more Turkish and less Dutch with their toddlers. The amount of Dutch that was used in mother–toddler communication increased significantly between the ages of two and three years. Mothers of children who started visiting childcare or who lived in a neighbourhood with a low percentage of non-western immigrants showed a larger increase in use of the Dutch language with their toddlers. Our findings emphasise the importance of contextual factors in determining language use in ethnic minority families.

Reactive imperative programming with dataflow constraints

Dataflow languages provide natural support for specifying constraints between objects in dynamic applications, where programs need to react efficiently to changes of their environment. Researchers have long investigated how to take advantage of dataflow constraints by embedding them into procedural languages. Previous mixed imperative/dataflow systems, however, require syntactic extensions or libraries of ad hoc data types for binding the imperative program to the dataflow solver. In this paper we propose a novel approach that smoothly combines the two paradigms without placing undue burden on the programmer. In our framework, programmers can define ordinary statements of the imperative host language that enforce constraints between objects stored in special memory locations designated as "reactive". Differently from previous approaches, reactive objects can be of any legal type in the host language, including primitive data types, pointers, arrays, and structures. Statements defining constraints are automatically re-executed every time their input memory locations change, letting a program behave like a spreadsheet where the values of some variables depend upon the values of other variables. The constraint solving mechanism is handled transparently by altering the semantics of elementary operations of the host language for reading and modifying objects. We provide a formal semantics and describe a concrete embodiment of our technique into C/C++, showing how to implement it efficiently in conventional platforms using off-the-shelf compilers. We discuss common coding idioms and relevant applications to reactive scenarios, including incremental computation, observer design pattern, and data structure repair. The performance of our implementation is compared to ad hoc problem-specific change propagation algorithms, as well as to language-centric approaches such as self-adjusting computation and subject/observer communication mechanisms, showing that the proposed approach is efficient in practice.

SugarJ

Existing approaches to extend a programming language with syntactic sugar often leave a bitter taste, because they cannot be used with the same ease as the main extension mechanism of the programming language - libraries. Sugar libraries are a novel approach for syntactically extending a programming language within the language. A sugar library is like an ordinary library, but can, in addition, export syntactic sugar for using the library. Sugar libraries maintain the composability and scoping properties of ordinary libraries and are hence particularly well-suited for embedding a multitude of domain-specific languages into a host language. They also inherit self-applicability from libraries, which means that sugar libraries can provide syntactic extensions for the definition of other sugar libraries. To demonstrate the expressiveness and applicability of sugar libraries, we have developed SugarJ, a language on top of Java, SDF and Stratego, which supports syntactic extensibility. SugarJ employs a novel incremental parsing technique, which allows changing the syntax within a source file. We demonstrate SugarJ by five language extensions, including embeddings of XML and closures in Java, all available as sugar libraries. We illustrate the utility of self-applicability by embedding XML Schema, a metalanguage to define XML languages.

Cedalion

Language Oriented Programming (LOP) is a paradigm that puts domain specific programming languages (DSLs) at the center of the software development process. Currently, there are three main approaches to LOP: (1) the use of internal DSLs, implemented as libraries in a given host language; (2) the use of external DSLs, implemented as interpreters or compilers in an external language; and (3) the use of language workbenches, which are integrated development environments (IDEs) for defining and using external DSLs. In this paper, we contribute: (4) a novel language-oriented approach to LOP for defining and using internal DSLs. While language workbenches adapt internal DSL features to overcome some of the limitations of external DSLs, our approach adapts language workbench features to overcome some of the limitations of internal DSLs. We introduce Cedalion, an LOP host language for internal DSLs, featuring static validation and projectional editing. To validate our approach we present a case study in which Cedalion was used by biologists in designing a DNA microarray for molecular Biology research.

Asynchronous adaptive optimisation for generic data‐parallel array programming

SUMMARYProgramming productivity very much depends on the availability of basic building blocks that can be reused for a wide range of application scenarios and the ability to define rich abstraction hierarchies. Driven by the aim for increased reuse, such basic building blocks tend to become more and more generic in their specification; structural as well as behavioural properties are turned into parameters that are passed on to lower layers of abstraction where eventually a differentiation is being made. In the context of array programming, such properties are typically array ranks (number of axes/dimensions) and array shapes (number of elements along each axis/dimension). This allows for abstract definitions of operations such as element‐wise additions, concatenations, rotations, and so on, which jointly enable a very high‐level compositional style of programming, similar to, for instance, MATLAB. However, such a generic programming style generally comes at a price in terms of runtime overheads when compared against tailor‐made low‐level implementations. Additional layers of abstraction as well as the lack of hard‐coded structural properties often inhibits optimisations that are obvious otherwise. Although complex static compiler analyses and transformations such as partial evaluations can ameliorate the situation to quite some extent, there are cases, where the required level of information is not available until runtime. In this paper, we propose to shift part of the optimisation process into the runtime of applications. Triggered by some runtime observation, the compiler asynchronously applies partial evaluation techniques to frequently used program parts and dynamically replaces initial program fragments by more specialised ones through dynamic re‐linking. In contrast to many existing approaches, we suggest this optimisation to be done in a rather non‐intrusive, decoupled way. We use a full‐fledged compiler that is run on a separate core. This measure enables us to run the compiler on its highest optimisation‐level, which requires non‐negligible compilation times for our optimisations. We use the compiler's type system to identify the potential dynamic optimisations. And we use the host language's module system as a facilitator for the dynamic code modifications. We present the architecture and implementation of an adaptive compilation framework for Single Assignment C, a data‐parallel array programming language. Single Assignment C advocates shape‐generic and rank‐generic programming with arrays. A sophisticated, highly optimising compiler technology nevertheless achieves competitive runtime performance. We demonstrate the suitability of our approach to achieve consistently high performance independent of the static availability of array properties by means of several experiments based on a highly generic formulation of rank‐invariant convolution as a case study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Host Language Proficiency, Intercultural Sensitivity, and Study Abroad

This paper focuses on a case study of advanced foreign language students who took part in a short-term study abroad program. By examining their journeys, from their home environment to the host culture and back again, we gain a deeper understanding of the development of their intercultural communicative competence. In the process, the linkage between linguistic and intercultural development is problematized. While the participants were Hong Kong university students who sojourned in England, elements of their stories should reach across ethnic, linguistic, and geographic lines and resonate with foreign language learners in other parts of the world.

Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence

In this study, we investigate whether preposition stranding, a stereotypical non-standard feature of North American French, results from convergence with English, and the role of bilingual code-switchers in its adoption and diffusion. Establishing strict criteria for the validation of contact-induced change, we make use of the comparative variationist framework, first to situate stranding with respect to the other options for preposition placement with which it coexists in the host language grammar, and then to confront the variable constraints on stranding across source and host languages, contact and pre-contact stages of the host language, mainstream and “bilingual” varieties of the source language, and copious and sparse code-switchers. Detailed comparison with a superficially similar pre-existing native language construction also enables us to assess the possibility of a language-internal model for preposition stranding. Systematic quantitative analyses turned up several lines of evidence militating against the interpretation of convergence. Most compelling are the findings that the conditions giving rise to stranding in French are the same as those operating to produce the native strategy, while none of them are operative in the presumed source. Explicit comparison of copious vs. sparse code-switchers revealed no difference between them, refuting claims that the former are agents of convergence. Results confirm that surface similarities may mask deeper differences, a crucial finding for the study of contact-induced change.

Change in Friendship Homophily

This longitudinal study investigated friendship homophily (i.e., the preference for intra-ethnic over inter-ethnic friends) among immigrant adolescents in Israel and Germany. Based on acculturation theories and known differences between Israel and Germany in the establishment of Russian-speaking immigrant communities in these countries, it was hypothesized that levels and rates of change in friendship homophily would differ. Associations between context- and acculturation-related variables and levels and rates of change in adolescent friendship homophily were also tested. The sample consisted of 877 Russian Jewish and 358 ethnic German Diaspora migrant adolescents (i.e., migrants returning to the country of their ancestors from the former Soviet Union). Results confirmed higher levels and a less pronounced decrease of friendship homophily in Israel as compared to Germany. Especially acculturation-related variables were found to be best at predicting intercept and slope of friendship homophily. Findings also showed that differences in levels and rates of change in adolescent friendship homophily between both countries could be explained by language use; thus, using the new host language more often appeared to be a crucial variable for lower levels of friendship homophily. Overall, results suggest very similar adaptation processes toward lower friendship homophily in the two countries but at a different pace over time.

Host country language ability and expatriate adjustment: the moderating effect of language difficulty

Research has shown that expatriates' host country language ability is positively associated with their adjustment. But does the advantage of expatriates' language ability depend on the difficulty of the host language? To examine this issue, data were collected from expatriates in two European countries, one with an easy, relatively simple language and the other with a difficult, highly complex language. Consistent with Goal-Setting Theory, results indicated a relative advantage of expatriates' language ability in terms of their adjustment in the host country with the difficult language as opposed to the host country with an easy language.

Parents' Discourses About Language Strategies for Their Children's Preschool Bilingual Development

The study focused on immigrant parents' discourses about strategies for their children's preschool bilingual development and education. The article investigated how immigrant parents described and explained these strategies. The study was based on semi-structured interviews with 4 families. The 8 parents were Russian-speaking immigrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union. Analysis of the data showed that all the parents desired their children to maintain the heritage language and to acquire the host language. At the same time, they were realistically skeptical of achieving balanced bilingualism in their children's language development. Nevertheless, most reported clearly elaborated intervention plans to support the children's balanced bilingualism. The regulation of language interaction with the child at home occupied a central place in parents' strategies for their children's bilingual development; however, some chose bilingual kindergarten for their children, whereas others chose monolingual programs. To explain and justify this choice, parents adduced different motives and representations about trajectories of children's bilingual development.

Languages as libraries

Programming language design benefits from constructs for extending the syntax and semantics of a host language. While C's string-based macros empower programmers to introduce notational shorthands, the parser-level macros of Lisp encourage experimentation with domain-specific languages. The Scheme programming language improves on Lisp with macros that respect lexical scope. The design of Racket---a descendant of Scheme---goes even further with the introduction of a full-fledged interface to the static semantics of the language. A Racket extension programmer can thus add constructs that are indistinguishable from "native" notation, large and complex embedded domain-specific languages, and even optimizing transformations for the compiler backend. This power to experiment with language design has been used to create a series of sub-languages for programming with first-class classes and modules, numerous languages for implementing the Racket system, and the creation of a complete and fully integrated typed sister language to Racket's untyped base language. This paper explains Racket's language extension API via an implementation of a small typed sister language. The new language provides a rich type system that accommodates the idioms of untyped Racket. Furthermore, modules in this typed language can safely exchange values with untyped modules. Last but not least, the implementation includes a type-based optimizer that achieves promising speedups. Although these extensions are complex, their Racket implementation is just a library, like any other library, requiring no changes to the Racket implementation.

Teachers’ views on organizational and pedagogical approaches to early bilingual education: A case study of bilingual kindergartens in Germany and Israel

The article focuses on bilingual kindergartens in Germany and Israel offering education in both host (German or Hebrew) and immigrant (Russian) languages. The main questions are how teachers of bilingual kindergartens understand and explain the organizational and pedagogical principles of the kindergartens and how they negotiate home and host country pedagogical experience. The methodological background of the study is Critical Discourse Analysis. The results reveal differences in the organizational and pedagogical principles that can be attributed to the preschool education policies in Germany and Israel, the status of the Russian language, and the specific characteristics of the kindergartens.