Hospital Solid Waste Research Articles

Comparative study of predicting hospital solid waste generation using multiple linear regression and artificial intelligence.

A successful hospital solid waste (HSW) management needs an accurate estimation of waste generation rates. The conventional regression methods upon increasing the number of input variables hardly can predict the HSW generation rate and require more complex modeling. In return, application of machine learning methods seems to be able to increase the power of predicting the produced wastes. To predict the HSW, Multiple Linear Regression(MLR) and several Neuron- and Kernel-based machine learning methods were employed to analyze data from hospitals of Karaj metropolis. The number of wards, active and occupied beds, staffs and inpatients, and ownership type and activity years of hospital were defined as the model inputs. In addition, proposed models performance was evaluated based on coefficient of determination (R2) and Mean-Square Error (MSE). The performance of Neuron- and Kernel-based machine learning methods indicated that both models were satisfactory in predicting HSW. However, the better results of 0.82-0.86 for average R2 value and 0.003-0.008 for average MSE value, indicated relative superiority of Kernel-based models compared to Neuron based (average R2 = 0.68-0.74, average MSE = 0.009-0.023) and MLR models. Number of staffs and hospital ownership type were the most influential model variables in predicting the HSW generation rate. The machine learning methods could interpret the relationship between waste generation rate and model inputs, appropriately. Thus, they may play an effective role in developing cost-effective methods for suitable HSW management.

Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Padat di RSUD Padangan Kabupaten Bojonegoro

The management of solid medical waste in RSUD Padangan Bojonegoro District is one of the efforts to create a clean and safe hospital condition from the source of infection for all officers, patients and environment in hospital. The management of solid medical waste in RSUD Padangan Bojonegoro District is viewed from the aspect of planning quite well, but there are still few problems such as the absence of global SOP for the management of hospital solid medical waste. For the organizing aspect is quite good, but the organizational structure in the Sanitation Unit has not been legalized its existence. Then the implementation aspect has gone well because it has been referring to the applicable regulation. While the supervision aspect has not run optimally because of the lack of regular supervision schedule conducted by Sanitarian. This study aims to determine the implementation of solid medical waste management in RSUD Padangan Bojonegoro District. Aspects studied in this study are: aspects of planning, organizational aspects, aspects of implementation, and aspects of supervision.Keywords: management, solid medical waste, hospital, RSUD Padangan, planning, organizing, implementation, supervision

The Processing of Hazardous and Toxic Hospital Solid Waste in Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya

The increasing number of hospital, increases medical waste in Indonesia. Medical waste is categorized as hazardous and toxic waste as mentioned in Appendix I of Government Regulation number 101 in 2014. The hazardous and toxic waste management in hospital is necessary because if it is not managed properly can cause injury, environmental pollution, and nosocomial disease. Hazardous and toxic hospital waste management can minimize the effect of it. The purpose of this study was to identify the flow of hazardous and toxic waste management in RSUD Dr. Soetomo according to the regulations. The research type was descriptive observational using secondary data from the installation of environmental sanitation. Data was compared to the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.56 in 2015 about Technical Procedures and Technical Requirements for the Hazardous and Toxic Waste’ s Management from Health Service Facilities. The results showed that the management of hazardous and toxic waste in RSUD Dr. Soetomo was fulfill the requirements in the regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. P.56 of 2015 from the reduction and segregation, storage, transportation and treatment of hazardous and toxic waste.

Effect of pH on the flotation performance of incinerator fly ash

ABSTRACTFlotation was proved to be effective for decarburization and removal of dioxins from hospital solid waste (HSW) incinerator fly ash, but weathering makes it difficult. The effects of three types of surfactants including nonionic (Tween 80), anionic (SDS), and cationic (CTAB) at different pulp pH values on the flotation performance of weathered HSW incinerator fly ash were investigated. Results showed that the corresponding optimal pH values of Tween 80, CTAB, and SDS were 7, 5, and 9 in terms of decarburization performance, respectively, which were validated by the measurement of Zeta potential. The total dioxins and carbon removal efficiencies showed good correlation at various pulp pH values with surfactant of Tween 80. The optimum surfactant type and pH value should be selected as Tween 80 and pH = 7 from the standpoints of the dioxin removal. Under the optimum condition, the lowest content of dioxins (2.7 ng I-TEQ/g) in the tailings was obtained. The content of heavy metals in the froths exhibited higher with addition of SDS compared with that with Tween 80 and CTAB.

Environmental Impacts associated with solid waste management practices at Alberto Sabogal Sologuren National Hospital, Callao

Today, a large amount of solid waste is generated worldwide, of which only 10% is reused. The amount of solid waste reused is reduced if the waste has some characteristics that make it hazardous, as is the case of hospital solid waste (HSW). To this are added the environmental impacts that the waste and its inadequate handling entails. This research shows the association of solid waste management practices with environmental impacts in the Alberto Sabogal Sologuren National Hospital. For this, segregation, internal transport of solid waste, cleaning and disinfection of the equipment and the availability of personal protective equipment were taken into account. To achieve this, an evaluation of its management was carried out, which was carried out by visiting each of the services and / or environments of the Hospital, a physical characterization of solid waste for seven days where solid waste was identified and quantified. areas and services, an interview with staff working in the hospital center and an identification of environmental factors that are impacted as a result of waste management practices.

Assessment of Hospital Solid Waste Management in Tamale Metropolis: A Case Study of Tamale West and Central Hospitals

Assessment of Hospital Solid Waste Management in Tamale Metropolis: A Case Study of Tamale West and Central Hospitals

Substitution of natural stony material aggregates in conventional 17.5 Mpa non-structural concrete mixtures by means of percentage addition of hospital solid waste

Substitution of natural stony material aggregates in conventional 17.5 Mpa non-structural concrete mixtures by means of percentage addition of hospital solid waste

Hospital Waste Minimization, Separation, Treatment and Disposal in Iran: A Mini Review Study

The aim of this study is to focus exclusively on the issues of minimisation, separation, treatment and disposal of hospital solid wastes (HSW). The existing scenario for these issues has been assessed in 26 of the provincial capitals in Iran, where basic information has been collated through a survey of literature. The results showed that 96% of the centres under study followed inappropriate methods of reduction and separation of the solid hospital wastes. However, awareness and management could be effective in decreasing and monitoring hospital wastes. The infectious and non-infectious wastes were not completely segregated, and 43% of the total waste was found to be infectious. Currently, hospital wastes are treated by the following processes: autoclave (64%), hydroclave (13%), chemical technology (12%) and incineration (4%); the incinerated ash and other wastes (7%) were disposed of in landfills. In conclusion, HSW management is implemented in a better way as compared to previous years and a great amount of effort has been put in to achieve the desired results.

Effect of flotation on the dioxin distribution in size-fractioned fly ash of hospital solid waste incineration

ABSTRACTAfter the flotation of hospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) fly ash, two types of solid products, froths and tailings, are produced. This paper reports the effect of flotation on the dioxins distribution patterns in different particle size fractions (−25, −38, +25, −75, +38, −106, +75 and +106 µm) of fly ash. The results showed that the froths had a higher small-size particle distribution than that of the raw fly ash. The dioxin content with particle size in the flotation products depended on the partition behavior of powder-activated carbon (PAC). The dioxin content in the fine particles of the froths was higher than that in the coarse particles, and the highest content was in the finest particles (−25 µm). The dominant dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) congeners in the froths and tailings were similar to those in the raw fly ash. A positive correlation between carbon removal and PCDD/F removal with different size fractions was observed. The carbon removal efficiencies of the fractions of −25 and −38, +25 µm were evidently higher than those of the other particle size fractions. Similarly, the PCDD/F removal efficiencies in fractions of −25 and −38, +25 µm could reach 156.9% and 115.0%, respectively.

Management of Hospital Solid Wastes: A study in Pokhara Sub- Metropolitan City

Introduction: Hospital waste can be defined as the total waste stream that is generated from health care establishments. Health care wastes usually consist of sharps, human or animal tissues or body parts, their body fluids and other infectious materials produced during the course of treatment. Methods: For the purpose of the study, population was defined in terms of the medical hospital, having inpatient facilities located within Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City (PSMC). The total numbers of health care institutions (HCIs), having inpatient facilities, were 14 and all were sampled for the study. Questionnaires were prepared to meet the objectives of the study. Results: Various categories of health care waste have been generated in the health care institutions of PSMC which depend on size of individual health care facility, types of medical specialties practiced, and nature of HCIs. Waste generated from health care activities have been categorized as general or non-hazardous waste, and hazardous waste and are separately segregated into 4 different categories, like general waste, infectious wastes, sharps, and saline bottles. Conclusion: Most health care institutions in Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City depend upon the municipality services for the disposal of health care waste materials collected. The municipality disposed the waste without any segregation and treatment in the sanitary land fill site treating them as a municipal solid waste. There is no separate mechanism for the proper treatment of medical wastes. There should be integrated waste management system and centralized waste management system managed by the municipality under health care waste management act to solve the gravity of problems. If it is not improved the problem of serious environmental health problem will arise in future thus an appropriate management of hospital solid waste should be undertaken.

Qualitative and Quantitative Survey and Suggested Management Strategy of Hospital Solid Waste atHormozgan Province, Iran

Qualitative and Quantitative Survey and Suggested Management Strategy of Hospital Solid Waste atHormozgan Province, Iran

Reburning Treatment of the Froths Obtained after the Flotation of Incinerator Fly Ash

ABSTRACTFlotation has been proven to successfully remove most polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and carbon constituents from hospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) fly ash. The resultant froths contain large quantities of carbon constituents that can reburn in the incinerator. In this paper, the reburning behavior of froths at temperatures from 800°C to 1200°C was compared with that of HSWI fly ash. Results showed that the destruction efficiency of PCDD/Fs was higher in the froths than in the fly ash at the same reburning temperature. The destruction efficiencies of PCDD/Fs in the froths exceeded 98% at temperatures higher than 1000°C. The volatilization ratio of Pb, Zn, and Cu was lower in the froths than in the fly ash. Furthermore, reburning of the froths can achieve energy recovery of the carbon constituents. Therefore, flotation followed by reburning treatment in a combustion chamber could be a suitable process for the detoxification and reutilization of HSWI fly ash.

Determinants of hospital solid waste composition of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife, Nigeria

AbstractHospital solid waste dumped indiscriminately into the municipal bins often increases the chances of survival and mutation of pathogenic microbial population in the waste. Therefore, this study examined the determinants of hospital solid waste composition in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife. Data were obtained from both primary (Actual measurement of waste in kg) and secondary sources. Waste produced in the wards and clinics were measured for seven days in each week over the period of three months. The study showed that sharps and general waste produced in wards represented 27.3 and 72.7%, respectively. The study also showed that the highest quantity of wastes was generated on Monday representing 15.17%, while the least quantity was on Sunday (11.54%). The daily and weekly per capita waste quantities generated in the wards of OAUTHC were 0.799 and 5.689 kg, respectively. The study concluded that the methods and materials of waste storage in OAUTHC were not in ...

Two-Step Flotation Treatment for Removal of Toxic Matter from Hospital Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash

ABSTRACTApplication of two-step flotation for removing dioxins and heavy metals from hospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) fly ash was studied. In the first step, decarburization flotation was executed to remove dioxins from raw fly ash. The second step of precipitation flotation was carried out to recycle the toxic metals in the residual slurry. Finally, an acid leaching-sulphide precipitation-flotation method was proposed. The results showed that carbon removal rate was 90.7%, and the dioxin removal percentage was 91.0% during decarburization flotation. And Zn, Pb and Cu in residual slurry were acid-leached with the removal efficiencies being 91.3%, 79.2% and 85.6%, respectively. The optimum sulphidation condition of heavy metals in the residual slurry were Na2S molar ratio of 1.4 and sulphidation time of 30 min. Subsequently, precipitation flotation could recover 49.9% of Zn, 42.0% of Pb and 48.7% of Cu from the raw fly ash. After the two-step flotation, the toxicity of the tailings reduced considerably, and the tailings could be disposed in landfill. Therefore, this two-step flotation treatment of HSWI fly ash may result in both detoxification and potential resource recovery.

Application of microwave energy in the destruction of dioxins in the froth product after flotation of hospital solid waste incinerator fly ash

Most of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and powder-activated carbon (PAC) in hospital solid waste incinerator fly ash are enriched in the froths produced through flotation. Because PAC is an excellent microwave absorber, microwave treatment was performed on the froths in this study to decompose PCDD/Fs. The results showed that the destruction efficiency of PCDD/Fs increased with increasing microwave incident power and processing time, particularly for highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs. With a microwave incident power of 2100W at 7min, the total mass destruction efficiency of the PCDD/Fs in the froths reached 99.6wt.% and the total toxic equivalent (TEQ) of PCDD/F was substantially reduced from 29.0 to 0.08 ng–I-TEQ/g. PCDD/Fs in the froths were mostly decomposed and evaporated very little into exhaust gas under microwave treatment, especially at 2100W. The treated froths displayed good porous structures, enabling the potential recovery of PAC for reuse. Microwave treatment of the froths could promote the rapid decomposition of PCDD/Fs and the recovery of a typical waste resource; also it could present a viable alternative to combustion treatment for the froths.

Survey of Hospital Solid Waste Management in North of Iran

Background and Objectives: Disposal of hospital wates is a significant environemtal concerns, particularly in develoing regions of the world. Addressing this challenge relies on availability of detailed data on the current status of wate management. Mazandaran Province is located in southern coast of the Caspian Sea and thus its environmental status may directly influence the environment of this Sea. The present study aimed to characterize the situation of hospital solid wate management in this province. Methods: The solid waste management of 40 hospitals of various types were surveyed. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire and summarized using descriptive statistical methods. Findings: Mean per capita of infectious, general, sharp, and total wastes, was fround to be 0.95, 1.59, 0.06, and 2.61 kg/bed/day, respectively. A total of 36.1% of all waste is hazardous waste (infectious and sharp wastes). The distance between the temporary place of waste and the nearest hospital ward is 100 m in 20% of the hospitals. This time of wast residence is < one day in 42.5%, one day in 37.5%, two days in 12.5%, and one week in 7.5% of hospitals. The type of temporary place of waste was a roofed concrete chamber, a metal container, an outdoor area, and a tightly-closed plastic container, respectively, in 82.5%, 10%, 5%, and < 1% of the hospitals. The infectious waste is incinerated in 57.5%, autoclaved/hydro-claved in 35%, and disposed untreated in < 1% of hospitals. Infection control training courses are held every month in 27.5%, every three months in 12.5%, every six months in 40%, and once a year in 17.5% of the hospitals. Conclusions: A large volume of the total hospital waste is hazardous waste. Desposal of waste in more than half of the hospitals take one day or more. The environmental and health risk associated with this situation calls for appropriate measures. More than half of the surveyed hospitals treat their wast by incineration which may release considerable amounts of air pluants. Equipping these hospitals with autoclave and hydro-clave devices is thus significant to protection of the environment.

Application of life cycle assessment for hospital solid waste management: A case study

ABSTRACTThis study was meant to determine environmental aspects of hospital waste management scenarios using a life cycle analysis approach. The survey for this study was conducted at the largest hospital in a major city of Pakistan. The hospital was thoroughly analyzed from November 2014 to January 2015 to quantify its wastes by category. The functional unit of the study was selected as 1 tonne of disposable solid hospital waste. System boundaries included transportation of hospital solid waste and its treatment and disposal by landfilling, incineration, composting, and material recycling methods. These methods were evaluated based on their greenhouse gas emissions. Landfilling and incineration turned out to be the worst final disposal alternatives, whereas composting and material recovery displayed savings in emissions. An integrated system (composting, incineration, and material recycling) was found as the best solution among the evaluated scenarios. This study can be used by policymakers for the formulation of an integrated hospital waste management plan.Implications: This study deals with environmental aspects of hospital waste management scenarios. It is an increasing area of concern in many developing and resource-constrained countries of the world. The life cycle analysis (LCA) approach is a useful tool for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from different waste management activities. There is a shortage of information in existing literature regarding LCA of hospital wastes. To the best knowledge of the authors this work is the first attempt at quantifying the environmental footprint of hospital waste in Pakistan.

Manejo De Residuos Sólidos Hospitalarios En La Unidad Oncológica Solca-Chimborazo

It was determined that the handling of the solid waste generated by the SOLCA – Chimborazo cancer hospital was not appropriate, both internally and externally. Because of that, the classification, transport, storage, deactivation, and intermediate disposition are inconvenient. Thus, it was realized that it is important to have the requirements and documents to follow and comply the objectives that are specified within the management, focusing on feedback and continuous improvement. To learn about the nature of the generated residuals, they were characterized in the hospital. Common, infectious, radioactive, organic and sharp residuals were found during the months of September, November and December. The common waste is comprised of cardboard, paper and plastic. The per-capita production of residuals was 0.76 kg/patient/day. The environmental impact caused by the generation of hospital solid waste was 56% severe impacts and 44% moderate impacts, which could elicit health problems in the population surrounding the hospital. For this reason, the appropriate management of solid waste allowed to obtain large environmental benefits and reduce the pollution generated by the hospital solid waste. It is recommended to SOLCA-Chimborazo and other health institutions the implementation of an adequate solid waste management, which will allow them to comply with all the requirements enforced by the environmental regulations.

Implementation of a multi-variable regression analysis in the assessment of the generation rate and composition of hospital solid waste for the design of a sustainable management system in developing countries.

Forecasting of hospital solid waste generation is a critical challenge for future planning. The composition and generation rate of hospital solid waste in hospital units was the field where the proposed methodology of the present article was applied in order to validate the results and secure the outcomes of the management plan in national hospitals. A set of three multiple-variable regression models has been derived for estimating the daily total hospital waste, general hospital waste, and total hazardous waste as a function of number of inpatients, number of total patients, and number of beds. The application of several key indicators and validation procedures indicates the high significance and reliability of the developed models in predicting the hospital solid waste of any hospital. Methodology data were drawn from existent scientific literature. Also, useful raw data were retrieved from international organisations and the investigated hospitals' personnel. The primal generation outcomes are compared with other local hospitals and also with hospitals from other countries. The main outcome, which is the developed model results, are presented and analysed thoroughly. The goal is this model to act as leverage in the discussions among governmental authorities on the implementation of a national plan for safe hospital waste management in Palestine.

Mass Concentrations of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and Heavy Metals in Different Size Fractions of Hospital Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Particles

ABSTRACTHospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) fly ash is an extremely complex mixture because it contains carbon constituents, toxic heavy metals, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). We investigated the distribution of carbon constituents, PCDD/Fs, and heavy metals in the five different particle size fractions (+106 µm, –106 + 75 µm, –75 + 38 µm, –38 + 25 µm, and –25 µm) of HSWI fly ash. The loss on ignition (LOI) in the particle size fraction of –25 µm was higher than that in the particle size fractions of other sizes. Moreover, 82.63% of the fly ash particles were in the size range of –75 + 25 µm, and this particle size range was suitable for direct flotation treatment. Because powder-activated carbon adsorbed a higher amount of low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs in the gaseous phase, the concentration of each PCDD/F congener, particularly of low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs, generally increased with a decrease in the particle size. The total toxic equivalent (TEQ) of the fraction of –75 µm did not satisfy the landfill site standard (3 ng-TEQ g–1). The highest concentration of Pb, Zn, and Cd was observed in the fraction of –38 + 25 µm rather than in the fraction of –25 µm. The exchangeable speciation of Zn, Pb, and Cd was relatively high in the particle size fraction of –75 µm. The carbonate speciation of Pb and Zn was the highest in the particle size fraction of –38 + 25 µm. The leaching concentrations of Pb and Cd in all particle size fractions exceeded landfill allowable thresholds.