Image Of Host City Research Articles

The effect of sports event on revisit intention to build sports tourists’ sustainability.

Background: As one of the fastest growing industries in the world, tourism and sport are two components that support each other with various types of activities, one of them is sports event. From that statement, a sports event needs to focus more on how to maintain the sustainability of sports tourist to keep economic growth in host city. This study aims to compare the impact of sports event on the sports tourists’ intention to revisit the host city and compare the respond of sports tourists on revisiting sports event’s host city in Indonesia and South Korea. Materials and methods This quantitative research will use a questionnaire as a tool for data collector and it will be made on google form in three languages (Bahasa Indonesia, English, and Korean). The instrument will contain statements from variables, including Event Quality, Perceived Value of Host City, Host City Image, and Behavior Intention to revisit. Respondents can provide answers in a modified Likert scale from strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree. The population of this study is all spectators who attend sporting events and by using purposive-snowball sampling with a total of 113 samples obtained. Results: Effect of each indicator on revisit intention found that there is a strong relationship between event quality and revisit intention, perceived value and image of the host city have a very strong relationship with revisit intention in Indonesia. In South Korea, the relationship between event quality and perceived value of the host city has a strong connection with revisit intention, while the host city image is closely related to revisit intention. Conclusions: The evaluation of sporting events extends beyond the immediate experience, emphasizing the transient nature of impressions that fade over time. Analyzing two well-organized sporting events—the Tour de Borobudur in Indonesia and the Climbing Youth World Championships in South Korea—reveals high respondent satisfaction but also highlights the critical role of physical environment quality. The positive tourist attraction ratings for Solo, Indonesia, and Seoul, South Korea, reflect favorable city images with multidimensional aspects. Keywords: Sports Tourism; Sport Event Management; Revisit Intention; Indonesia; South Korea

Impacts of host city image in the country destination branding in sport mega-event context: exploring cognitive and affective image dimensions

PurposeThis paper aims to verify the brand image effects of holding a sport mega-event by investigating the host city's influence on the country's branding, as a tourist destination.Design/methodology/approachThis research considered the Rio 2016 Olympic Games and uses quantitative methods: exploratory factor analysis and regression. Data were collected by structured questionnaires with a sample of (n = 274) international respondents with high international travel experience.FindingsRio de Janeiro's 2016 host city image positively predicted Brazil's tourist destination image. Both cognitive and affective image dimensions of Rio as a host city predicted Brazil's destination image, but the cognitive image dimensions demonstrated more impact.Practical implicationsEven in a mega-event context, city marketing strategies should be planned and executed with a focus on the country's destination image.Originality/valueThe study contributes by focusing on presenting the importance of the host city image dimensions to the host country destination image in a sports mega-event context. The study investigated a new approach, the impacts of affective and cognitive dimensions in the overall destination image considering two connected destinations and the hosting of a sport mega-event, a condition not found in the literature thus far.

The effect of international sporting event marketing mix (7Ps) on foreign spectators’ destination image, satisfaction and revisit intention: An empirical evidence from 2019 Gwangju FINA World Championships

Purpose Limited research has investigated the marketing mix of international sporting events empirically. This study filled this gap by identifying the marketing mix and examined the structural relationships among marketing mix, destination image, satisfaction and revisit intention focusing on foreign spectators of 2019 Gwangju FINA World Championships. Methods The questionnaire was structured in four sections: sporting event marketing mix (seven dimensions and 21 items), host city image (three items), satisfaction (three items) and revisit intention (three items). Analysis of data from 396 foreign spectators in FINA Championships indicated that the proposed model fit the data well. Within a attitude-behavior theoretical framework, this study proposed and tested a structural relationships among the constructs. Results The results of this study presented that (1) product, place, and people in sporting event marketing mix significantly impacted foreign spectators’ destination image, (2) product, price, place, promotion, and physical evidence were appeared to be significant predictors of satisfaction, and (3) destination image and satisfaction had a significant effect on foreign spectators’ revisit intention. Conclusion The findings suggest marketing mix for the international sporting event and its influential mechanism on foreign spectators’ revisit intention. Practically, this study provides important implications for event organizers that can be utilized to develop strategic marketing mix in sporting events to enhance spectators’ destination image, satisfaction, and revisit intention.

The role of mega-sports event experience and host city experience in explaining enjoyment, city image, and behavioral intentions

ABSTRACT This study used the experiential approach and cognition-affect-conation model approach to examine the effects of tourists’ mega-sports event experience and host city experience on the host city image, enjoyment of mega-sports event, enjoyment of the host city, and behavioral intentions (recommendations and revisit). Data were collected using an online questionnaire from 422 US tourists who attended the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. The results support the conceptual model and the relevance of introducing the affective component in the management of mega-sports events.

Sport volunteer service performance, image formation, and service encounters

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the link between sport event volunteer service performance and sport spectator experience that leads to future intentions.Design/methodology/approachSubjects were the international visitors at a mega sporting event in South Korea (n=431). The sample was randomly drawn based on convenience sampling method. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was utilized to test the hypotheses. The adequacy and statistical significance of the path models were confirmed by individual indicator loadings, average variance explained, bootstrapt-statistics and convergent validity.FindingsVolunteer service performance significantly predicted event satisfaction, event image, and host city image and indirectly influenced intentions to revisit the event and host city. Event image predicted host city image, event satisfaction and intention to revisit the event. Host city image predicted event satisfaction and intention to revisit the host city. Event satisfaction predicted both intentions to revisit the event and the host city.Originality/valueSport event volunteers are in direct contact with spectators; therefore the performance of volunteers’ service may have an impact on establishing event and host city images perceived by visitors at the event. The research findings suggest that sport event volunteer performance positively affects image formation and further induce international visitors to revisit both the event and the host city. One of the key findings includes the important role of event satisfaction in the association between volunteer performance, image formation and future behavior.

What drives spectators’ experiential loyalty? A case study of the Olympic Football Tournament Rio 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships among the experiential quality (EQ) dimensions, experiential satisfaction (ES), experiential involvement (EI), host city image (HCI), experiential equity (EE), spectator affection (SA) and experiential loyalty (EL) in the sport context.Design/methodology/approachThe data used in this study were based on a sample of 674 spectators from the finals of the men’s and women’s football tournaments held at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio, indicating that the proposed model fitted the data.FindingsFindings show that the six EQ dimensions physical environment quality, outcome quality, access quality (AQ), game quality, trip quality (TQ) and security quality (SQ), EI, EE, HCI and SA positively influence ES. Also, EI moderates the relationship between HCI and EL. Moreover, EL is influenced by EI, HCI, SA and ES.Practical implicationsResults will assist sport management in developing and implementing market-orientated service strategies to increase the EQ dimensions, ES, EI, EE, HCI and SA in order to increase EL.Originality/valueThis study provides data that result in a better understanding of the relationships among the EQ dimensions, ES, EI, HCI, EE, SA and EL in the sporting context.

Attracting international spectators to a sport event held in Asia

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the systematic influence of core product features, event operation quality, sport fan identification, and image of host city as a tourism destination on behavioral intentions of international spectator at a Formula One (F1) event held in Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachA survey form assessing the specified concepts was designed and employed to examine the structural relationships. The research participants were international spectators (n=512) attending the event. Data were randomly split into two halves, one for EFA (n=256) and the other for CFA and SEM (n=256).FindingsFindings revealed that core product feature and sport fan identification factors were significantly (p<0.05) related to both of international spectators’ desire to stay at the event, attend the event in the future, and revisit the country; whereas, event operation quality was only found to be significantly influential of the re-patronage, and destination image was only significantly influential of the desire to stay. The findings highlight the importance and relevance of these concepts in attracting, serving, and retaining international visitors to the event.Originality/valueUnlike other studies that are centered merely on game and event factors, this study expanded on a bigger ecological spectrum surrounding a F1 event and systematically evaluated the critical concepts and factors affecting international tourist to the event that can be considerable sources of economic growth. The findings provide empirical evidence for event and tourism management and marketing.

Host residents’ role in sporting events: The city image perspective

The purpose of this study was to identify the antecedent and outcome variables of host city image perceptions, and to analyze how these perceptions impact behavioral intentions from the residents’ viewpoint. To this end, the authors constructed a structural model, distributed questionnaires to residents in Saitama City for the Tour de France Saitama Criterium held in Japan from 2014 to 2016, and collected 636 usable responses. The results verified that the fit between host city and sporting event is a useful antecedent variable of city image. Furthermore, place attachment to host city was identified as an outcome variable. Development of these two variables could benefit behavioral intentions, suggesting that residents play an important role in sporting event development. In addition, the authors found that hosting a sporting event leads to place attachment among residents through fit between host city and sporting event and city image perceptions. Thus, hosting a sporting event has two potential impacts—one each on the event organizer and the host city—from the residents’ viewpoint. It benefits the organizers by developing the residents’ behavioral intentions and has a social impact on the host city through an enhancement in their place attachment.

무예마스터십의 서비스품질과 개최도시 이미지, 평판 및 재방문의사에 미치는 영향

무예마스터십의 서비스품질과 개최도시 이미지, 평판 및 재방문의사에 미치는 영향

Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event

This study develops a structure of host city image, verifies the backgrounds and consequences of host city image, and predicts spectators’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) attempt through the host city via structural equation modeling. A descriptive methodology was used with the cooperation of the local city government; questionnaires were distributed to spectators of the 30th Iran International Cycling Tour (Tour de Urmia) in Iran. Convenience sampling was utilized, and 280 usable questionnaires were obtained. First, the results produced a city image scale comprised of six factors and 21 items with reliability and validity. This scale incorporates the sports image into the city image to enable a comparison between the sports image and other city images, which is original to this paper. Second, the results indicated that affect toward the event (ATE) was a background variable to city image, image fit, and WOM attempt as a consequent variable. Third, the theoretical model could predict positive WOM attempt through the host city with a 23% explanatory rate. The host city of Tabriz provides evidence about the role of ATE, city image, and image fit, which is an important new contribution, as few studies have focused on city image or image fit.

이색 스포츠 이벤트 속성과 참가 만족도가 도시브랜드 및 도시이미지에 미치는 영향 - 북극곰 수영축제를 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of attribute of unusual sport event and participation satisfaction on city brand and city image of host city. Moreover, this study was based on offering strategic implications of city marketing through a unusual sport event.BR For these primary reasons, participants of Polar Bear Swim Festival which held at Haeundae Beach in Busan were selected as subjects, and 195 copies of total 300 copies were used in data analysis. Data analysis of this study were done by PASW Statistics 21.0. Frequency analysis was conducted to verify the demographic characteristics of participants who attended the event. Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s α coefficient were conducted to test validity and reliability.BR Furthermore, Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Analysis were conducted to investigate the effects of attribute of unusual sport event and participation satisfaction on city brand and city image of host city which is set up as research hypothesis. The results were as follows.BR First, an amusement, attractiveness and specificity among attributes of unusual sport event factors had significantly positive effects on city brand.BR Second, specificity and originality among attributes of unusual sport event factors had significantly positive effects on city image.BR Third, event management among sub-factors of participation satisfaction had significantly positive effects on city brand.BR Fourth, event management among sub-factors of participation satisfaction had significantly positive effects on city image.BR

스포츠이벤트의 서비스품질과 개최도시의 이미지, 평판 및 재방문의사의 구조적 관계 - 중ㆍ소도시의 스포츠이벤트를 중심으로

스포츠이벤트의 서비스품질과 개최도시의 이미지, 평판 및 재방문의사의 구조적 관계 - 중ㆍ소도시의 스포츠이벤트를 중심으로

The image impact of mega-sporting events perceived by international students and their behaviour intentions

Using Shanghai F1 as an example, this research seeks to examine the impact of mega-events on host city image from the perspective of international students. Leisure facilities and service were the most positive image impact perceived by the respondents, followed by affective city images as well as opportunities and convenience. International students tended to disagree that F1 would result in any crime and security problems and were unsure about any negative impact on environment and daily life. Some of the image factors were significantly related to intention to work in the city or the willingness to recommend the city.

Legacy of the Beijing Olympic Games: a non-host city perspective

Research question: This paper examines the legacy of the Beijing Olympics perceived by non-host city residents almost five years after the Games and how that perception would affect attitude towards the hosting of the Games.Research methods: An empirical survey study was conducted in which data were collected from 468 residents of Shanghai through structured questionnaires. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified seven factors underlying the perceived legacy of the Beijing Olympics: ‘Psychic income and social capital’, ‘Infrastructure and skills development’, ‘Networks and cooperation’, ‘Environment’, ‘Tourism and economics’, ‘Sport and health’ and ‘Identity and culture’.Results and findings: The findings demonstrate that the level of perceived legacy was significantly above the mid-point on all of the dimensions. In contrast, existing literature in western context demonstrated that on many dimensions values were below the mid-point, suggesting that the economic and cultural backgrounds of residents would make a difference. The paper also confirmed that perceived legacy would positively affect residents' attitude towards the hosting of Olympic Games, further highlighting the importance of continuous legacy leverage of Olympics.Implications: Evidence from this study points to the danger of underestimating the effort required by event planners to harness legacy and shift perception of host city image. More needs to be done, post securing event rights, to communicate with national and international audiences particularly in the developing world.

The Impact of Mega Sporting Events on Live Spectators' Images of a Host City: A Case Study of the Shanghai F1 Grand Prix

Using the 2008 Shanghai F1 Grand Prix as a case study, this paper explores the extent, nature and implications of the impacts of sports mega-events on a host city's image from the perspective of the event visitors. It shows that the Shanghai F1 Grand Prix has, in general, a significant positive image impact on live spectators. However, the image impact varies from dimension to dimension, with the possibility of a high percentage of spectators reporting negative change on certain dimensions. The findings show that the evaluation of sports events is related positively to image impact and indicate the importance of improving service quality and spectators' satisfaction in order to achieve the most effective impact on spectators.

Identifying Impact of Olympic Host City’s Image on Intention to Visit

Hosting Olympic Games has been applied as a marketing tool to enhance image of host cities where both domestic and international tourism are popular. According to recent literature review on image, both components of cognitive and affective image are believed to better explain the overall image of a tourism destination. However, there have been few studies dealing with these two components of destination image related to Olympic Games. Furthermore, they have not been applied to evaluate an Olympic host city's image. In appreciation of the importance of tourism destination image and Olympic Games, this study identified the impact of Beijing's image provided by the 29th Beijing Olympics. Structural equation model was used to fulfill the objective of the study. Results indicated that overall image significantly influences the intention to visit the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, whereas cognitive and affective components do not influence intentions. Drawing on the empirical findings, implications and recommendations for future research are offered.