Horseshoe Bend Research Articles

Evaluation of Water Quality and Rate of Sedimentation of Bighorn Lake

The managers of the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area have expressed concern about two aspects of water quality in Bighorn Lake, the rate of sediment accumulation in the upper ends of the lake, especially in the Horseshoe Bend region, and the excessive fertility that occurs generally in the upper end, although it sometimes extends throughout the total length of the lake. In the spring of 1980 a cooperative study was initiated which was designed to estimate the rate of sediment accumulation in the Horseshoe Bend area of Bighorn Lake since closure of the Yellowtail Dam in 1967. Studies were also initiated to evaluate the sources of aquatic plant nutrients, the factors limiting phytoplankton growth within the upper ends of Bighorn Lake, and the current degree of eutrophication-fertility of waters in this region of the waterbody. This report presents a summary of the results of the first eight months of these studies.

Ceramic Patterning and Social Structure at Two Late Historic Upper Creek Sites in Alabama

This study examines the variability in Ocmulgee Fields ceramics from 2 nearly contemporaneous Upper Creek Indian sites at Horseshoe Bend National Military Park in central Alabama. The intent is to demonstrate that differences between the 2 pottery assemblages reflect differences in the social settings at the 2 sites. Frequencies of ceramic types and of selected attributes are tested for statistical significance using chi-square, and the strength of the assumed relationships are evaluated using 1 or more measures of association. The tests support a contention that ceramic vessels in use at the temporary, warrier-refugee settlement of Tohopeka were more frequently of utility forms and were generally larger and less decorated than vessels in use at the permanent, family-structured settlement of Nuyaka. It is suggested that similar studies of ceramics from sites for which the historical record is not as complete as it is for the Horseshoe Bend sites might reveal potential distinctions in social structure and behavioral patterning that would be developed primarily from the archaeological record.

Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. A Narrative of Travail and Triumph, Persecution and Exile (review)

278civil war history who served as nurses on die USS Red Rover, the Navy's first hospital ship. Stivers points out that of the 6,000 or so volunteer officers who served in the U.S. Navy during die Civil War, no more than twenty percent had prior service in the navy or merchant marine. Another twenty or thirty percent had worked on die rivers and lakes. So fifty percent or more were civilians with no previous waterborne experience. As a naval reservist himself, Stivers writes with feeling about past instances of regular navy prejudice against reservists , and of the official blindness to their contributions and value. The book is based on a number of manuscript sources, two unpublished dissertations, and a great deal of printed primary and secondary sources. Useful documents are printed in seven appendices . Source footnotes are printed at the end of the volume and information notes are printed at the bottom of certain pages. There are three sources in the notes that are not in the bibliography. In two instances book reviews of pertinent works are cited but not the books themselves. The text contains errors or omissions that should have been caught by die editor, such as the rationale for the 1766 date (p. 16); no reason for the end of the first apprentice system (p. 178); Lord Lyons was the British minister not die ambassador (p. 218); the nation's highest award is incorrectly identified (p. 305). Stivers repeats a story, previously refuted, that Melville's White Jacket influenced the abolition of flogging (p. 165). In giving modern naval reservists a sense of their earlier history, Stivers has accomplished his task. For most naval historians, the book is more apt to be consulted for its drawing together of bits of useful information than as a totality. „, „ . · . ¥ . . Harold D. Langley The Smithsonian Institution Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. A Narrative of Travail and Triumph, Persecution and Exile. By Samuel Carter III. (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1976. Pp. xi, 318. $9.95.) Next to Custer's Last Stand, the most widely recognized feature of four centuries of Indian-white relations is the removal of the Five Civilized Tribes from the southeastern United States. History textbooks published prior to 1965 rarely mentioned anything about Native People beyond a brief synopsis of the horrors of removal and a few obligatory statements about the Plains wars. Yet the collective conscience of Americans has been continually troubled by die events which led to the 'Trail of Tears" almost a century-and-a-half ago. The duplicity, deceit and inhumanity applied to Indian people stand in obvious contrast to this nation's long-cherished idealism and sense of justice. Historians and novelists have most often concentrated on the BOOK REVIEWS279 case of the Cherokees because they were among die largest, most acculturated, and best unified of eastern tribes. Elders rejected the battlefield and instead fought their war through the printing press, federal courts and Congress. Their story then is somewhat unique and for that reason continues to command public attention long after the appearance of pathbreaking works by Grant Foreman, Angie Debo and R. S. Cotterill. Cherokee Sunset represents die latest publishing venture in this thoroughly studied field, and though it reveals no new interpretations or untapped research collections, the book successfully relates the story in a manner attractive to researchers and armchair historians alike. Two brief introductory chapters quickly summarize traditional Cherokee culture and verify active tribal support for the United States during the War of 1812. The author dramatizes Cherokee loyalty to Andrew Jackson at the 1814 battle of Horseshoe Bend and subsequently reminds readers that it was die same national leader who in 1828 allegedly remarked "Build a fire under them. When it gets hot enough, they'll move" (p. 83). Proper attention is given to missionaries such as Samuel Worcester and Elizur Butler who sacrificed personal comfort for the Indian cause, but Carter never loses sight of the crucial fact that Indians played the primary role in defense of their lands and culture . Unfortunately, die tenuous unity began to dissipate by the early 1830's when small groups of Cherokees willingly migrated to...

The Name's the Thing: Promoting Ohio Towns During the Era of Good Feelings

~ERICA IS COVERED WITH NAMES THAT reflect broken dreams, dreams of riches to be won by platting towns where cattle grazed and forests stood. Possibly such a town would become a county seat, a state capital, the home of a university or, at least, an insane asylum. Nowhere and at no time did this craving become so apparent as in Ohio during the years 1815-1819. Though Kentucky, Alabama Territory, 1 Tennessee, Indiana and the territories of Illinois and Missouri also became hot spots of town platting, no other state or territory was in the same league with the Buckeye State. Within Ohio's borders well over 100 new towns were platted or advertised for sale between 1815 and 1819. Boosting towns was an economic sequel to the optimism that followed the Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent. In early 1814 with the British poised on the border of New York State, with the Royal Navy ready to take control of the Chesapeake Bay region and with an attack upon New Orleans projected, the United States appeared headed towards certain defeat. Surprisingly, dawn followed darkness. Battles such as those at the River Thames and Horseshoe Bend made tens of thousands of fertile acres safe for white settlement. The War of 1812 had dammed up the stream of westward heading immigrants. With the end of the war, the Old Northwest became the object of the largest migration to that date. Ohio's share of this tidal wave is clearly shown by Buckeye State population statistics. Ohio's 1820 population was nearly two and a half times that of 1810. Because of the state's exposed condition during the War of 1812, it is probably safe to assume that the lion's share of Ohio's growth came during the last half of the decade. The state's location athwart major migration routes and its resultant population increase made it particularly susceptible to the siren songs of the land

Hydrogeologische Untersuchungen in einem von salzhaltigem Uferfiltrat durchströmten Bodenkörper

An aquifer in a horseshoe bend of the Weser river was investigated regarding the processes of the river water infiltration. The geology and geometry of the aquifer was ascertained by means of numerous borings. The hydraulic situation before and after infiltration was determined by water table maps. The intrusion of a salt-freshwater lens could be reconstructed from the beginning of infiltration until ten years later by means of previous results of chemical analysis. By new chemical analysis it was proved that river water infiltrates into the aquifer. Additionally it was established that the relatively high concentration of chloride is reduced during the passage of the groundwater both by mixing with recharged groundwater and by adsorption of the ground. Furthermore temperature measurements in the groundwater at selected stations confirm qualitatively the river water infiltration into the polder.

DECISION ANALYSIS FOR THE RIVER WALK EXPANSION IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: The San Antonio River Walk is considered a unique tourist attraction as well as an urban rejuvenation catalyst for San Antonio, Texas. This utilization of the mile‐long horseshoe bend in the downtown area of San Antonio is as successful and imaginative as can be found in the United States. Testimony is very strong from San Antonio voters and outside visitors of the great social and economic value of the River Walk. This overwhelming success has led to plans for expansion of the present River Walk. The River Walk expansion decision should not be evaluated merely on a benefit‐cost ratio. It has become the recommendation of the Water Resources Council that intangible attributes such as recreational values and social impacts should be considered as well as tangible attributes such as cost. This prevailing attitude has highlighted the application of decision analysis techniques with multiattribute utility ratings. Decision analysis is a systematic solution procedure which can be used to crystallize a complicated decision problem into manageable subproblems by ranking the decision alternatives in accordance with cardinal utility values attached to their consequences. Recent advances in multiattribute utility theory allow a decision maker to weigh utility assessment over tangible and intangible attributes according to their relative importance. This insures that the intangible attributes will receive due consideration in the final decision‐making.

Sedimentology of the Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous Finke Group, Amadeus and Warburton Basins, central Australia

Abstract The Finke Group in central Australia was divided into four formations by Wells et al. (1966), and the Santo Sandstone (Wells et al., 1967) is now included in the group as a synonym of the Idracowra Sandstone. The distribution of the latter has been amended following detailed stratigraphic work south of Black Hill Range. The age of the Finke Group is Upper Devonian to ?Lower Carboniferous, based on correlation with the Pertnjara Group. The relative abundance and significance of sedimentary features are described from each formation, and permit the following environmental deductions: Polly Conglomerate—proximal braided stream alluvial fan deposits; Langra Formation—fluviatile sediments consisting largely of point-bar deposits; Horseshoe Bend Shale—playa lake siltstone deposits; and Idracowra Sandstone—fluviatile sediments. The inter-relationship of these facies and their interdigitation with formations of the Pertnjara Group is discussed in terms of a large terrestrial basin in which through-flowin...

Bidirectional Current Ripple Marks in an Upper Devonian Internal Drainage Basin

ABSTRACT Bidirectional current ripple marks are described from a very fine sandstone-siltstone sequence in the basal part of the Upper Devonian Horseshoe Bend Shale. The environment of deposition was an extensive internal drainage basin subject to frequent desiccation. The bidirectional ripple marks are compared with other documented occurrences from various environments, and it is proposed that they could have originated in the shallow internal drainage basin as a result of wind-induced seiches.

A method for determining the altitudes of Tertiary floras

Effective temperature (ET) at lowland stations can be used to determine accurately the altitude of ET at stations in upland forests today. The ET of a Tertiary flora near sea level appears to provide a reliable basis for determining the altitude indicated by the ET of a contemporaneous upland flora because there was a more regular vertical distribution to ET zones in the Tertiary. This resulted from climates which were more broadly zoned and less diverse in type; from relief which was lower and which had less influence on the local distribution of temperature; and from temperateness (M) which was high over wide regions.
 Since Tertiary climate was characterized by pronounced temperateness (M). the effective temperature (ET) of a Tertiary flora can be determined most accurately if inferences are drawn from analogous modern forests in areas of high temperateness (M 60 +), the regions where forests have persisted with least change since the Tertiary (i.e., Szechuan Yunnan, Puebla-Oaxaca, New Zealand, southern Chile, Canary Islands).
 The method devised to determine altitudes of stations in modern upland forests is applied to Tertiary floras with the following results. (1) A late Eocene subalpine forest (Bull Run flora) in north-eastern Nevada probably lived near 4,300 feet, contemporaneously with road-leafed evergreen forest near sea level to the west (Montgomery Creek-Moonlight, Comstock floras). (2) Mixed deciduous hardwood forest, inferred by botanists to have occupied the ancestral Great Smoky Mountains during Eocene, probably had its lower margin near 2,500 feet, situated above the warm temperate broad-leafed evergreen forest that dominated the lowlands (Wilcox flora). (3) Middle Miocene floras of the Columbia Plateau and adjacent region display a gradient from a marginal ecotone to warm temperate broad-leafed evergreen forest (Wishkaw, Grand Coulee, Latah, Whitebird floras) extending up to about 500 feet, to deciduous hardwood forest (Succor Creek, Horseshoe Bend, Upper Cedarville, Mascall floras) from 500-1.500 feet, to montane conifer-deciduous hardwood forest (Blue Mountains, Trout Creek floras) ranging from 1,500-3,000 feet, to montane conifer forest (Trapper Creek flora) above 3,000 feet. (4) Analysis of Eocene to early Oligocene floras along the Pacific Coast (Lat. 40-65°) reveals a vertical zonation of forests and climates, with the cooler zones rising to higher altitudes at lower latitudes.
 The data support the principles that (1) altitudinal zonation of Tertiary climate exerted a primary control on the distribution and composition of forests much as it does today, that (2) a rise in altitude during the Tertiary corresponds to time transgression because floras of younger aspect lived in the cooler uplands, and that (3) owing to altitudinal zonation of climate, analysis of the secular trend of Tertiary climate should be based on sequences of floras in local areas at or close to sea level, and not on fossil floras in widely separated regions for they will display pseudoclimatic fluctuations since they occur in different climate zone.

Two Journeys Westwards from Horseshoe Bend and Oodnadatta, Central Australia

DURING June 1930 I was approached to lead a prospecting expedition to the Petermann and Tomkinson Ranges, and though a great part of the cool dry season had passed, it was nevertheless arranged that a party should enter the field. On July 17 Messrs. W. Williams, W. J. Bird, E. A. Colson, and I departed from Horseshoe Bend equipped with three months* stores, seven camels, and a British Morris truck. During thirteen weeks' absence we travelled outwards via Erldunda Station, Mount Connor, Ayers Rock, and Mount Olga, thence to the eastern end of the Petermann Ranges, where we arrived three weeks after our departure, having done 343 miles. Since its original exploration by Ernest Giles in 1872 the area has been visited by some twenty or thirty bushmen, notably J. Tregartha (1896), T. Maurice (1901), A. D. Breaden and W. Oliver, and F. H. Hamn (1903), and Brumby and Brown (1929). The George Expedition (1906) reached Mount McCulloch, but had two men speared there and did not proceed farther, and latterly the Mackay Expedition (1926) viewed the area for its pastoral possibilities. The Mackay Aerial Expedition also flew over the district some months before our visit.

Notes on the Bingera Diamond-field, with Notes on the Mudgee Diamond-field

T he first announcement of the occurrence of the diamond in Australia was made by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.G.S., in 1860. Specicimens were found, in 1852, at Calula Creek, and, in 1859, near Sutton's Bar, in the Macquarie river, at Burrendong, and at Pyramul Creek. In 1867 diamonds were discovered by gold-diggers in the Mudgee district on the Cudgegong river, which flows into the Macquarie. In 1869 they were worked pretty extensively at this spot; and in 1870 Mr. Norman Taylor and Dr. Thomson described the Mudgee diamond-field in a paper read before the Royal Society of New South Wales. From this it appears that the diamond-bearing spots lie along the river in outliers of an old river-drift, at varying distances from the river and at an elevation of 40 feet or more above it. The outliers are capped by deposits of hard and compact, sometimes columnar basalt, regarded by Mr. Taylor as of older Pliocene age. These outliers, with their basaltic capping, may be traced for about seventeen miles up the river; in some of them the diamantiferous drift is still 70 feet in thickness. The outliers which have been worked are enumerated by Messrs. Taylor and Thomson as follows:—Jordan's Hill, 40 acres; Two Mile Flat, 70 acres; Rocky Ridge, 40 acres; Horse-shoe Bend, 20 acres; and Hassall's Hill, 340 acres: in all, 510 acres. The drift has invariably been met with in these localities on tunnelling under or sinking through the basalt. In one patch a peculiar