Horneri Extract Research Articles

Sargassum horneri extract fermented by Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SH803 mediates adipocyte metabolism in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by regulating oxidative damage and inflammation

Sargassum horneri (S. horneri), a brown seaweed excessively proliferating along Asian coastlines, are damaging marine ecosystems. Thus, this study aimed to enhance nutritional value of S. horneri through lactic acid bacteria fermentation to increase S. horneri utilization as a functional food supplement, and consequently resolve coastal S. horneri accumulation. S. horneri supplemented fermentation was most effective with Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SH803, thus this product (F-SHWE) was used for further in vitro studies. F-SHWE normalized expressions of oxidative stress related genes NF-κB, p53, BAX, cytochrome C, caspase 9, and caspase 3, while non-fermented S. horneri (SHWE) did not, in a H2O2-induced HT-29 cell model. Moreover, in an LPS-induced HT-29 cell model, F-SHWE repaired expressions of inflammation marker genes ZO1, IL1β, IFNγ more effectively than SHWE. For further functional assessment, F-SHWE was also treated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. As a result, F-SHWE decreased lipid accumulation, along with gene expression of adipogenesis markers PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, aP2, and Lpl; lipogenesis markers Lep, Akt, SREBP1, Acc, Fas; inflammation markers IFN-γ and NF-κB. Notably, gene expression of C/EBPβ, IFN-γ and NF-κB were suppressed only by F-SHWE, suggesting the enhancing effect of fermentation on obesity-related properties. Compositional analysis attributed the protective effects of F-SHWE to acetate, an organic acid significantly higher in F-SHWE than SHWE. Therefore, F-SHWE is a novel potential anti-obesity agent, providing a strategy to reduce excess S. horneri populations along marine ecosystems.

RSM- and ANN-Based Multifrequency Ultrasonic Extraction of Polyphenol-Rich Sargassum horneri Extracts Exerting Antioxidative Activity via the Regulation of MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Machinery.

Sargassum horneri (SH) is widely consumed as a healthy seaweed food in the Asia-Pacific region. However, the bioactive components contributing to its biological activity remain unknown. Herein, we optimized multifrequency ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions to achieve higher antioxidant activity using a response surface methodology and an artificial neural network. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS; negative mode) was used to tentatively identify the secondary metabolites in the optimized SH extract, which were further tested against oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, the identified compounds were analyzed in silico to determine their binding energies with the Keap1 protein (4L7B). We identified 89 compounds using HRMS, among which 19 metabolites (8 polyphenolics, 2 flavonoids, 2 lignans, 2 terpenes, 2 tannins, 2 sulfolipids, and 1 phospholipid) were putatively reported for the first time in SH. The in vitro results revealed that optimized SH extract inhibited oxidative stress via the Nrf2/MAPKs/HO-1 pathway in a dose-dependent manner. This result was validated by performing in silico simulation, indicating that sargaquinoic acid and glycitein-7-O-glucuronide had the highest binding energies (-9.20 and -9.52 Kcal/mol, respectively) toward Keap1 (4L7B). This study offers a unique approach for the scientific community to identify potential bioactive compounds by optimizing the multivariant extraction processing conditions, which could be used to develop functional and nutraceutical foods.

Loliolide in Sargassum horneri Alleviates Ultrafine Urban Particulate Matter (PM 0.1)-Induced Inflammation in Human RPE Cells.

Owing to increasing air pollution due to industrial development, fine dust has been associated with threatening public health. In particular, ultrafine urban particulate matter (uf-UP, PM 0.1) can easily enter our bodies, causing inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of hydrothermal extracts of Sargassum horneri and its bioactive compound, loliolide, on uf-UP-induced inflammation as a potential treatment strategy for retinal disorders. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) stimulated with TNF-α or uf-UPs were treated with S. horneri extract and loliolide. S. horneri extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on uf-UP-induced inflammation without cell toxicity through downregulating the mRNA expression of MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α. UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis confirmed that the hydrothermal extract of S. horneri contained loliolide, which has anti-inflammatory effects. Loliolide effectively reduced the mRNA expression and production of proinflammatory chemokines (IL-8) and cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) by downregulating the MAPK/NF-ĸB signaling pathway on TNF-α-stimulated inflammatory ARPE-19 cells. These effects were further confirmed in inflammatory ARPE-19 cells after stimulation with uf-UPs. Collectively, these results suggested the application of S. horneri as a functional ingredient for treating ocular disorders caused by particular matters.

The Effects of Sargassum horneri Extract and Fucoidan on Tear Hyposecretion and Ocular Surface Injury in Rats with Dry Eye Diseases.

Hyperosmotic stress caused by tear hyposection is a leading cause of dry eye disease. We investigated the prevention of dry eye disease in corneal epithelial cells and in rats that were induced to develop dry eye disease via unilateral excision of their exorbital lacrimal gland using Sargassum horneri extract (AB_SH) and its bioactive component fucoidan. Oral administration of AB_SH (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and fucoidan (100 mg/kg) was conducted for 7 days. In order to measure tear secretion, phenol red thread tear tests were performed along with corneal irregularity measurements. The apoptotic injury in the cornea and the lacrimal gland was evaluated using TUNEL staining. AB_SH and fucoidan were shown to suppress apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in human corneal epithelial cells under hyperosmotic conditions. Oral administration of AB_SH and fucoidan attenuated tear hyposecretion and corneal irregularity in the lacrimal gland-excised rats. In addition, AB_SH and fucoidan also reduced apoptosis in the cornea and lacrimal gland. This study suggests that S. horneri extract and fucoidan can effectively ameliorate dry eye disease by suppressing the apoptosis of ocular tissues.

Sargassum horneri extracts loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: Preparation, physicochemical properties, and in vitro antioxidant activity studies

This study tried to establish optimal conditions for Sargassum horneri extracts loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SHE-NLCs). Therefore, we observed various physicochemical analyzes, sugar and phenolic contents, and antioxidants while storing the SHE-NLCs for 28 days at different SHE addition amounts (0%–0.5%) and storage temperatures (25 and 65 °C). All SHE-NLCs stored at 25 °C showed a small hydrodynamic diameter (20.1–25.4 nm) and high encapsulation efficiency (64.1%–89.3%) for 28 days. As the amount of SHE increased, the pH and electrical conductivity of SHE-NLCs significantly decreased and increased, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, at 25 °C, prevented a sharp decrease in the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of SHE-NLCs as the storage period increased compared to 65 °C. SHE 0.25% loaded NLCs can stably maintain the formulation structure for 28 days at room temperature while being an amount sufficiently containing the functionality of SHE.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of heat-tolerance in Neopyropia yezoensis induced by Sargassum horneri extract

IntroductionHeat stress is one of the main threats for the seaweed aquaculture, leading to the decay of the blades and causing serious economic losses. A newly developed biostimulant, Sargassum horneri extract (SHE), can enhance the heat-tolerance in Neopyropia yezoensis, which can be applied in the seaweed aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this acquired heat-tolerance is still unclear.MethodIn this study, we examined the transcriptional regulation of N. yezoensis under heat stress after the SHE pre-treatment by performing the RNA-Seq on illumina Novaseq platform and differentially expressed gene analysis.Result and discussionOur results show that, under heat stress, the SHE pre-treatment can alleviate the suppression of genes involved in normal cell activities, such as ribosome biogenesis, photosynthesis, respiration and cell cycle. On the other hand, SHE pre-treatment can also induce some key genes involved in the heat-tolerance. We also found that the combination of SHE pre-treatment and heat stress can induce some genes related to epigenetic modification, suggesting that SHE may facilitate the formation of heat stress memory in N. yezoensis. Our study provides information for understanding the molecular mechanism of heat-tolerance in N. yezoensis and for promoting the application of seaweed-derived biostimulants in the seaweed aquaculture.

Polyphenol-rich &lt;italic&gt;Sargassum horneri&lt;/italic&gt; alleviates atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing Th2-mediated cytokine IL-13

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of major skin inflammatory diseases characterized by excessive Th2-mediated immune responses. Recent evidence provides that interlukin-13 (IL-13) plays the role of a key Th2 cytokine that drives the inflammation underlining AD. Due to adverse effects of commercially available synthetic drugs, the need for treatments based on natural products is gaining much attention. Sargassum horneri is an edible brown algae known for beneficial bioactivities including anti-inflammation. We investigated if polyphenol-rich S. horneri extracts (SHE) could suppress AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and if that involved inhibition of the infiltration of Th2-mediated cytokine IL-13. We observed markedly increased infiltration of IL-13 positive cells in AD-like skin lesions of mice but SHE treatments decreased it. Also, the dermal expression of IL-13 was sufficient to cause inflammatory responses in mice skin resembling human AD. SHE suppressed the dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells where IL-13 plays a crucial role in skin tissues and in the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, it was confirmed that SHE reduced T cell, dendritic cell, and macrophage populations in spleen. Moreover, SHE decreased the collagen deposition in skin and ear dermis resulting in reduced fibrosis that occurs in AD due to excessive collagen. Taken together, our results reveal that SHE suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells into skin dermis by decreasing the infiltration of IL-13 positive cells. Therefore, SHE could be taken as a useful therapeutic agent to alleviate AD.

Sargassum horneri Extract Alleviates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia In vitro and In vivo

ABSTRACT Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh (S. horneri) is brown algae that grows on the broad ranges in the Western Pacific, spanning from Northern Japan to the Philippines. S. horneri has been used as local food and traditional medicine for thousands of years in East Asia. However, little is known about its effects on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In this study, we investigated the effects of S. horneri extract in testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with S. horneri extract significantly decreased the expression of androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen, and 5α-reductase type 2 in TP-induced BPH in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, S. horneri extract treatment significantly increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, indicating increased cell apoptosis. Therefore, these results collectively show that S. horneri extract can alleviate TP-induced BPH and the possibility of using S. horneri extract as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of BPH.

Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Sargassum horneri extract as catalyst for industrial dye degradation

This study focuses on the green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using the marine algae extract, Sargassum horneri , as well as the degradation of organic dyes using biosynthesized nanoparticles as catalysts. The phytochemicals of the brown algae Sargassum horneri acted as reducing and capping agents for nanoparticle synthesis. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The green-synthesized SH-AgNPs and SH-AuNPs exhibited high catalytic activity for degradation of organic dyes, such as methylene blue, rhodamine B, and methyl orange. The reduction reactions of dyes are based on pseudo-first-order kinetics.

Sargassum horneri extract containing polyphenol alleviates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice through restoring skin barrier function.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by skin barrier dysfunction. Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is a brown alga that has been widely used in traditional medicine of eastern Asian countries. Recent studies proved that a brown alga S. horneri has anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of S. horneri ethanol extract (SHE) against AD in 2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) induced AD in NC/Nga mice. We observed that SHE treatment decreased the epidermal thickness and epidermal hyperplasia that had been worsened through DNCB application. Moreover, SHE significantly inhibited the proliferation of mast cells and decreased the expression of IL-13 on CD4⁺ cells prompted by elevated thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression in DNCB-induced AD in mice. We also demonstrated that SHE directly inhibited the expression of keratinocyte-produced TSLP known to exacerbate skin barrier impairment. Especially, the decrease of filaggrin, an integral component of proper skin barrier function through a function in aggregating keratin filaments, observed in DNCB-induced AD mice was significantly improved when treated with SHE. More importantly, we proved that SHE was able to decrease the serum levels of IgG₁ and IgG₂ₐ, two crucial factors of AD, indicating the protective effect of SHE. Taken together, our findings suggest that SHE may protect NC/Nga mice against DNCB-induced AD via promoting skin barrier function.

Effects of extraction methods for a new source of biostimulant from Sargassum horneri on the growth of economically important red algae, Neopyropia yezoensis

Sargassum horneri is a major bloom forming species in Korea and China. It is important to find a way to utilize the huge biomass of Sargassum horneri in the region. Seaweed-derived biostimulants are primarily derived from brown algae and are known to improve terrestrial crop growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Neopyropia yezoensis is the most important seaweed cultured species in Korea, and research is required to increase heat resistance as a solution against climate change. In this study, various extraction methods were used to obtain Sargassum horneri extract, and it was applied to Neopyropia yezoensis to evaluate the effect on physiological activity. Metabolites of Sargassum horneri were extracted by using four different methods: boiling (SBE), soaking (SSE), autoclaving (SAE) and ethanol (SEE). The SBE, SSE and SAE derived extracts showed increased tolerance to high-temperature stress that had inhibited the growth of Neopyropia yezoensis, and show improved growth compared to the control group. The SBE and SSE extraction methods improved the content of phycobiliprotein, but also the SBE increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Based on the results of this study, the boiling extraction method appears to be the most suitable method for the extraction of plants stimulants from Sargassum horneri.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Sargassum horneri extract in RAW264.7 macrophages.

[Purpose]In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanolic (EtOH) extract of Sargassum horneri had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells.[Methods]The proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, and dietary fiber of S. horneri, various biologically active compounds, and antioxidant activity were analyzed.[Results]The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, as well as the reduction power, of the S. horneri extract used here were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. This indicates that S. horneri contains bioactive compounds, such as phenols and flavonoids, that have excellent antioxidant activity. The cellular viability and metabolic activity results confirmed that the extract had no discernible toxicity at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL. The levels of nitrites and cytokines (PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6), which mediate pro-inflammatory effect, were significantly inhibited by treatment with either 50 or 100 μg/mL S. horneri extract, whereas that of IL-1β was significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 μg/mL of the extract. Similarly, the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins also decreased according to 50 or 100 μg/mL extract concentrations. NF-κB binding to DNA was also significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 μg/mL of extract.[Conclusion]These results suggest that 70% EtOH extracts of S. horneri can relieve inflammation caused by disease or high intensity exercise.

Prevention of quality loss and melanosis of white leg shrimp by Sargassum horneri extracts

PurposeBeing interested in developing a natural preservative for the prolongation of shrimp shelf life, this study aims to evaluate the Sargassum horneri extracts for their antioxidant effect, copper reducing power, copper chelating activity and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitory activity, as well as explored their potential preservative activity in white leg shrimp.Design/methodology/approachThe antioxidant properties of Sargassum horneri 75% ethanol aqueous extracts were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and PPO inhibitory activity. Sample III displayed the highest antioxidant activity, PPO inhibitory activity, copper reducing power and copper chelating activity, so it was selected for further studying its impact on shrimp's quality changes such as pH value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), melanosis and sensory score during storage at 4°C.FindingsAmong all three samples, sample III containing 49.88% total phenolic contents was selected for the further study on the prevention of quality loss and melanosis of shrimp, because it yielded the highest antioxidant activity, PPO inhibitory activity, copper reducing power and copper chelating activity than the other two samples (samples II and IV). It was found that shrimp treated with 0.2% sample III had the lowest melanosis scores throughout the storage (p &lt; 0.05). During ten days of storage at 4°C, shrimp treated with 0.2% sample III had a higher score in sensory properties (color, segments, texture and odor), compared with the control, 0.1% kojic acid and 0.1% sample III treated shrimp (p &lt; 0.05). The results indicated that the treatment of shrimp with 0.2% sample III could extend the shelf life to eight days at 4°C.Social implicationsThe extracts of Sargassum horneri displayed potent PPO inhibition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Importantly, the 75% extracts of Sargassum horneri could extend the shelf life. Considering these results, the extracts of Sargassum horneri may be used as natural preservatives in the food industry after further evaluation of their other properties such as toxicity, as well as provide a choice target to source natural products intended for cosmetics.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper lies in the development and application of the extracts of edible algae. To extend the shelf life of seafood, the polyphenolic-rich extract of Sargassum horneri provided another possible selection.

Oral administration of polyphenol-rich Sargassum horneri suppresses particulate matter exacerbated airway inflammation in murine allergic asthma: Relevance to the TLR mediated NF-κB pathway inhibition

• Polyphenol rich Sargassum horneri extract (SHE) attenuates inflammatory responses in asthmatic mice. • SHE attenuates particulate matter (PM)-induced histopathological changes in lung. • SHE suppresses PM-induced TLR2/4/7 activation and downstream signaling cascade along the NF-κB pathway in lung. Particulate matter (PM) is known to exacerbate airway inflammatory responses in asthma patients and to worsen asthma symptoms. Hypothesizing that attenuating airway inflammation might delay the exacerbation of PM-induced asthma symptoms, we investigated polyphenol-containing Sargassum horneri extract’s (SHE’s) anti-inflammatory efficacy and its underlying mechanism against PM–exacerbated inflammatory response using an asthma mouse model. SHE attenuated the PM–aggravated granulocytes infiltration into the airway and suppressed the PM-exacerbated mRNA expression of TLRs (TLR2/4/7), leading to the reduction of MyD88 dependent NF-κB activation in lungs of asthmatic mice. This resulted in attenuated PM-exacerbated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6), pro-allergic cytokines (TSLP, IL-25, IL-33), and a chemokine (IL-8) in lungs of asthmatic mice. Taken together, we conclude that SHE mitigates the PM-exacerbated airway inflammatory response of asthmatic mice via modulating TLR2/4/7 mediated MyD88 dependent NF-κB pathway and might make a natural candidate against the PM exacerbated severe asthma.

Sargassum horneri extract containing mojabanchromanol attenuates the particulate matter exacerbated allergic asthma through reduction of Th2 and Th17 response in mice

Airborne particulate matter (PM) has become a serious health issue causing pulmonary diseases such as asthma. Due to the side effects and non-specificity of conventional drugs, there is a need to develop natural-product-based alternative treatments. Sargassum horneri is a brown alga shown to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. Thus, we sought to determine whether ethanol extract of Sargassum horneri (SHE) mitigates the effect of PM exposure on asthma development. To establish a mouse model of asthma, BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA, 10 μg) and challenged with PM (5 mg/m3) for 7 days consecutively. SHE (200, 400 mg/kg), Prednisone (5 mg/kg), or PBS was daily administrated orally before PM exposure. SHE mitigated PM exacerbated dendritic cell activation. More importantly, SHE restrained Th2 polarization by attenuating transcription factors GATA3 and STAT5, which further mitigated the expression of Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the lung homogenates of PM-exacerbated asthmatic mice. SHE further attenuated PM-exacerbated eosinophil infiltration in the lung, trachea, and BALF. In addition, SHE markedly mitigated the activation of mast cells and the IgE level in serum. Concomitantly, SHE further restrained the Th17 cell response in PM-exposed allergic mice through attenuating expression of transcription factors RORγT, STAT3 and expression of relevant effector cytokines IL-17a. This resulted in mitigated neutrophil infiltration in the lung. Taken together, SHE significantly suppressed PM-exacerbated hypersecretion of mucus in asthmatic mice. These results suggest that SHE has therapeutic potential for treating PM-exacerbated allergic asthma through concomitantly inhibiting Th2/Th17 responses.

One-Step Preparative Separation of Phytosterols from Edible Brown Seaweed Sargassum horneri by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography.

Sargassum horneri, a sargassaceae brown alga, is one of the main species in the subtidal seaweeds flora extensively distributed in the Yellow and East China Sea. It has been proven that the phytosterols are an important class of bioactive substances in S. horneri. In this work, a counter-current chromatography approach is proposed for preparative separation of phytol and two analogue sterols from a crude extract of S. horneri. A two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-acetonitrile-methanol (5:5:6, v/v) was selected and optimized. The effects of rotary speed and flow rate on the retention of the stationary phase were carefully studied. Under the optimum conditions, phytol and two analogue sterols, fucosterol and saringosterol, were baseline separated, producing 19.8 mg phytol, 23.7 mg fucosterol, and 3.1 mg saringosterol from 300 mg of crude S. horneri extract in one-step separation. The purities of three target compounds were all above 85%. The structures of phytol and two sterols were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities by solvent-partitioned Sargassum horneri extracts

BackgroundMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are linked with several complications such as metastasis of cancer progression, oxidative stress, and hepatic fibrosis. Brown seaweeds are being extensively studied for their bioactive molecule content against cancer progression. In this context, Sargassum horneri was reported to possess various bioactivities including antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory partly due to its phenolic compound content.MethodsIn this study, potential of S. horneri was evaluated through anti-MMP effect in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. S. horneri crude extract was fractionated with organic solvents, namely, water (H2O), n-buthanol (n-BuOH), 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq. MeOH), and n-hexane. The non-toxicity of fraction samples (Sargassum horneri solvent-partitioned extracts (SHEs)) was confirmed by cell-viability assay. SHEs were tested for their ability to inhibit MMP enzymatic activity through gelatin digestion evaluation and cell migration assay. Expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) were evaluated by reverse transcription and Western blotting.ResultsAll fractions inhibited the enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 according to gelatin zymography. Except H2O fraction, fractions hindered the cell migration significantly. All tested fractions suppressed both mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2.ConclusionOverall, current results suggested that S. horneri has potential to be a good source for anti-MMP agents, and further investigations are underway for better understanding of the action mechanism and isolation and elucidation of the bioactive molecules.

Measurement of Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of the Brown Seaweed Sargassum horneri: Comparison of Supercritical CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and Various Solvent Extractions

Seaweed Sargassum horneri extracts were obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and different solvents. SC-CO2 was kept at a temperature of 45oC and pressure of 250 bar. The flow rate of CO 2 (27 g/min) was constant during the entire 2-h extraction period, and ethanol was used as a cosolvent. Six different solvents [acetone, hexane, methanol, ethanol, acetone mix methanol (7:3), and hexane mix ethanol (9:1)] were used for extraction and agitated by magnetic stirring (250 rpm) in the dark at 25oC for 20 h; the ratio of material to solvent was 1:10 (w/v). Antioxidant properties of S. horneri extracted using SC-CO2 with ethanol and different solvents have shown good activity. The highest activity belongs to SC-CO2 with ethanol extracted oil, showing DPPH, ABTS, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid levels of 68.38 ± 1.21%, 83.51 ± 1.25%, 0.64 ± 0.02 mg/g, and 5.57 ± 0.05 mg/g, respectively. The S. horneri extracts showed a significant correlation between the antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Based on these results, the SC-CO2 extract (ethanol) of the seaweed extract from brown seaweed may be a valuable antioxidant source.

Studies on anti-allergic activity of Sargassum horneri extract

Chlorophyll c2 in a Sargassum horneri extract suppressed the degranulation of rat basophilic leukaemia RBL-2H3 cells. In this contribution, the mode of action of S. horneri extract was revealed. The extract inhibited the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration induced by the antigen. Immunoblot analysis showed that S. horneri extract down-regulated the phosphorylation of both Syk and PI3K in the signalling pathways involved in degranulation triggered by antigen–antibody interaction. In addition, oral administration of S. horneri extract inhibited mice nasal rubbing behaviour sensitized with anti-DNP IgE. These findings suggest that S. horneri extract has anti-allergic activity via the suppression of degranulation of mast cells and basophils.

Effect of Sargassum horneri Extract on Circulating Bone Metabolic Markers: Supplemental Intake Has an Effect in Healthy Humans

The extract of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) has been shown to have an anabolic effect on bone components due to stimulating bone formation and to inhibiting bone resorption in rat femoral tissues in vitro and in vivo. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of supplemental intake of the water-solubilized S. horneri extract on circulating bone metabolic markers in healthy humans. Thirty-six volunteers, aged 20–60 years (16 men and 20 women), were enrolled in this study. Volunteers were divided into three groups; placebo tablet without S. horneri extract (5 men and 7 women), tablet containing S. horneri extract at 300 mg/day (6 men and 7 women) or 900 mg/day (5 men and 6 women). Placebo or S. horneri extract tablet was ingested once a day for 4 or 8 weeks. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and γ-carboxylated osteocalcin are serum bone markers of bone formation, and bone tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) and N-telopeptides of type I collagen are markers of bone resorption. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase or γ-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration was not significantly changed after the intake of S. horneri extract (300 or 900 mg/day) for 4 or 8 weeks. Serum bone TRACP activity was significantly decreased after the intake of S. horneri extract (300 or 900 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Serum N-telopeptides of type I collage nc oncentration was significantly decreased after the intake of S. horneri extract (900 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and other biochemical findings were not changed after the intake of S. horneri extract (300 or 900 mg/day) for 4 or 8 weeks. This study demonstrates that the prolonged intake of S. horneri extract has inhibitory effects on bone resorption in humans.