Horse Leg Research Articles

Specification, design, and simulation of mechanical horses following the opinion of Khong Minh in the novel “Three Kingdoms”

This article presents how to speculate, design and simulate a mechanical horse based on the point of view of the military man Khong Minh, a talented character in the work "Three Kingdoms" (author La Quan Trung). The behavior of this type of horse closely resembles that of a real horse. That is, it can walk, run, carry goods or people. It is made mainly of wood or steel. The authors speculated that Khong Minh placed a leaf spring in the belly of the mechanical horse. Soldiers just need to rotate so that the leaf spring twists, it will store energy in the form of potential energy. Then, it slowly unfolds, and the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, transmitting motion to the mechanisms connected to the horse's legs. Finally, the mechanical horse lifted his leg and was able to walk. Despite such speculation, when recreating a mechanical horse, our team of authors used a battery-powered motor instead of leaf springs and gear transmissions as a pre-assembled transmission part in the belly of the mechanical horse. We design additional parts such as the head, tail, belly, legs, etc. to create a complete mechanical horse. The design goal of the author's mechanical horse is to clear people's doubts about the "wooden buffalo mechanical horse" in the literary work "Three Kingdoms". At the same time, this type of mechanical horse is also applied as an amusement ride for people in tourist areas and as a children's toy in the family.

First Archaeological Record of the Torture and Mutilation of Indigenous Mapuche During the “War of Arauco,” Sixteenth Century

Abstract Newen Antug is a multicomponent (residential and funerary) archaeological site located in the Lácar basin south of Neuquén, Argentina, in the east Andean section of the binational basin of the Valdivia River. Two human skeletons were discovered during the excavation of the site. Based on radiocarbon dating and associated material contexts, the burials can be associated with the period of first contact between the indigenous people of the region with the Spanish. Based on the analysis of historical sources, bioanthropological studies, and forensic data, we postulate that these individuals were tortured victims of the war waged by the Spaniards against the indigenous inhabitants. The skeletal remains present various perimortem trauma. The left hand and distal end of the left forearm was absented in situ and which are discussed as being possible form of mutilations of the upper limbs. Individual 1♀ had a horse (Equus caballus) leg replacing or symbolising the missing left limb. The mutilation practice is recorded as part of the power devices characteristic of the Warfare Phase (1536–1655) of the conquest, when the Spanish were attempting to establish a pre-disciplinary machinery of their “Sovereign Power” in the south-central Chile. The findings reported here extend this process to Northeastern Patagonia in Argentina.

Axial transmission technique for screening bucked shin in a horse leg

For the safe and simple screening of equine leg bones, we applied an ultrasonic axial transmission (AT) technique to an equine bone sample with a weak bucked shin. Both experimental and simulation studies have been conducted. To simulate by the finite-difference time-domain method, a digital model of the equine leg bone was fabricated. The experimental and simulation results showed a similar tendency. The obtained apparent wave velocities in the axial direction were almost constant in the healthy part but strongly fluctuated in the bucked shin part because of the small surface irregularities. The standard deviation values of the wave velocities in the bucked shin parts were large. These results indicate that a weak bucked shin in the equine leg bone may be screened clinically by a simple evaluation of velocity fluctuation using the AT technique.

Death Has Some Questions for Dad

Death Has Some Questions for Dad Cathleen Calbert (bio) If a tree falls in the forest, is it my fault? Can there ever be recompense for loss? Will you explain the beauty of the peacock? The worm-like joey? Duck-billed platypus? Why the legs of baby horses don't fit within the birth canal? Who came up with this? Did the one who made the tiger also make the tiger's demise? Why is there sadness after naps? Postcoital blues? Postpartum blues? Why did Missy the Guinea Pig eat her babies? Are children bad or good? Do angels even want to dance on the heads of pins? Why does it feel great to crack one's bones? Why does prayer bring a six-year-old back to life (the blue girl turns pink when pulled from the pond) yet not save her eight-year-old sister? Are all blessings mixed? Must happiness always be in the past tense? Should we celebrate or condemn the ingenuity of handcrafted spider-goats? What will they come up with next? Should one pity the watchfulness of the meerkat? Or admire it? Is ignorance bliss or knowledge power? Or is this another "false binary"? Is altruism simply expensive narcissism? Why would one lie down in a bed one has made? Would you get fleas if the dogs you lay with didn't have fleas? Why do humans foul their nests when even wolf cubs refuse to do so? When they already know the ending, why are people afraid? Is heaven the same as eternity? Why would eternity be in love with the productions of time? Why is nothing new under the sun when mutability holds sway over all? Must our truths be paradoxical? Is solipsism avoidable in therapy? If the unexamined life isn't worth living, why are the examined ones so painful? Must pain sleep with pleasure? What was the Big Bang like? When shall I take my turn? Am I the end or the beginning? Why have you abandoned me? [End Page 126] Cathleen Calbert cathleen calbert's writing has appeared in many publications, including The Paris Review, Poetry, and The Southern Review. She is the author of four books of poems: Lessons in Space, Bad Judgment, Sleeping with a Famous Poet, and The Afflicted Girls. Her awards include a Pushcart Prize, the Sheila Motton Book Prize, and the Mary Tucker Thorp Professorship at Rhode Island College. Copyright © 2023 Cathleen Calbert

Vegetarian vs. Carnivore Feeding Enrichment in a Pack of Captive Iberian Wolves (Canis lupus signatus): Towards Individual and Species-typical Needs?

The aim of this study was to compare two different types of feeding enrichment (vegetarian vs. carnivore) through the daily activity, space use and inter-individual distances in a captive Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) pack housed at the Barcelona Zoo. Multifocal sampling methods were used for data collection and instantaneous scans were made at 15-min intervals during sessions of varying duration. The enrichment sessions were carried out once a day, three days per week –Monday, Wednesday, and Friday- repeating the delivered schedule of items every two weeks. Thus, both feeding phases included six different enrichment sessions; the vegetarian phase included chopped fruit – apples inside a burlap sack, scattered bananas, peaches, frozen pears, and oranges, and kiwis inside a frozen water block; the carnivore phase included animal products -beef raw lean meat inside a burlap sack or inside a frozen water block, horse leg, live carp, frozen rabbit skin and live grasshoppers-. There were individual differences in the response to both feeding enrichments. Only the carnivore enrichment provoked statistically significant differences in exploration, locomotion, inactivity and not visible. Only the indeterminate zone showed changes during both enrichment phases. The inter-individual distance between Iberian wolves was statistically significantly lower during both feeding enrichment phases –especially during the carnivore as compared to the vegetarian phase- than during the baseline phase. Enrichment items designed more according to the natural history of these animals seem to have a greater capacity to improve the wolf welfare. Future studies on this species are necessary to improve husbandry techniques, welfare, and conservation programs.

Perancangan Sepatu Kuda Berbahan Dasar Polymeric Foam dan Diperkuat dengan Fiber Glass

This study aims to obtain the best design and material for horseshoes. The research method used is experimental and research target design. This research was conducted in Medan and most of the experiments were conducted at USU University Medan. The results of this research are: it is known that horse shoes will be better if they are made using polymeric foam and reinforced with glass fiber. Furthermore, it was found that other advantages of horseshoe material made of polymeric foam reinforced fiberglass when compared to low carbon mild steel A 36 material, namely: a) Light weight, so it does not burden the horse's feet. b) Flexible, so it can adjust to the horse's hooves. c) Soft, so it can reduce the risk of injury. Horseshoe made of iron, when the horse is moving, if it hits a hard surface, it can cause a reaction force that over time can damage the horse's hooves, the joints of the horse's legs and even the horse's feet, if used for a long time. d) Resistant to chemicals found in the horse's environment, for example horse urine contained in horse stables, where horse urine contains ammonia, and is mixed with other harmful substances. e) Not slippery, thus preventing the horse from slipping and reducing the risk of injury.

2Pa2-1 Axial Transmission technique for screening bucked shin in a horse leg.

2Pa2-1 Axial Transmission technique for screening bucked shin in a horse leg.

A Viscoelastic Contact Analysis of the Ground Reaction Force Differentiation in Walking and Running Gaits Realized in the Simplified Horse Leg Model Focusing on the Hoof—Ground Interaction

In the present study, the systematic method for the forward dynamics associated with the ground contact model was introduced to be able to consider the viscoelastic effect when contacting with the ground. In particular, we focused on the hoof-ground interaction in the simplified horse leg model because walking and running gaits are known to be different in trajectories; however, the force analysis still remains as unsolved issues. The computational experiments in Matlab, elastic and inelastic impact with the ground was resolved by using the dissipative contact force model proposed by Lankarani and Nikravesh and the ground reaction force was clearly examined in four different conditions from the combination of walking/running and elastic/inelastic contact. As result, two peaks during the stance phase in the walking condition were realized as well as the human gait and a single peak was newly observed in running with a time gap in elastic and inelastic condition. The proposed method contributes to the establishment of the detail time course analysis of the ground reaction force for animal and human gaits in a consistent manner.

A ground reaction force analysis in walking and running gaits in horse leg model on viscoelastic hoof-ground contact

A ground reaction force analysis in walking and running gaits in horse leg model on viscoelastic hoof-ground contact

Muscle modes of the equestrian rider at walk, rising trot and canter.

Equestrian sports have been a source of numerous studies throughout the past two decades, however, few scientists have focused on the biomechanical effects, including muscle activation, that the horse has on the rider. Because equitation is a sport of two (the horse-human dyad), we believe there is a need to fill in the knowledge gap in human biomechanics during riding. To investigate the differences between novice and advanced riders at a neuromuscular level we characterized the motor output of a set of riders’ key muscles during horse riding. Six recreational riders (24 ± 7 years) and nine professional riders (31 ± 5 years) from the Spanish Classical School of Riding (Lipica) volunteered to take part in this study. Riders’ upper body, core and lower limb muscles were monitored and synchronized with inertial data from the left horse’s leg at walk, rising trot and canter. We used principal component analysis to extract muscle modes. Three modes were identified in the advanced group whereas five modes were identified in the novice group. From the novice group, one mode united dorsal and ventral muscles of the body (reciprocal mode). Advanced riders showed higher core muscles engagement and better intermuscular coordination. We concluded that advanced horse riding is characterized by an ability to activate muscles contralaterally but not reciprocally (dorsal-ventral contraction). In addition, activating each muscle independently with different levels of activation, and the ability to quickly decrease overall muscle activity is distinctive of advanced riders.

Motion Kinematics Analysis of a Horse Inspired Terrain-Adaptive Unmanned Vehicle With Four Hydraulic Swing Arms

All terrain vehicles (ATV) perform tasks in unstructured environments where the advanced adaptive ability of rigid terrain has become a key factor. In this article, we propose a novel horse inspired all terrain eight-wheeled vehicle with four swing arms for transportation in the mountain battlefield. The mechanism structure and system configuration of the ATV are designed based on the horse leg kinematics analysis. In order to analyze the obstacle surmounting strategy of the ATV, the kinematics model and the center of gravity of the ATV are represented. A model reference adaptive control method is proposed for the hydraulic attitude control system. Then the model for obstacle surmounting is proposed for dynamics performance and geometric kinematics. Additionally, the simulation is executed in Adams to verify the analysis and strategy. Finally, the experiment is demonstrated for climbing a vertical wall, which is a challenging and typical terrain of the mountain battlefield.

Geometric Construction and Static Analysis on Timber-Arched Structural System of Shouning Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge

Due to the disrepair, many timber-arched lounge bridges have structural safety hazards and require protection. This paper analyzed the structural composition as well as the composition principle of of Shouning timber-arched lounge bridge. It is found that the timber-arched bridge structure belongs to highly indeterminate. The ANSYS finite element simulation analysis of timber-arched lounge bridge shows that three-node and five-node seedlings are the components which are mainly subjected to axial force. Their shear stress is only 12% of the axial stress. Three-node and five-node seedlings make full use of the tensile and compressive properties of wood. At the same time, the portal framed bent, horse leg also play an important part in the structure. The double bridging is the important component to guarantee the wind resistance, earthquake resistance and transverse stability of bridges. The results of this paper have academic guidance meaning for the maintenance and reinforcement of timber-arched lounge bridge.

Is there any difference in the Force degradation pattern between memory type & ordinary type of six different of elastomeric chains?

A definition of the force to the moment percentage of approximately ten mm must applied to the posterior& the anterior teeth for obtaining a translating tooth movement. Keywords: Health hazard, Kerbala University Iraq, Plastination technique, Hoffen polyester P45, polymers P35, P40, and P45, gross anatomy, crosssectional anatomy, pathology, and radiology, plastinated of horse leg

A Study on Horse Legs of Akutagawa Ryunosuke - Forcused on Historical insight and Press Criticism

A Study on Horse Legs of Akutagawa Ryunosuke - Forcused on Historical insight and Press Criticism

Nutritional Composition in Bone Extracts from Jeju Crossbred Horses at Different Slaughter Ages.

The effects of slaughter age (28, 32, or 38 mon) on the proximate composition, collagen content, fatty acid composition, amino acid content, and mineral contents of horse leg bone (femur and tibia) extracts (HLBE) obtained from Jeju crossbred horses (n=14) in Korea. HLBE was extracted for 24 h with boiling water. At those ages, the respective proximate compositions of the HLBE were found as follows: 5.20−6.42% crude protein; fat 0.61−1.65% crude; and 0.10−0.22% crude ash. At 32 and 38 mon, the HLBE showed higher levels of both crude protein and collagen than at 28 mon. The major fatty acids of the horse leg bone extract powder (HLBP) were palmitic acid and oleic acid. Palmitoleic acid and the essential fatty acids were higher in the HLBP at 38 mon compared to that at 28 mon. Nearly all the amino acids were found at higher levels in the HLBP at 38 mon than at 28 mon, except histidine. The P, K, Zn, Se and Fe contents in the HLBP increased significantly with age. These results suggest that some nutrients in the HLBE increase with age, and that extracts from horses older than 32 mon would be more nutritious for human consumers.

Research on Biological Locomotion with Usage of Modern Digital Strobelight Photographic Technique

The strobelight photography is a precise and highly repeatable technique for experimental research focused on biological locomotion. Using the advantages of modern digital technologies, the strobelight photography makes possible to measure the motion characteristics of horse leg parts when they perform the walking stages in particular, and that are difficult to record by ordinary techniques.

The 'Lamia' and Aristotle's Beaver: The Consequences of a Mistranscription

In Greek mythology, Lamia, daughter of the king of Libya, bore several children to Zeus, but his jealous wife, Hera, killed all but one of them. Transformed by grief and anger, Lamia became a monster with the manners and physical traits of an animal. The word lamia can also be found in the form of an appellative. In the book of Isaiah in the Vulgate, the lamia is among the animals, beasts and monsters which will despoil Jerusalem when God's judgement befalls the city. Ancient zoological works use the word to indicate what is probably a species of shark, while medieval encyclopedias add several other meanings: lamia denotes, among other things, a hybrid creature which looks like a woman with horse legs; and a four-legged animal which damages plants in gardens at night and is likely to attack people it encounters. The origins of most ancient, early-Christian and medieval conceptions of the lamia have been traced more or less satisfactorily; the only tradition which remains unexplained is that of the fierce quadruped which threatens property and people's lives. The purpose of the present Note is to explore the origins of this ferocious creature, to determine what animal or animals may have inspired it, and to map the ways in which it entered medieval culture under the new name of lamia. The answers to these questions are to be found in the medieval reception of Aristotle's zoological observations, through the Arabic and Latin translations of his Historia animalium.

On the Technological Instantiation of a Biomimetic Leg Concept for Agile Quadrupedal Locomotion

The legged locomotion system of biological quadrupeds has proven to be the most efficient in natural, complex terrain. Particularly, horses' legs have been evolved to provide speed, endurance, and strength superior to any other animal of equal size. Quadruped robots, emulating their biological counterparts, could become the best choice for field missions in complex or natural environments; however, they should be provided with optimum performance against mobility, payload, and endurance. The design of the leg mechanism is of paramount importance to achieve the targeted performance, and in order to design a leg mechanism able to provide the robot with such agile capabilities nature is the best source for inspiration. In this work, key principles underlying horse legs' power capabilities have been extracted and translated to a biomimetic leg concept. Afterwards, a real prototype has been designed following the biomimetic concept proposed. A key element in the biomimetic concept is the multifunctionality of the natural musculotendinous system, which has been mimicked by combining series elastic actuation and passive elements. This work provides an assessment of the benefits that bio-inspired solutions can provide versus the purely engineering approaches. The experimental evaluation of the bio-inspired prototype shows an improvement on the performance compared to a leg design based on purely engineering principles.

KNJIŽEVNE KONJUŠNICE Iz beležnice prevodioca

Prevodeći pesmu Lóláb Pala Bendera iz zbirke Tegnap egyszerűbb volt (1993), prevodilac je, na osnovu naslovne i osnovne metafore, naslutio da se pesnik zalaže za temeljna svojstva opšteljudske kulture, gde prožetost duhom ne poznaje nacionalnu, rasnu pa ni umetničku isključivost. Oslanjajući se na pesmu Esti utazás, Le Journal Šandora Vereša (1953), Bender istomišljenički varira Vereševu inovativnu involuciju do oniričke figure, bliske Pegazu, odnosno Kentauru. Želeći da nadvladaju opasna i gordeljiva stanja, umetnici neretko pribegavaju duhovitim inter-specijalnim transformacijama. Konjska arija mađarskih pesnika jeste trijumfalno oglašavanje umetnosti nad sve agresivnijim zvaničnim jezikom. To je i čežnja za spasonosnim prožimanjem kulture i „nature“.

Frequency of hoof conformation faults and disorders in horses of several breeds

The aim of the study was to compare the frequencies of hoof conformation faults and disorders in the front and hind legs of horses of different breeds. The study was conducted on 346 horses over 3 years old (167 Anglo-Arabians, 130 Hucul horses, and 49 Silesian horses). In the study population, over 60% of the horses had some kind of hoof conformation faults and disorders. A significant difference in the incidence of hoof conformation faults (65.5%) and hoof disorders (35.5%) was shown in the analyzed population of horses. In the case of Hucul and Silesian horses, hoof conformation faults were observed more than twice as often as hoof disorders. In addition, the frequency of hoof conformation faults in Hucul and Silesian horses was highly significantly greater than that in Anglo-Arabian horses, in which the hoof disorders appeared highly significantly more often. Both hoof conformation faults and hoof disorders were observed highly significantly more often on the front than on the hind legs. The results suggest that the frequency of hoof conformation faults and disorders is breed-dependent, which may be connected with the tendency of horses of each breed to be used in a specific way.