Moringa Oleifera Research Articles

Moringa Oleifera leaf-based zinc oxide nanoparticles: Green synthesis, characterization, and their antibacterial investigations

In the current study, an extract from Moringa Oleifera (MO) leaves was utilized for synthesis nanoparticles (ZnO) in an easy-to-use and ecologically friendly manner. Different ratios of MO leaf extraction (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:7, 1:9) were used to synthesize the nanostructured ZnO. The synthesized ZnO NPs were examined using an array of analytical methods, including energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, and antibacterial investigations. The synthesized MOL: ZnO NPs confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure, as demonstrated by XRD analysis. FT-IR demonstrated that the presence of distinct functional groups was required for the reduction of the metal ion into MOL: ZnO NPs. High purity and crystalline EDX has been used to identify the intense and narrow measurements of the zinc and oxygen found in the MOL: ZnO NPs. After being examined for antibacterial activity, the produced MOL: ZnO NPs showed the highest zones of inhibition against both gram negative Pseudomonas and gram positive Bacillus. The results show that ZnO-based NPs aided by leaf extract of Moringa Oleifera are the promising materials for a variety of applications such as food package applications and advanced forensic applications.

Exploring knowledge and uses of Moringa oleifera and understanding its cultivation constraints and proposed solutions: a case from Bangladesh

Multipurpose trees, like the moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), have become extremely popular in an attempt to reduce food, nutritional, and economic instability. The significant benefits of moringa’s leaves, pods, seeds, roots, and flowers are used in a wide range of commercial fields, including medicine, cosmetics, food, animal feed, water purification, and more. We applied a questionnaire-based survey to reveal the uses, problems and solutions related to the knowledge, uses and constraints of moringa in the region of Chapainawabganj and Kushtia districts in Bangladesh. Including the easiest propagation process and the lowest cultivation costs, year-round flowering, and production provide moringa with a wide window of opportunity. Besides using regular pruning of moringa branches, respondents make trees bushy to increase fruit and leaf production. Respondents from both regions opined that moringa has a good market value, increases family income, increases opportunity for fallow land utilization, enhances employment opportunities, and is known as a nutritive and multipurpose tree. We were pleased to find that moringa output regularly exceeded previous production records in Bangladesh from 2014–16 to 2020–21. Furthermore, our survey shows that a 5-year-old moringa tree provides a satisfactory yield per season with its high market price and demand. Despite the extensive use of moringa fruits and leaves by respondents, its commercial potential remains largely undeveloped and unknown to them. Constraints like limited scientific knowledge and technological infrastructure are the reasons why the elusive potential of moringa in Bangladesh persists. There is ample opportunity to enhance moringa production via effective management techniques, which will satisfy community demand and create market opportunities both locally and internationally. As a result, smallholder farmers’ livelihoods and food and nutritional security can be improved.

Starch-modified nickel ferrite nanoparticles as a magnetic nano-bio adsorbent for the extraction and determination of lead in water and Moringa oleifera samples

In this work, nickel ferrite magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The surface modification of the prepared nanoparticles was carried out using cross-linked starch as a good stabilizer and biopolymer. The as-prepared nickel ferrite-starch nano-bio composite was characterized using numerous techniques, and introduced as a novel adsorbent. The initial experimental results indicated that the adsorbent has a good capability to extract lead ions (Pb(II)) from aqueous solutions. Hence, the adsorbent was applied for dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction of Pb(II) before flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Some variables affecting the extraction efficiency such as sample volume (250.0mL), pH (6.5), type and eluent concentration (0.3molL1 nitric acid), amount of the adsorbent (200mg), extraction time (15min), and desorption time (15min) were investigated and optimized. Moreover, the adsorption capacity (35.50mgg1), stability and reusability (80 extraction/desorption cycles), and selectivity of the adsorbent towards the analyte were studied. In the optimized conditions, the linear dynamic range of the constructed calibration graph is between 0.5 and 140.0ngmL1. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the method are 0.12 and 0.40ngmL1, respectively. The average intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (for n=6 and 5.0, 50.0 and 100.0ngmL1 Pb(II) concentration) are 2.02% and 3.72%, respectively. To validate the method, the certified reference material NIST SRM 1643e was analyzed, and the method was used for the pre-concentration and determination of lead ions in different sections of Moringa oleifera medicinal plant and several water samples. The acceptable relative recovery values between 98.0 and 102.7% were attained for the spiked samples, approving the ignorable matrix effect of the method.

Chemical Investigation and Regulation of Adipogenic Differentiation of Cultivated Moringa oleifera.

Background/Objectives: Moringa oleifera is a matrix plant with the high potential to cure several diseases with its medicinal and ethnopharmacological value and nutraceutical properties. In this study, we investigated the chemical and biological properties of this plant cultivated in our local region. Methods: Leaves, roots, seeds, stem bark, and twigs of oleifera were extracted and evaluated bioactivities targeting intracellular lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS-Based molecular networking guided isolation and dereplication of metabolites from these extracts. Results: Five extracts of different organs of M. oleifera significantly stimulated intracellular lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. These extracts markedly increased the expression of genes related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Notably, these extracts promoted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activity and the expression of its target genes, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fatty acid-binding protein 4, and perilipin-2. These adipogenic and lipogenic effects of Moringa extracts through the regulation of PPARγ activity suggests their potential efficacy in preventing or treating type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, chemical investigation revealed high contents of phytonutrients as rich sources of secondary metabolites including glycosides, flavones, fatty acids, phenolics, and other compounds. In addition, in silico studies on major components of these extracts revealed the bioavailability of major components through their binding affinity to respective proteins targeting adipocyte differentiation.

Microwave-Assisted vs. Conventional Extraction of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil: Process Optimization and Efficiency Comparison.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of microwave-assisted and conventional extraction using ethanol, hexane, and petroleum ether as solvents, and to optimize the process for extracting oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds, with a focus on improving food-grade oil production. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to enhance the extraction process of the oil. Central composite rotational design (CCRD) was used to analyze the impact of solid-liquid ratio (x1), power (x2), and temperature (x3) on oil yield. The optimization identified the optimal conditions as a solid/liquid ratio of 1:38, power of 175 W, and temperature of 50 °C, achieving a 42% oil yield. Notably, the microwave-assisted extraction reduced the processing time from 8 h (using conventional Soxhlet extraction) to just 1 h. Conventional extraction with hexane and petroleum ether was also performed for comparison, resulting in similar oil content and fatty acid profiles, predominantly, oleic acid. FTIR analysis confirmed that the microwave-extracted oil contained fatty acids and had similar characteristics to the conventionally extracted oil. Thus, the use of ethanol as a green solvent in the microwave has shown significant improvement in terms of time and energy savings compared to the Soxhlet method with toxic solvents. This study concludes that microwave-assisted extraction with ethanol provides a more energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and time-saving alternative for food-grade oil production, aligning with advancements in food engineering and production.

Antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion containing <i>Moringa oleifera</i> seed protein

Plant-based antimicrobial substances have been recognized as antimicrobial agents. These peptides demonstrate antimicrobial properties against a wide range of pathogens. This study reports the efficacy of <i>Moringa oleifera </i>nanoemulsion as an antimicrobial. <i>M. oleifera </i>seed was defatted and the protein was extracted from the grounded seed, characterized, and formulated into nanoemulsions by spontaneous nanoemulsification. This method is economically and environmentally safe as the components of nanoemulsion are biodegradable. The formulation was evaluated for particle size, viscosity, pH, antimicrobial activity, and kill time assay. The nanoemulsion was nanosized (43.440 nm - 74.430 nm) with increased encapsulation efficiency in a dose-dependent manner and a suitable pH (5.91 ± 0.01 to 6.14 ± 0.01), excellent dynamic viscosity (32 ± 7 to 39 ± 0). The antimicrobial and minimum inhibitory concentration study displayed a wide range of effectiveness on <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, the time-kill assay showed moderate biocidal activity. Therefore, <i>M. oleifera </i>seed protein nanoemulsion has the potential to act as antimicrobial.

Effects of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder supplementation on growth performance, haematobiochemical parameters and gene expression profile of stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis

Moringa oleifera is a popular edible protein source due to its high concentration of micronutrients, macronutrients, and antioxidants. The present study investigated the effects of M. oleifera leaf at various levels on the growth performance, haematobiochemical response, and SOD2 and HSP70 gene expression of Heteropneustes fossilis for 90 days. The fish were randomly distributed into 12 glass aquaria (66×36×36 cm) at 50 fish/aquarium in triplicate treatments Four dietary groups were used to feed the H. fossilis, each group containing graded levels of M. oleifera leaf meal (0, 10 %, 20 %, and 40 %) with a basal diet. It was observed that H. fossilis fed a diet supplemented with 10 % MOLM produced the highest final weight, specific growth rate, condition factor, and survivability. Hemoglobin and red blood cell levels were significantly higher in the fish treatment fed with a 10 % M. oleifera diet compared to the other treatments. Significantly lower levels of ALT and AST were detected in the fish that were fed a diet containing 10 % MOLM. Frequencies of ECA and ENA were significantly higher at 40 % M. oleifera inclusion. The relative mRNA expression profile of SOD2 and HSP70 gene were significantly higher at 10 % MOLM supplementation diet in comparison to the control group. The results of the PCA showed that adding 10 % MOLM supplementation had a beneficial effect on the nutritional and haematobiochemical parameters. Overall, it can be stated that 10 % MOLM treated with basal diet as a supplement on stinging catfish have positive impact on growth performance, haematobiochemical response, and immune gene expression.

Application of omega 3,6 with Moringa oleifera suplemented vitamin E on rumen fluid characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, and methane gas production in goats on suboptimal lands

Changes in feeding patterns were needed to overcome the problem of methane gas emissions from ruminant livestock and the problem of low productivity at the smallholder livestock level. This solution involves direct action against the gas produced in the stomach of ruminants by providing feed containing active substances to reduce the microbes that produce gas in the stomach. One alternative feed that was often used as a promoter of improving rumen fluid characteristics was the use of omega 3.6 sources together with Moringa leaves enriched with vitamin E. This research aimed to investigate the effect of feeding on methane gas production in goats. The research method used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with four treatments and five replications in vitro. From the research results, it could be concluded that the use of omega 3.6 together with Moringa leaves enriched with vitamin E was able to reduce methane gas production by 25.62% with a Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) value of 144.53 mM, pH around 6.99, NH3 11.87 mg/100ml, microbial biomass 20.42 mg/ml, microbial protein 217.58mg/ml, bacterial colony 5.34x109 cells/ml and protozoa population 29x106 cells/ml. This conclusion shows that the use of omega 3.6 with Moringa oleifera supplemented with vitamin E has the potential to consistently improve rumen fluid characteristics and reduce methane gas emissions by using a combination of omega 3.6 sources and Moringa leaves in suboptimal land, as well as vitamin E supplementation.

Development and sensory evaluation of Moringa oleifera–enriched snack bar for micronutrients deficiency in adolescents

Background: This study aimed to assess the sensitivity, texture, and nutritional quality of Moringa-enriched wheat bars to improve the nutritional status of the adolescent population. Moringa, which has gained a nutraceutical perspective from various pieces of research, is being incorporated into food product development. Moringa leaves from the “miracle tree,” a habitat of origin from South Asia, are enriched with macro- and micronutrients that combat both malnutrition and hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiency). The phytochemical properties of Moringa leaves, such as their antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, make them a superfood. Purpose: This study aimed to develop a snack bar incorporating Moringa flour that aligns with adolescents’ snacking preferences while also providing an adequate supply of iron. Materials and Methods: Moringa leaves were processed using the conventional method to obtain sieved, coarse Moringa leaf flour. Moringa oleifera snack bars were prepared at concentrations of 15% (M1), 10% (M2), and 5% (M3). The snack bar that shows high acceptability was subjected to nutritional evaluation to determine the specific iron content. Results: Organoleptic evaluation of M3, M2, and M1 by 24 semitrained personnel identified M3, at a 5% concentration, as the most acceptable. The nutritionally analyzed M3 M. oleifera snack bar contained protein (12.1 g), fiber (9.18 g), iron (10.1 g), magnesium (112 mg), calcium (345 mg), zinc (19.4 mg), and a good source of energy (447 kcal). Discussion: Moringa, as a nutraceutical agent, in addition to its average dietary value utilized in nutritional snack bar development, aids in health promotion and disease prevention among adolescents with unhealthy food habits, such as consuming junk food. Conclusion: The M. oleifera snack bar supplies the recommended dietary allowance of micronutrients and macronutrients and contains antioxidants, such as flavonoids.

Comparison of antioxidant activity of several extraction methods for polyphenols from moringa oleifera and curcuma rhizome

Comparison of antioxidant activity of several extraction methods for polyphenols from moringa oleifera and curcuma rhizome

Moringa oleifera seed oils: physico-chemical characterization and its authentication using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics

Moringa oleifera seed oils: physico-chemical characterization and its authentication using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics

Sustainability assessment of products of the tropical tree moringa in Ghana with a focus on small-scale producers

With their numerous products and uses, multifunctional crops offer an attractive means for improving smallholder farmer livelihoods. This study applies a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) to Moringa oleifera (moringa), a multifunctional crop with diverse applications in nutrition, cosmetics, and water treatment. The LCSA includes an Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA), Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA), and Life Cycle Costing (LCC). Surveys were conducted with 58 smallholder farmers and five moringa processors in Ghana. The ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint method was used for the ELCA. The 10-year Net Present Value (NPV) and Payback Period (PBP) were calculated for farmers and processors in the LCC. The SLCA focused on the Worker stakeholder category, particularly smallholder farmer impacts, including indicators for Next Generation Farming, Inclusiveness, Access to Services, Food Security, and Livelihood. A composite sustainability score was calculated from the ELCA, SLCA, and LCC results using the Characteristic Objects Method (COMET), a multi-criteria decision analysis method resistant to rank-reversal. The study compared five supply chains: leaf-only, leaf-and-seed, leaf-and-seed with seedcake reuse, seed-only, and seed-only with seedcake reuse. Environmental hotspots were identified in leaf and seed collection. Economically, leaf-only cultivation provided the highest 10-year NPV for farmers, while seed-only with seedcake reuse yielded the highest NPV for processors. The leaf-only supply chain had the best PBP for both farmers and processors. Socially, leaf-only cultivators outperformed reference points across all indicators, making it the most socially sustainable supply chain. Our findings highlight that improving market access, organizing seed cultivators into farmer-based groups, and optimizing farm gate product collection can enhance the sustainability of moringa supply chains, offering a model for other multifunctional crops in rural development. This study is the first to integrate LCSA with COMET, a promising approach that could be adopted in other sustainability assessment case studies.

Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on D-galactose induced changes in lipid profile of aged Wistar rats

Uncontrolled hyperlipidaemia is linked to some age-related diseases like obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. To examine the blood lipid profile in wistar rats, this study employed D-galactose-induced aging as a model. The lipid profiles were analysed using standard methods. Thirty (30) male albino rats were randomly assigned into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each and fed with basal diets. Group 1 and 5 which served as the young and adult controls respectively received basal diet only while the others were administered D-galactose (150mg/kg) and Moringa oleifera extract (MOLE-200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) respectively for eight (8) weeks. At the end of the study rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. At week 0, the results of the total cholesterol concentrations (98.81 ± 6.43), TAG (69.15 ± 1.34), LDL-cholesterol (31.80 ± 4.10), VLDL-cholesterol (13.83 ± 0..27) and HDL-cholesterol (35.64 ± 2.81) in rats administered M. oleifera leaf extract, D-galactose and distilled water respectively showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference across all the groups but at week 8 treatment with high dose of MOLE resulted in a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in total serum cholesterol (112.45 ± 3.05), TAG (114.05 ± 5.47), LDL-cholesterol (19.66 ± 4.06) concentrations relative to the D-galactose only treated group. Conversely, HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) following treatment with both low (69.53 ± 1.94) and high dose (69.99 ± 2.64) of MOLE relative to the D-galactose (63.65 ± 2.54) treated group. These results suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf extract exerts an anti-hyperlipidaemic effect against D-galactose-induced toxicity and thus could confer protection against aging.

Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, Centella asiatica Leaves Extract Intervention Ability to Improve Fetus Development and Blood Protein Levels in Malnutrition Pregnant Model Mice

Background: Pregnant women experiencing chronic energy deficiency are at risk of giving birth to low birth weight and premature (stunted) babies. Objectives: In an effort to prevent stunting, the study investigates the effects of a 1:1:1 ratio of Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, and Centella asiatica leaf extract on fetal growth and blood protein levels. Methods: This research used a laboratory experimental approach with 25 adult female Mus musculus Balb/C mice as a model of malnourished pregnancy, was divided into 5 groups: pre-test, positive control, negative control, placebo and test group. Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, and Centella asiatica leaf extracts are administered to the test group and positive control in 1:1:1 ratio. Results: The study results indicated that in pregnant mice without malnutrition receiving a mixture of Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, and Centella asiatica leaf extracts, the average fetal body length was 9.7% higher and their weight was 7.4% heavier than pregnant mice with experiencing chronic energy deficiency. Conclusions: The administration of Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, and Centella asiatica leaf extract can contribute to improving fetal development and blood protein levels. However, its effectiveness is more pronounced in normal pregnancies than in pregnancies with chronic energy deficiency as it can prevent stunting.

Moringa oleifera leaf extract ameliorates collagen degradation via the inhibition of MMP‐3 expression in UVB‐induced rats

Prolonged exposure to high‐intensity UVB induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin tissue, triggering an increase in matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3) enzyme production and leading to collagen degradation. Moringa oleifera (MO) contains bioactive compounds known for ROS‐scavenging and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, the precise molecular mechanism of action remains unclear, requiring the inhibition of MMP‐3 activation and regulation of collagen deposition. This study aims to elucidate the potential effect of MO leaf extract‐based gel in restoring collagen deposition by reducing MMP‐3 activation in UVB irradiate‐induced collagen loss in rats. This study employed a completely randomized design, comprising four groups: a healthy group without UVB radiation, a negative control group subjected to UVB radiation and receiving a placebo, and two treatment groups exposed to UVB radiation with 5% or 10% moringa leaf extract‐based gel (MO‐5% or MO‐10%), respectively. Results showed that MO‐5% and MO‐10% significantly reduced MMP‐3 gene expression and increased collagen density compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Moringa oleifera leaf extract ameliorates collagen degradation by inhibiting MMP‐3 expression in UVB‐induced rats, suggesting its potential as a pharmacological and cosmetic agent for UVB‐induced skin damage.

Crop Improvement of Moringa oleifera L. through Genotype Screening for the Development of Clonal Propagation Techniques of High-Yielding Clones in Malaysia.

Moringa oleifera L. is a valuable multipurpose tree species widely planted for centuries due to its high medicinal value and antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties in the food industry. However, its cultivation is hindered by production constraints such as the unavailability of planting material and the inadequate number of high-yielding clones. Thus, a study was initiated to select high-yielding clones in terms of growth and chemical content for the mass propagation of superior moringa trees. Screening on high-yielding clones with high astragalin content was conducted through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of moringa leaf extract. Selected genotypes were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential through in vitro bioactivity assays of leaf methanol extract. The effects of the rooting hormone, rooting substrates, and size of the cutting on the rooting response of branch cuttings of moringa were investigated. Results found that samples collected from different ecological zones of Peninsular Malaysia show significant variation in terms of astragalin content. The extracts were observed to show considerable variation in biological activity against the pro-inflammatory enzymes. The size of the cuttings had significant effects on the rooting of the cuttings as longer cuttings with bigger diameters rooted better than shorter cuttings with smaller diameters. Several genotypes of M. oleifera with superior phenotypic characteristics and bioactive compounds have been identified. Factors affecting the rooting efficiency and optimal conditions of rooting are suggested, which provides valuable information for the propagation of the superior planting material of moringa. This effort will ensure the sustainable production and supply of good quality raw materials for the production of quality end-products for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Bioactive metabolites of Moringa oleifera (Sahjan) with functional activities

Moringa oleifera, an arboreal member of the Moringaceae family native to the Indian subcontinent, has emerged recently as a promising source of bioactive metabolites with diverse functional activities. M. oleifera is not only a rich source of protein and many of the trace elements like calcium, iron and Vitamin A and C and the bioactive metabolites present in M. oleifera include flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Additionally, the secondary metabolites of M. oleifera, exhibit various therapeutic potentials like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. These findings underscore the importance of further research to fully harness the medicinal potential of these bioactive compounds, emphasizing the need to explore their molecular pathways and synergistic effects.

Function of Moringa oleifera Lamk Leaf Extract as an Antiseptic for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using Percentage Kill Method

Moringa oleifera Lamk leaf extract has an antimicrobial properties especially against fungal, parasite, Gram positive and negative bacteria by inhibiting DNA synthesis and metabolism an damaging cell walls. The aim of this study was to determine whether M. oleifera Lamk leaf extract is effective as an antiseptic against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria. Percentage Kill was used in the study to determine the percentage of bacteria death after contact with M. oleifera Lamk leaf extract in the 1st, 2nd and 5th minutes against the control and treatment simultaneously. The test is considered to meet the standard if each contact gives a result of ≥90%. For discovered percentage kill to P. aeruginosa bacteria in the 1st, 2nd and 5th minutes each test showed a yield of 27.12%. , 47.01%, 57.7%. In the third time of P. aeruginosa did not reach the standard. Whereas in S. aureus bacteria, each test showed a yield of 92.36%, 95.58% and 96.45%, where it was seen that all results reach the standards criteria of ≥90%. M. oleifera Lamk leaf extract was not effective in eliminating P. aeruginosa for all contacts because the standard value was below 90%. Whereas for S. aureus bacteria, M. oleifera Lamk leaf extract was very effective in eliminating bacteria for all contact times ≥90% with the highest value at the 5th minutes (96.45%).

Growth performance, cost benefit analysis, haematology and serum biochemistry of finisher broilers fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth performance, cost benefit analysis, haematology and serum biochemistry of finisher broiler chickens. One hundred and forty four (144) day-old were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments group of 3 birds per group each after 3 weeks brooding. Each replicate had 12 birds. The birds in T1 (control) group were offered a basal diet only; the T2 were given basal diet with 300g of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in 100kg of feed; T3 were given basal diet with 500g of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in 100kg of feed; T4 were given basal diet with 700g of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in 100kg of feed. The experiment lasted till the birds were 56 days of age. Significant differences were observed in the feed intake of the birds and body weight gain. The hematological parameters measured differ significantly. Alanine transaminase (ALT) differed among the dietary treatments. Significant differences were observed in the other serum biochemical indices measured. Cost incurred per kilogram weight gain was higher for birds on Moringa diets than birds on the control diet. The results of this study indicate that Moringa oleifera leaf meal significantly (P<0.05) enhanced growth performance - weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, in the treated birds compared to the control group with the best result at level 700 g inclusion. Feeding the birds with Moringa oleifera leaf meal brought about changes in the serum biochemical parameters but without any deleterious effect on them and should be considered as a good source of protein in livestock nutrition.

Synergistic Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Moringa Oleifera Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Metabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: The action of aerobic exercise and Moringa Oleifera supplementation on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been individually documented, but their combination remains unclear. This study evaluates the synergistic effects of a 12-week aerobic exercise program and Moringa supplementation on metabolic and inflammatory markers in T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 120 T2DM patients were randomly assigned to four groups: control, aerobic exercise, moringa supplementation (250mg/kg/day), and a combination. BMI, blood glucose, serum insulin, serum C-peptide, renal function tests, HbA1c, adiponectin, IL-6, and lipid profile, were assessed before and after the intervention. Blood glucose levels were monitored weekly. Results: All intervention groups showed significant improvements in HbA1c levels compared to the control group, with the combination group demonstrating the greatest reduction. Blood glucose levels decreased significantly in the exercise and combination groups, with the aerobic exercise group outperforming moringa alone. Serum insulin levels significantly decreased in the moringa and combination groups, while serum C-peptide levels decreased in all groups. Lipid profile improvements were noted in all intervention groups, with the combination treatment showing superior results in reducing total cholesterol and BMI. Both adiponectin levels increased and IL-6 levels decreased significantly in all intervention groups, particularly in the combination group. Renal function tests showed no adverse changes, with a significant reduction in BUN levels observed only in the combination group. Conclusion: The combination of aerobic exercise and moringa supplementation provides a synergistic therapeutic effect, significantly improving glycemic control, lipid profile, adiponectin levels in T2DM patients.