Horticultural Varieties Research Articles

Separation of anthocyanin and leucoanthocyanin in flowers of Camellia japonica.

BATE-SMITH1 observed that a methanol extract of white flowers of Camellia japonica turned red after heating with dilute hydrochloric acid. This suggests that leuco-anthocyanin is present in the white flowers. By the same procedure I found that red flowers of several horticultural varieties of C. japonica contained leuco-anthocyanin yielding cyanidin, as well as a glycoside of cyanidin.

THE INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO ASCOCHYTA PISI LIB. IN PEAS

As part of a program for breeding horticultural varieties of peas resistant to Ascochyta pisi Lib., a study was made of the inheritance of resistance to a monospore isolate of the pathogen using a cross between the resistant pea strain, Ottawa A-100, and the susceptible variety, Thomas Laxton. The results indicate that resistance to the isolate used is due to duplicate dominant genes, either one of which will give resistance.

STAINING OF MITOCHONDRIA WITH NEOTETRAZOLIUM CHLORIDE

IT IS CLEAR that studies with redox indicators, such as neotetrazolium chloride used here, may be divided into two areas, the first concerning the exact nature of the chemical reaction, and the second, its site. This paper is concerned with the latter. The reduction of various tetrazolium salts to colored formazans in living systems has been regarded to be the result of dehydrogenase activity (Roberts, 1951; Van Fleet, 1952). Successful demonstration of these reactions upon certain particles within the living cell may then implicate these bodies as carriers of the participating enzymes. It is always;important that the particles in question be carefully identified by other tests to eliminate confusion with other cellular inclusions, and, in the present case, it must also be borne in mind that colored formazan may be diffused and adsorbed bv lipidcontaining components of the cytoplasm (Stafford, 1951; Shelton and Schneider, 1952). MATERIAL AND METHODS.-The epidermal cells stripped off the inner side of the sheath leaves of various Narcissi represent very good material for the study of living cells. Plants were grown outdoors and collected at intervals during the months of April and May. Several horticultural varieties were compared with respect to the type, size, number, and distribution of their cytoplasmic components during the stages of cellular elongation, maturity, and senescence.

Studies on the Characteristics of Triploid Water-Melon. II.On several physiological characters of the triploids compared with its diploid plants.

As to the morphological characteristics of triploid water-melon, the present author has already reported in the first paper of this study (MATSUBAYASHI 1954). Furthermore, as the author carried out a comprative investigation between the triploid and its original diploid plants in respect to some physiological characters also, the results defined were reported in this paper. By the way, the materials used in this experiments are the same horticultural varieties as those in the first paper. Some important results are briefly described in the following.

The longlived horticultural varieties of Camelliae in Kyoto, Japan

The longlived horticultural varieties of Camelliae in Kyoto, Japan

Fruit Morphology and Anatomy of the Cherimoya

1. Fruits of Annona cherimola Mill. can be segregated into horticultural groups based on the nature of the fruit form and surface characters. 2. Considerable variation in density of epidermal hair and stomata is found between fruits of different horticultural varieties and between different parts of the fruit. 3. The bulk of the carpellary wall is parenchyma, the outer portion of which contains sclereid masses. These masses of sclerenchyma have modified parenchymatous cells radiating outward from them. 4. The vascular supply for each carpel is derived from a central reticulate vascular cylinder in the receptacle. Each carpellary bundle divides into three strands upon entering the carpel. One strand supplies the ovule; the other two become the dorsal and ventral bundles. 5. Starch is the prominent ergastic material found throughout the parenchyma in the firm mature fruit but disappears rapidly and completely as the fruit softens. Oil idioblasts are scattered through the parenchyma of the carpellary wall and of the endosperm of the seed. 6. The seed coat consists of heavily lignified, sclerenchymatous layers. The inner surface of the inner integument is characterized by a layer, one or two cells in thickness, in which the cells show extreme variability in shape and are separated by conspicuously large intercellular spaces. 7. The cells of the convolute endosperm are filled primarily with starch, although a number of oil idioblasts occur, particularly near the periphery.

The raspberry leaf sawfly

does not appear. First page follows. The raspberry leaf sawfly (Priophorus rubivorus Rohwer)4 has been present in California for a number of years. In the spring of 1928, the writers found it abundant and widely distributed in the central district of California. It undoubtedly was present there before 1928. Since bush-berry production in the central district was negligible until about 1916, this species could not have been a pest prior to that time. In midwinter, when the planting stock of bush berries is transported as bare root plants, the sawfly occurs as prepupal larvae and pupae in cocoons in the soil. The chances that the insect will be brought into the state on planting stock consequently are slight. It seems more likely to be native to the Pacific Coast, probably living on wild bush berries prior to the extensive cultivation of horticultural varieties. Published records indicate that distribution of the pest is limited to California, Oregon, and Washington. In Oregon, the species was described by (S. A. Rohwer (1922)) from a single female specimen collected on raspberry by E. J. Newcomer at Portland on August 10, 1917. In Washington,5 in 1937, two specimens were collected on Youngberry at Puyallup; and in 1938, damage to bush berries by this species was reported in the state (Hanson, 1938). Life History The eggs of the raspberry leaf sawfly are oval, shining, and opaque white. They measure 0.45 millimeter in width and 1.23 millimeters in length. The female is provided with a saw-type ovipositor which she uses to prepare a cavity in the petioles of leaves or in the tender bark of the new shoots. There she lays her eggs singly between the pith and the bark, placing them parallel to the surface of the bark with the long diameter parallel to the axis of the petiole. At San Jose, the incubation period of the egg ranged from 7 to 9 days under outdoor conditions in June. The newly hatched larvae feed on the undersides of the leaves, cutting small, roughly circular holes between the veinlets, As they become larger the larvae (fig. 1) eat all the leaf tissue between the main veins. This produces large holes, which, by reason of the arrangement of the leaf veins, are frequently triangular (fig. 2). The larvae are solitary feeders and are always found on the lower side of the leaf. They prefer shade, and are always found in the center and low down in the hedgerow, more commonly on the shady side than on the sunny side. The length of the larval period was not determined experimentally, but field evidence indicates that it is from 4 to 6 weeks.

Classification of the Bananas

It is not within the main purpose of these notes to discuss varieties of edible bananas or Latin names that have been applied to them, but exceptions must be made of the two Linnean combinations that dominate the whole literature of the genus. These two names are still valid, and between them cover a large number of horticultural varieties, but they are frequently misapplied. Their correct application requires some knowledge of their history, and as they have been from the beginning closely connected they may best be discussed together. The commonest usage is that M. paradisiaca is applied to " plantains " and M. sapientum to " bananas ", but many auth6rities have pointed out that a specific distinction between plantains and bananas is artificial. Several botanists, after noting the close resemblances between plantains and some dessert bananas, have gone on to assume close relationship between plantains and all bananas, and have treated all, or nearly all, the varieties as belonging to a single species. Those having any respect for priority in nomenclature have called the omnibus species M. paradisiaca, but by proceeding to recognize a var. sapientum they have destroyed any convenience that their sweeping taxonomic conclusion might have created and left the division between typical paradisiaca and its " variety " as unsatisfactory as ever. Most of the nineteenth century botanists, lacking our modern regard for priority, have chosen to regard paradisiaca as a variety of sapientum and so added to the general confusion. Still others, despairing in face of the diversity of forms to be classified, have gone to the other extreme and created new " species " ad libitum until we are confronted today by some 50 Latin binominals all referring to edible bananas.

Meiosis in Bougainvillea

A query concerning the possibilities of crossing various horticultural varieties of Bougainvillea led me to examine meiosis in several of the more important ones available in Jamaica. Six varieties, Snow White, Formosa, Dark Purple, Ruby, Orange King and Royal Purple, were used. The first three have been assigned to the species Bougainvillea glabra, the next two to B. spectabilis, and the last is reputed to be a cross between unknown glabra and spectabilis types. In all six varieties, the chromosome number was found to be 2n = 34. None of the available, chromosome number lists gives any number for B. spectabilis, but Darlington and Ammal1 list, B. glabra as 2n = 20. Since a counting error of 14 chromosomes is unlikely, it seems probable that the horticultural glabrous types are not directly derived from the true B. glabra but are species hybrids resulting from doubling in an (x = 10) × (x = 7) type. There is, however, little direct evidence for this assumption.

Some Observations on Seed Germination in Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana)

Low germination in mangosteen seeds has been the experience of nurserymen in all lands. To improve this a series of studies has been undertaken at the Government Fruit Station, Kallar (Madras) during the past few years. Blossom, biological and pollination studies on that station have revealed that mangosteens can set and mature fruit without the aid of pollination i. e., parthenogenetically, which fact also explains the absence of any horticultural varieties of the fruit. This feature is mainly due to the fact that the flowers are all hermaphrodite with sterile male organs. The segments in the mature fruit do not also all contain seeds; and among those that have seeds, only a few possess well- developed and plump seeds. Because of the incidence of a physiological disease, called gambog, which is typified by the exudation of a yellowish liquid on the rind, pulp and seed of the fruit, it was thought that even the few plump seeds might have their germination capacity adversely affected by the gambog. The testing of these various classes of seeds in different media was one of the iterns of work taken up at Kallar with the object of improving the germination percentage and to secure the maximum number of healthy and robust seedlings. These have shown that the well-developed, plump, and healthy seeds when sown under normal nursery bed conditions in November 1942 gave germination percentage of 30. In a separate trial, similar a seeds free of gambog recorded a germination percentage of 40, while those with signs of gambog incidence on the arils gave only 32-5% germination. The ill-developed leathery seeds were found useless, as none produced a seedling.

Genetics of the scapiflora section ofPavaver

1. Eleven genetic factors are described in the garden Iceland poppy,Papaver nudicaule; five of them control flower colour, six control other characters. In addition, notes are given on the inheritance of six other variations the exact genetic nature of which is not yet established. 2. In the wild,P. nudicaule exists as a complex of intergrading forms. Much of the variation among them appears to correspond to that found in garden strains, although most if not all the horticultural varieties arose by mutation under cultivation. 3. A linkage group of three factors has been found. A fourth factor is completely linked to one of these three; alternatively, it may be an allele of it. In one large backcross, crossing over in this group was almost completely inhibited, probably by an inversion. Data on the independence of several other factors are given. 4. Self-incompatibility in the Iceland poppy is controlled by a system of oppositional factors, belonging to a series of multipleS alleles, similar to that inNicotiana, Antirrhinum, clover, and other plants. Self-fertility, due probably to anS F allele has been found. 5. The anthocyanin chemistry of flower colour gene interactions is in the main not straightforward. 6. With few exceptions, single factor ratios show much heterogeneity and departure from expectation. This seems to be due to several causes operating simultaneously.

A DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRAWBERRY FRUIT

American Journal of BotanyVolume 30, Issue 4 p. 311-314 Article A DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRAWBERRY FRUIT A. Leon Havis, A. Leon Havis Department of Horticulture, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, OhioSearch for more papers by this author A. Leon Havis, A. Leon Havis Department of Horticulture, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, OhioSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 1943 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1943.tb14763.xCitations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume30, Issue4April 1943Pages 311-314 RelatedInformation

The Naming of Horticultural Varieties

The Naming of Horticultural Varieties

The susceptibility of perennial delphiniums to six viruses

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. Perennial delphiniums (hybrid and horticultural varieties of several species of Delphinium) have been found to be naturally infected with several virus diseases. Three such diseases—California aster yellows, celery calico, and delphinium ringspot—have been reported in previous papers (5), (6), (7).3 A fourth—tomato spotted wilt—is reported in this paper. Also, included herein are the results of experimental infection of delphiniums with five other viruses—common cucumber mosaic,4 western cucumber mosaic, tobacco ringspot, ordinary tobacco mosaic, and curly top. None of these five has been found on delphinium in California under natural conditions up to the present time, but the first has been reported by other investigators to occur naturally on this host plant in England. Tomato Spotted Wilt Spotted wilt on perennial delphinium has been reported in California by Gardner, Tompkins, and Whipple (2). Smith (8), (9) reported that considerable damage may be caused to delphinium by the spotted—wilt virus in England and he described the symptoms of the disease as follows: black rings, or numerous double concentric rings, or patches of dead tissue appear on the older leaves. The younger leaves are malformed with edges yellow, necrotic, and inwardly curled. Necrotic patches may develop on the stems and older leaves. Spotted wilt ranks next to aster yellows (6) in seriousness as a disease of delphinium in the coastal regions of California. Entire fields of delphiniums have been observed to be infected with spotted wilt near San Leandro, San Bruno, and Berkeley.

Celery calico on perennial delphiniums and certain other host plants

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction One of the viroses found in the course of the investigations of aster yellows on perennial delphiniums (4)3 proved to be transmissible by juice inoculation and showed symptoms resembling those of calico on celery. Calico was reported by Severin and Freitag in 1935 (5). In a later paper (6) they described and figured the symptoms of the disease. But the disease has not hitherto been reported on delphiniums or any other species of the family Ranunculaceae. An investigation was accordingly undertaken to determine whether one of the naturally occurring viroses of perennial delphiniums was caused by the celery-calico virus. Studies were made of the variable symptoms of the disease on this host plant, the incubation period of the disease, the recovery of the virus, and the vectors. A number of hybrids and horticultural varieties of perennial delphiniums were tested for susceptibility to celery calico. A few other host plants of the virus are reported in this paper. Delphiniums in the field in California were found to be frequently infected with more than one virosis—as, for example, with aster yellows and the disease reported in this paper. This situation greatly complicates the problem, especially since the symptoms of these viroses are extremely variable, even when they occur singly. Little progress can be made unless multiple viruses can be separated, and attempts were therefore made to work out methods for doing this in delphinium and also in tomato. Much confusion in the literature dealing with delphinium viroses is caused by the failure of some plant pathologists to recognize and separate multiple viruses in naturally infected plants. Heald and Burnett (2), working with delphiniums infected with what they called “stunt” (aster yellows) (4), reported that some of the symptoms were reproduced by juice inoculation to healthy transplants and seedlings grown in the greenhouse, but that the inoculated plants did not develop the proliferated inflorescence and virescence shown by the naturally infected plants.

Infection of perennial delphiniums by California-aster-yellows virus

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction Several obscure diseases attack garden varieties of perennial delphiniums (hybrids and horticultural varieties of several species of Delphinium) and cause losses to seed companies, nurserymen, and growers. One of these diseases is particularly troublesome, sometimes causing delphiniums grown from seed to fail totally the second year. Some of the choicest seeds, requiring hand-pollination and bagging, are grown in California; and often these hybrid seeds, also selected for mildew resistance, are lost owing to this disease. Because the symptoms resemble those of California aster yellows on other host plants, an investigation was undertaken to determine whether this disease is caused by the virus of California aster yellows. In the course of the work on this disease, several other delphinium virus diseases and troubles resembling viroses were investigated. The reports of these investigations have been divided into six papers. The present paper is confined to the work with California aster yellows on perennial delphiniums. Experiments with two other naturally occurring viroses of perennial delphiniums are reported in the other papers of this issue (18), (22).3 The attempts to infect perennial delphiniums experimentally with other viruses are reported in a fourth paper (20). Two leaf variegations of perennial delphiniums resembling viroses but not infectious were encountered; these are reported in a fifth paper (19). Several of the virus diseases attacking perennial delphiniums affect also annual delphiniums, or larkspur (Delphinium Ajacis); the experiments with this host plant are published in a sixth paper (21).

Characters for the Classification and Identification of Varieties of Capsicum

The Solanaceae contain several members on which studies have been made to determine the usefulness of various characters in the identification and classification of varieties. Salman (1924) used the leaf index for the identification of potato varieties and concluded that if certain precautions are used this character is constant for a given variety and remains so over a rather wide range of environment. Krantz and Hutchins (1928) also used the leaf index as a means of identifying certain Anmerican potato varieties and in their paper call attention to the limits of its usefulness. However, their final conclusions indicate that when varieties are grown under comparable conditions, the leaf index may be a valuable addition to the other characters which are utilized for the identification of varieties and the detection of synonyms. Lindstrom (1927) and Houghtaling (1935) have made use of the fruit-shape index in their studies on the inheritance of shapes of tomato fruits. Although most botanists have come to recognize Bailey's (1924) classification of Capsicurm which groups all the peppers in one species, namely C. frutescens, with five sub-species or varietal groups, there is still occasional confusion in properly classifying some horticultural varieties. It has been the chief aim of this paper, therefore, to bring together facts that may prove beneficial in the classification and identification of such varieties of Capswcum.

RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION IN THE CARROT, DAUCUS CAROTA I. RESPIRATION

ALTHOUGH THERE has been a great deal of research in recent years dealing with the nature of respiration and fermentation in yeast and in animal tissues, higher plants have not been intensively investigated in this regard. It has been the purpose of this study to investigate the nature of respiration and fermentation in the carrot, Daucus carota, and to extend our knowledge concerning the relationship between these two processes. Part I is a report of the experiments on respiration, while Part II, to be published shortly, presents the experiments on fermentation and its relationship to respiration. Three distinct oxidases involved in plant respiration are now known-cytochrome oxidase, catechol oxidase, and a group of oxidases known as the flavine or yellow enzymes. Cytochrome oxidase (Keilin, 1929) also known as indophenol oxidase or phaeohemin oxidase (Warburg, 1927), is found in yeast and is widely distributed in the animal kingdom. It is inactivated by cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide, the carbon monoxide inhibition being light reversible. Catechol oxidase (Batellei and Stern, 1912; Keilin and Mann, 1938; Kubowitz, 1937), occuring primarily in plants, is inactivated by the same three poisons, but the carbon monoxide inactivation is not light reversible. The flavine enzymes (Theorell, 1937), the first of which was isolated from yeast only seven years ago (Warburg and Christian, 1932), are cyanide-insensitive oxidases, whose prosthetic group is a phosphate ester of vitamin B2 (riboflavine). In this paper we present evidence for the operation of two different oxidases in the carrot plant. One of these is quite similar to or identical with the cytochrome oxidase and accounts for the major part of the respiration of the carrot root and young leaves. The other, insensitive to poisoning by cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide, accounts for a fraction of the respiration of roots and young leaves and the entire respiration of mature leaves. AIATERIALS AND METHODS.-Warburg (1928) clearly stated the simple assumption involved in the use of reversible enzyme poisons such as cyanide and carbon monoxide in the study of cell metabolism. A poison of known chemical behavior is assumed to react inside the intact cell with enzymes which contain chemical groups of the same type with which this poison reacts in vitro. Removing the poison or otherwise breaking up the enzyme-poison compound allows the metabolism to return to its original unpoisoned state. By this method we may study respiration and fermentation in the cell under relatively normal conditions. Carrots of the horticultural variety Nantes Coreless, grown in the university greenhouse, were used for these experiments except where otherwise designated. Some preliminary experiments were made

A genetic analysis of red seed-coat color inPhaseolus vulgaris

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction Several varieties of red beans are grown commercially in California. The market grades of these beans are determined largely by variations of the red color. The red changes to brownish red and brown after a year or two of storage. The occurrence of brown beans in these red varieties is considered by the trade to indicate old beans. Some varieties, especially Red Kidney, are easily discolored by the sun during the harvest so that occasionally newly threshed beans appear to be a year old. The present study is a genetic analysis of red seed-coat color in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) preliminary to a breeding program that might result in the introduction of factors that would stabilize the color of the Red Kidney variety. Commercial conditions are adverse to the introduction of varieties with new colors. The breeding problem, then, resolves itself into making more fast the red color without altering it. The ideal may be visualized as a color between the normal red and a darker red, and it was hoped that such an intermediate type could be developed. Crosses were made between red beans of several varieties. This paper reports the results obtained from these experiments. Review of Literature The common bean is world-wide in distribution and is represented by hundreds of horticultural varieties with scores of seed-coat colors and a number of patterns of distribution of color. The species hybridizes easily. Therefore there is little wonder that the literature on the genetics of this species is voluminous and polylingual. Since different workers used different varieties and described the colors by various standards there is little wonder that the results, too, are variable and often apparently contradictory. There is no standard usage of symbols for the genes which have been analyzed; the same symbol has been used to mean a number of different characters.

Morphological development of the fruit of the olive

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction Investigations of the olive (Olea europaea L.) have been confined, for the most part, to growth habit, pollination, propagation, physiological requirements, and other horticultural aspects; few studies have been concerned with its morphology. Certain structural features of the flower and fruit have been briefly mentioned in various general sources. (Ruby (1917)) has surveyed varieties of Olea europaea, making physiological and limited morphological observations on both the mature flower and the fruit. (Pirotta (1919)) and (Petri (1920)) studied floral characteristics in relation to field conditions, whereas (Weber (1928)) made extensive comparative morphological investigations on flower types of the Oleaceae. More recently (Andersson (1931)), in his embryological studies of representative forms of the Oleaceae, has traced the development of the macrogametophyte and the early stages following fertilization in Olea, wherein he studied O. chrysophylla and O. europaea. The investigations here reported are confined to Olea europaea, horticultural variety Mission, and are fourfold in extent, including (1) the development of the flower; (2) the general vascular relations in the flower; (3) the development of the macrogametophyte, in view of Andersson’s work; and (4) the general morphological changes involved in the development of the fruit. Methods Material was collected every three days from the first appearance of the inflorescence until two days before blooming, then every day for the following two weeks. The time between collections thereafter was gradually increased until maturity of the fruit. Although several fixatives were tested, a modified Navaschin’s fluid and formalin-acetic-alcohol gave the most satisfactory results with flower buds, while the latter fixative alone was used for young fruits.