Horticulture Farm Research Articles

Response of Onion (Allium cepa L.) to Foliar Application of Nano Urea and Urea

A field study was conducted during Rabi season 2022at the Horticultural Research Farm, Mangalayatan University, Jabalpur to study the effect of foliar application of nano urea and urea on growth and yield of onion. The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications and consisted of 9 treatments viz., T1-100% RDF (100:50:50 kg NPK ha1), T2-75:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 + foliar spray of 0.4% nano urea on 30 and 60 DAT, T350:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 + foliar spray of 0.4% nano urea on 30 and 60 DAT, T4-75:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 + foliar spray of 0.4% nano urea on 30 DAT, T5-50:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 + foliar spray of 0.4% nano urea on 30 DAT, T6-75:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 + foliar spray of 0.5% urea on 30 and 60 DAT, T7-50:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 + foliar spray of 0.5% urea on 30 and 60 DAT, T8-75:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 + foliar spray of 1% urea on 30 and 60 DAT, and T9-50:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 + foliar spray of 1% urea on 30 and 60 DAT. Each treatment showed their significant effects on the recorded growth and yield parameters. Among all the treatments, treatment T2 with 25% reduced nitrogen application plus foliar spray of 0.4% nano urea on 30 and 60 DAT recorded maximum plant height on 90 DAT (57.82 cm),number of leaves (9.13), equatorial diameter (5.51 cm), polar diameter (5.17), average bulb weight (69.56 g), bulb yield (336.40 kg) than other treatments.

A Scientific Assessment of Integrated Nutrient Management Effects on the Growth and Productivity of Trichosanthes anguina L. (Snake Gourd)

A field-based experimental investigation was undertaken from March to July 2020 at the Horticultural Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to assess the impact of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of snake gourd (Trichosanthes anguina L.). The study employed a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, incorporating a total of 11 nutrient combinations. Various growth, reproductive, and yield parameters, including vine length, number of leaves per plant, leaf dimensions, flowering onset, fruit development, and yield metrics, were evaluated. The results consistently demonstrated positive effects across these parameters in response to different nutrient combinations. The highest recorded yield of snake gourd, at 50.10 t ha-1, was observed in the T10 ((OM (CD5PM5V2 t ha-1) + N80P35K75S18 kg ha-1 + Mg7 kg ha-1 + Zn6 kg ha-1 + B2 kg ha-1) treatment, while the lowest yield, at 14.72 t ha-1, was associated with the T0 (control) treatment. This experiment highlights the prospective efficacy of integrated nutrient management methodologies in augmenting snake gourd production and optimizing crop yield. It provides valuable insights for the improvement of agricultural practices in the specified geographic region.

Influence of Different Types of Manure and Clove Size on the Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium salivum L)

In order to determine the effects of various types of manure and clove size on the development and productivity of garlic, an experiment was carried out at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, between November 2021 and April 2022. The experiment consisted of three sizes of garlic cloves (Viz. C1=small (50gm/100 cloves), C2=medium (70gm/100 cloves), C3=large (90gm/100 cloves)) and four levels of manure (Viz. M0= Control (No manure), M1= Cowdung (15t/ha), M2= Vermicompost (6t/ha), M3= Mushroom spent compost (6t/ha)). The two-factor experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and 12 treatments. Growth and yield of garlic were influenced by the different clove sizes. The C3 treatment had the most leaves (12.77), the largest bulb diameter (4.11 cm), the most cloves per bulb (25.49), the largest clove diameter (1.35 cm), the largest weight of 10 cloves per bulb (13.5 g), and the highest bulb output per hectare (9.43 ton). The growth and yield of garlic were significantly impacted by different level of manure. The M3 treatment produced the highest number of leaves (12.45), maximum bulb diameter (3.73 cm), highest number of cloves per bulb (24.44), highest diameter of cloves per bulb (1.08 cm), highest weight of 10 cloves per bulb (11.83 g), and highest bulb output per hectare (9.92 ton). The highest bulb yield (11.42 ton/ha) was obtained from M3C3 treatment combination, while the lowest bulb yield (5.49 ton/ha) was obtained from M0C1 treatment combination. So, it can be revealed that the M3C3 treatment combination appeared to the best for achieving the higher yield of garlic.

Effect of isoindole derivative pigments with planar macroconjugated structure on the UV resistance of HDPE

Different colors of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) natural gas pipelines, water supply pipelines, geomembranes in small communities, garden agriculture, and large factories, play a differentiation, warning, decorative aesthetic, and other aspects of the role. However, little research has been done on HDPE that can be used for long periods and in a variety of colors other than black and white. Phthalocyanine pigments with a large planar conjugate structure are often used in modern artists' paints because of their good stability and are hopeful for use in HDPE. For this reason, in this paper, phthalocyanine blue with a high lightfastness rating was selected. Pure HDPE and HDPE with pigment were compared by color difference, carbonyl index (CI), mechanical properties, and thermomechanical properties before and after UV irradiation. After irradiation for 2000 h, the latter not only did not fade easily but also maintained 82 % elongation at break. At the same time, the carbonyl index was much lower, representing the addition of pigments to inhibit the photo-aging process. Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) were also added to the matrix to further improve the ultraviolet (UV) stability along with ultraviolet light absorber (UVA). Addition of HALS and pigments had a positive effect on the UV stability of HDPE, but the excess of HALS had a negative effect on color stability, dispensability and tensile strength. Addition of UVA had little effect on HDPE/Blue/HALS. Finally, the mechanism of the phthalocyanine blue pigment in improving the light aging resistance of HDPE was investigated by ultraviolet spectroscopy. HDPE/Blue/HALS prepared in this work had a low CI and high elongation at break of all formulations at 2000 h of irradiation, indicating that it maintains good performance over a long period of time. The low color change and dispersion uniformity of that under prolonged irradiation met the long-term aesthetic needs of HDPE.

Impact of transplanting dates, cultivars and zinc on performance of onion (Allium cepa)

An experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Horticulture farm of Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan to determine the effect of transplanting date, cultivar and zinc application method on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.). Experiment was conducted in split-plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments consist of 2 transplanting dates, viz. 10th December and 01st January; and 3 cultivars, viz. RO-01, RO-59 and Bhima Shakti were kept in main plot; and in sub- plots, 4 methods of zinc application, viz. control, soil application of ZnSO4 @25 kg/ha, dipping of onion seedlings in zinc solubilizer solution before transplanting and foliage spray of ZnSO4 @0.5% at 30 and 45 days after transplanting were kept. Significantly higher plant growth, bulb yield (416.8, 358.0 and 387.4 q/ha) and quality of onion were recorded in 01st January transplanting date. Among the cultivars, significantly higher plant growth, bulb yield (417.5, 358.4 and 388.0 q/ha) and quality of onion were recorded in Bhima Shakti but these parameters were at par with RO-59. In zinc application methods, significantly higher plant growth, bulb yield (41.5, 35.8 and 38.7 t/ha) and quality of onion were noticed under foliar application of ZnSO4 @0.5% but these were found at par with soil application of ZnSO4. Thus, the conclusion of findings was that the transplanting of Bhima Shakti cultivar on 01st January and with foliar application of ZnSO4 @0.5% had the potential effect to increase onion performance.

Pinched sunflowers (Helianthus annuus ‘Teddy Bear’) produce high-quality flowers under high nitrogen fertilizer

This study was investigated the effect of removing the central bud (pinching) and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer urea on some morphological and physiological traits of ornamental sunflower. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications on ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus ‘Teddy Bear’) at Horticulture Farm, Department of Horticulture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2020-2021. The first factor was pinching in two levels (pinching and non-pinching) and the second factor was using urea at four levels (0, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha-1) in the form of water-soluble fertilizer. Results showed that the highest flower dry mass (59.25 g) was observed in pinched plants fertilized by 400 kg ha-1 of urea. Besides, the application of a high level of urea fertilizer and pinching treatment increased the amount of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b. By removing the central bud, the amount of N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe elements in the leaf increased by 1.5, 1.6, 1.3, 1.9, 1.4, and 1.5 times, respectively. Therefore, pinching and the adding of urea fertilizer at 400 kg ha-1is recommended for the production of high-quality sunflower plant ‘Teddy Bear’.

Horticulture Farmers in Lohit District of Arunachal Pradesh Issues & Challenges

Over the years, horticulture has emerged as one of the potential agricultural enterprises in accelerating the growth of economy. Its role in the country’s nutritional security, poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes is becoming more important day by day. It offers not only a wide range of options to the farmers for crop diversification, but numbers of agro-industries which generate huge employment opportunities are also coming up. In spite of all the efforts, horticulture farmers or growers of the study district are facing lot of constraints in different areas which hamper the working environment of horticulture farming. The key difficulties are related to farmers are finance, marketing, labour, storage, maintenance, education and so on, which are elaborated below.

Risk Factors for Pesticide Poisoning in Horticultural Farmers in the Agricultural Area of West Seram Regency, Indonesia

Background: In the field of environmental health, pesticide poisoning is still an important health problem in agricultural areas, especially horticultural agriculture, as a result of the risky habit of using pesticides. This study aimed to analyse the risk factors for poisoning in horticultural farmers in West Seram District, Indonesia. Methodology: This study applied a cross-sectional design, involving 298 farmers selected by proportional random sampling technique. The risk factors studied included tenure, the use of personal protective equipment, duration of spraying, frequency of spraying, number of types of pesticides, method of mixing, direction of spraying, and dose of pesticides, smoking while spraying, washing hands when eating, drinking while spraying, spraying time and personal hygiene. Data were collected through interviews, then analyzed using multiple logistic regression test. Results: The results showed that the p-value for each factor was use of personal protective equipment = 0.025, frequency of spraying = 0.023, method of mixing pesticides = 0.004, direction of spraying = 0.017 and personal hygiene = 0.002. Conclusions: It could be concluded that the use of personal protective equipment, personal hygiene, frequency of spraying, method of mixing and spraying direction are risk factors for pesticide poisoning in horticultural farmers.

Marketing horti-tourism and rural development for leveraging tourism agenda 2030: a perspective article

ObjetivoEste documento tiene como meta analizar cómo el marketing de Horti-turismo puede contribuir al desarrollo de la agenda del turismo 2030.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueSe ha realizado una revisión de la literatura en bases de datos científicas de impacto a nivel internacional sobre la comercialización del horti-turismo.Los HallazgosLa investigación prospectiva sobre horti-turismo sigue siendo escasa y se sugiere más atención científica sobre este tema. El sector turístico produjo variadas formas de turismo donde el horti-turismo está asociado con granjas de horticultura, jardines vegetales y jardines de flores que proporcionan beneficios directos como la creación de empleo, ganancias en divisas extranjeras, fuente de generación de ingresos, reducción de la pobreza y otras actividades comerciales lucrativas. A pesar de la importancia atribuida a esta forma de turismo en la literatura, se ha prestado menos atención en la comercialización a las naciones y las empresas. Se ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de desarrollar más estudios para formentar esta forma de turismo.Originalidad/valorEste artículo exploratorio permite a las empresas de turismo, los gobiernos y otras partes interesadas dentro y fuera realizar contribuciones teóricas y prácticas a fin de comercializar sus productos en destinos de horti-turismo y, con ello, fomentar el desarrollo Agenda de Turismo de las Naciones Unidas de 2030.

Integration of Local Farmers' Knowledge for Sustainable Agriculture (Case Study of Horticultural Farmers in Waihatu Village)

This research aims to explore farmer knowledge and learning practices with a focus on the role of informal knowledge and learning in strengthening agricultural sustainability and resilience. This research was conducted from May-June 2023 in the village of Waihatu, Kairatu District, West Seram Regency, Maluku Province, which is a center for horticultural crop production. This research uses a qualitative research design using case studies and in-depth interviews, observation, and document research. The results showed that the diversity of knowledge sources and forms of learning used by farmers and the special role of local farmer knowledge. That the knowledge potential of farmers is not utilized optimally and there are several ways in which various types of knowledge can be integrated by individual farmers by synthesizing knowledge from various sources, through farmer networks, both facilitated by formal agriculture and knowledge institutions, through collaboration between farmers and researchers as knowledge generators, and through multi-actor knowledge networks that bring together various fields. That dynamic context, complexity and local specificity of today's challenges facing agriculture and the many roles it is asked to fulfill requires more inclusive, flexible modes of knowledge generation, integration and sharing. All stakeholders and all types of knowledge need to be brought together on the same basis in the innovation process. To this end, policy frameworks and initiatives that promote interactive multi-actor approaches to development agriculture, can play a sizeable role.

Exploring the Interplay of Sweet Pepper Varieties and Seedling Growing Techniques on Crop Productivity

This study, conducted at the "Horticulture Farm" of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from October 2021 to April 2022, aimed to investigate the impact of seedling growing techniques on the growth and yield of sweet pepper, considering different varieties. The experiment featured two main factors: Factor A, focusing on seedling growing techniques (T1 = Open field, T2 = Net house, and T3 = Poly tunnel), and Factor B, concerning pepper varieties (V1 = BARI Mistimorich 1, V2 = BARI Mistimorich 2, and V3 = California wonder). The experimental design employed was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results from the analysis revealed significant variations in most of the studied characteristics related to sweet pepper growth and yield. The results underscored that both seedling growing techniques and pepper varieties had substantial influences on sweet pepper growth and yield. Regarding seedling growing techniques, the highest sweet pepper yield (50.83 t/ha) was observed in the Net house (T2) treatment, while the lowest yield (21.46 t/ha) was recorded in the Open field (T1) treatment. In terms of different varieties, the highest yield (45.00 t/ha) was obtained from BARI Mistimorich 2 (V2) treatment, whereas the lowest yield (30.42 t/ha) was associated with the California wonder (V3) treatment. The most promising results emerged from the combination of treatments, with the highest fruit yield (58.75 t/ha) achieved in the Net house + BARI Mistimorich 2 (T2V2) treatment combination. Conversely, the lowest fruit yield (15.63 t/ha) was observed in the Open field + California wonder (T1V3) treatment combination. Overall, this study demonstrates that the T2V2 treatment combination stands out as the most effective approach for achieving superior sweet pepper growth and fruit yield.

ECONOMIC SITUATION OF FARMS IN POLAND ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FADN SAMPLE IN 2018-2022

The purpose of the study is to assess the economic situation of FADN farms, 2018-2022. The assessment was made in agricultural types such as field crops, horticultural crops, permanent crops, dairy cows, livestock, pigs, poultry, mixed. The period under study is characterized by an increase in the price of agricultural inputs. It turns out that FADN farms, despite this, did not record a reduction in their nominal income between 2018 and 2022. Poultry farms fared best in this regard. Nominal incomes above parity were achieved by farms classified as agricultural types: horticultural crops, dairy cows and pigs. Parity income was not achieved by FADN farms engaged in: field crops, grassland animals and mixed farming. The highest economic efficiency, in the surveyed years 2018-2022, was characterized by poultry farms, as evidenced by the almost 77% relationship between operating inflows and operating outflows. Pig farms achieved this type of relationship, in the years under study, at almost 70%. Equally high economic efficiency was obtained by horticultural farms, among which the analogous relation in the years under study was almost 64%. Relatively the weakest economic efficiency was achieved by farms engaged in permanent crops, the ratio of payments to operating disbursements, in this case, was about 45%.

The Analysis Of Cost Structure, Income, And Profitability For Horticulture Farming On Coastal Sand Area In Bugel Village, Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency

This study aims to determine the structure of production costs, income, profits, and feasibility of horticulture farming in coastal sand fields in Bugel Village, Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency. The basic method used descriptive analysis. The study area was chosen by using purposive sampling. The data were taken from 30 farmers for each commodity with the total sample of 90 farmers. This study applied feasibility analysis R/C ratio, Break Even Point (BEP), and π/c ratio. The results showed that the production cost of watermelon in a year was Rp38,134,004/ha, melon was Rp56,035,979/ha, and red chili was Rp111,737,665/ha, respectively. The yearly income of watermelon farming was Rp57,879,874/ha with profit Rp34,018,223/ha, melon farming was Rp166,089,543/ha with profit Rp136,115,829/ha, and red chili farming was Rp218,789,869/ha with profit Rp176,519,018/ha, respectively. Watermelon, melon, and red chili farming are economically feasible. R/C ratio of watermelon was 2.52; melon was 4.09; and red chili was 3.55, respectively. For watermelon farming, BEP revenue was Rp9,082,318, BEP production was 4,045 kilograms, BEP price was Rp1,449, and BEP land size was 2,431 m2. For melon farming, BEP revenue was Rp14,837,943, BEP production was 2,403 kg; BEP price was Rp2,294; and BEP land size was 764.98 m2. While for the red chili farming, BEP revenue was Rp3,239,110, BEP production was 251 kilograms; BEP price was Rp5,884; and BEP land size was 401 m2. π/C ratio of watermelon farming was 0.55; melon farming was 1.51; and red chili farming was 1.19, respectively.

Quality and storability of onion (Allium cepa L.) as influenced by varieties and household organic mulches

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of varieties and household organic mulches on growth and yield of onion at the Horticulture Farm of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from October 2020 to March 2021. The experiment consisted of three onion cultivars of Bangladesh viz. Taherpuri, BARI Piaz 1 and BARI Piaz 4, and five household organic mulches, viz. T0 = Control (no mulching), T1 = vegetables wastes, T2 = rice straw, T3 = banana leaf and T4 = water hyacinth. The two-factor experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. Results revealed that the parameters under study showed significant variation between onion varieties and mulching. Results showed that the highest percent of weight loss of bulbs (31.19%) was observed in V3T4 followed by V3T1 (29.89%) and the lowest percentage of weight loss of bulbs (24.66%) was observed in V1T1. The highest percentage of dry matter content of bulb (13.13%) was recorded in V3T4 followed by V3T1 (12.54%) and the lowest percent dry matter content of bulb (8.08%) was observed in V1T0. The highest percentage of splitted bulb (10.33%) was observed in V3T4 followed by V3T1 (9.33%) and the lowest percentage of splitted bulb (1.33%) was observed in V1T0 (Table 4). On the other hand, the highest percentage of rotten bulb (9.00%) was observed in V3T0 followed by V2T0 (8.33%) and the lowest percentage of rotten bulb (2.00%) in V1T2. Therefore, the combined use of water hyacinth along with Taherpuri was found to be better with respect to the quality and storability of onion. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 10, No. 2, August 2023: 123-131

Literature Study: Overview of Cholinesterase Enzyme Activity in Horticultural Farmers Exposed to Organophosphates and Carbamates

Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests and animals that cause damage to crops. Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides have the potential to cause poisoning for humans, including horticultural farmers. Farmers who experience poisoning will experience metabolic disorders of the enzyme cholinesterase in the blood. To determine the activity of the enzyme cholinesterase due to exposure to organophosphates and carbamates can use the Tintometer kit and Spectrophotometer. This scientific paper is made with a literature study method that discusses cholinesterase enzyme activity in horticultural farmers based on internal factors including gender, age, and knowledge then external factors including spraying frequency, working period, use of PPE, and length of spraying. This literature study used 18 journals in the publication year 2013 - 2023. Based on the results of the journal literature review, the danger of pesticide poisoning which results in a decrease in the activity of the enzyme cholinesterase in the blood of farmers will increase the longer farmers are exposed to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. The decrease in cholinesterase enzyme activity in horticultural farmers based on internal factors in farmers with age, gender, and low knowledge level. For external factors, there was a decrease in cholinesterase enzyme activity in farmers with a spraying frequency of >2 times a week, a working period of more than 5 years, farmers who used incomplete PPE and farmers who sprayed pesticides for more than 3 hours per day. Keywords: Organophosphate, Carbamate, Enzim Cholinesterase

The importance of microAKIS members in the strategic decisions of Flemish horticulture farmers

ABSTRACT Purpose This paper aims to understand whether different types of strategic decisions warrant the influence of different types of knowledge providers. Design/Methodology/Approach A survey of 28 horticulture farmers was conducted in Belgium to explore their knowledge providers and recent strategic decisions. Farmers reported their microAKIS configuration, up to three strategic decisions and detailed the interaction with each of their knowledge providers. Findings Horticulture farmers configure their microAKIS in unique ways partly depending on their subsector, while purposefully mobilizing only part of this configuration for each strategic decision. The findings suggest that the role of knowledge provider can be context- or decision-specific. Practical Implications Advisors and policy makers should consider the specificity of advisory services when developing support tools aimed at specific innovations, as farmers do not necessarily rely on topic specialists alone. Theoretical Implications The results highlight the complexity of the influence of knowledge providers on innovation and the need for research on general strategic decisions and multiple decisions per farmer. Originality/Value The paper applies a broad methodology to study the mobilization of agricultural knowledge providers by utilizing strategic decisions rather than specific innovations and capturing multiple decisions per farmer.

COMPARISON ON GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE TOMATO VARIETIES

The experiment was carried out at Horticulture Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to evaluate the growth and yield characteristics of three tomato varieties. A Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was employed for the experimental layout. The variety Bahuboli (V3) exhibited the tallest plant height (95.0cm), the maximum fruit number (45.0), the maximum fruit weight (195.4g), the highest fruit yield per plant (8.1kg), and the highest fruit yield per plot (123.0 kg), thus displaying superior performance in terms of growth and yield parameters. Conversely, TOH1220 (V1) demonstrated the lowest fruit number (38), the lowest fruit weight (101.6 g), the lowest fruit yield per plant (3.9 kg), and the lowest fruit yield per plot (57.8 kg) among the varieties considered. However, the present study identified Bahuboli (V3) as a promising tomato variety with excellent growth and yield characteristics, making it a profitable and preferred option for commercial tomato cultivation.

A comparative analysis of organic and conventional horticultural farming in the Getasan District, Semarang Indonesia

The organic horticultural farming system is a horticultural farming technique that relies on natural materials in its production and is a sustainable agriculture, in contrast to the conventional horticultural farming system which still relies on chemicals in its production process. The purpose of this research was to compare organic and conventional horticultural farming systems in Getasan district, Semarang. This study is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study that employed survey methodologies. This study was conducted from July to December 2019 using a sample of 314 respondents, 90 organic horticulture farmers and 224 conventional horticulture farmers as research subjects. Research results showed that the average total additional cost of restoring soil nutrients in 100 m2 / year for organic horticulture farming was IDR. 69,958.33 less than the cost for conventional farming systems, which was IDR. 79,550.00 per 100 m2 per year, with a p-value of 0.032*. The cost of purchasing fertilizer in year / 100m2 on a conventional horticultural farm was IDR. 90,575.78, greater than the cost of organic horticulture farming which was only IDR. 73,170.38 with a p-value< 0,001*. The average yield of organic horticulture farms was somewhat higher than that of conventional farms during each growing season. The average annual income from yields in 100 m2/year for organic horticulture production was IDR 2,449,246.32, while conventional IDR. 2,369,641.10 with p-value of 0.441 although not statistically significant. The average profit per 100 m2 / year for an organic horticultural farming system was IRD. 1,549,303.42, which is greater than the profit value for a conventional horticultural farming system, which was IDR. 1,450,109.82, 959,289.06, although statistically not significant, with p-value = 0.228. The total annual production cost for the organic horticulture farming system was less than the conventional system, which was IDR 901,346.78 for the organic horticulture farming system and IDR. 921,084.17 for conventional, for every 100 m2 / year with p-value = 0.383, even though not statistically significant. Statistically, there was no significant difference in labor costs between the two agricultural systems, p-value 0.702, but descriptive analysis shows that the average labor cost per 100 m2/year for organic horticulture farming was IDR. 588,859.57, which is less than IDR. 591,760.50 for conventional horticulture farming. Based on the parameters analyzed, the outcome of this study demonstrates that the organic horticulture farming system is superior to the conventional horticultural farming system. Key words: Environmental value Fertilization costs, Cultivation profits, Labor expenses, Production costs

The Contribution of Cattle Farming Business towards Income Farmer Families at New Reyan Farmer Group West Lombok

Beef cattle farming business can be said to be successful if it has contributed income and can meet the daily needs of farmers. This study aims to determine the net income of farmers from horticultural crop farming, net income of farmers from cattle farming, net income of farmers from other businesses, net income of farmers families, the contribution of cattle farming to the income of farmers household, and to determine the correlation between cattle farming business with the income of farmers household. This research was conducted in Reyan Baru livestock farmers group located in South Gerung Village, Gerung District. The study started from March to April 2023 using the survey method. Determination of the location of this study was done intentionally (Purposive). The number of respondents taken as many as 25 responden with criteria of group members who have two activities, namely cattle breeding and farming. The results showed that the net income of farmers from farming horticultural crops during the growing season (six month) an average of Rp39.368.896, farmers 'income from cattle farming business suffered an average loss of Rp-8.184.000, net income of farmers from other businesses an average of Rp2.664.000, total net income of farmers families an average of Rp33.961.896, the contribution of cattle farming to the income of farmers household amounted to -23,76%. Cattle farming business economically has not contributed to the income of farmers house hold. Due to because at the time of the study conducted cattle prices are experiencing a significant decline after the PMK attack. From the analysis obtained correlation coefficient (r) se 0.10641. It mean that the cattle farming business has a very weak relationship with the income of the farmer's family

Modelling technical efficiency of horticulture farming in Kosovo: An application of data envelopment analysis

With a view to integration into the European Union, the efficiency and competitiveness of the Kosovo’ different sectors (including agriculture) must be improved. This paper assesses the technical efficiency (TE) of horticultural farms through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) applying output orientation. It was founded that the TE of these farms is positively affected by their size, with large-size farms presenting overall higher technical efficiency. The research findings indicate that the degree of agricultural education does not have a significant impact on TE, whereas public assistance through subsidies and grants has a substantial and negative impact on TE, as confirmed by statistical analysis.