Horizontal Tunnel Research Articles

Mechanical Behavior of the Special Segment Structure during Upward Shield Tunnel Construction

The upward shield method in horizontal tunnels has the advantages of small ground space occupation, low construction cost, and short construction period, which expresses substantial economic benefits. The special segments of horizontal shield tunnels corresponding to the upward shield method construction area have special design requirements, and different internal force calculations and analyses should be carried out. To determine the mechanical behavior of the special segment structure of horizontal shield tunnels during the construction of upward shield tunnels, the theoretical calculation formula of the internal force of the special segment structure is deduced based on the average uniform rigidity ring method. Moreover, the bending moment and axial force of special segments are numerically simulated and analyzed using Midas GTS NX software. Finally, the theoretical formula and finite element calculation results are compared and analyzed. The results show that the internal force values of the open segment ring and the adjacent segment ring of the special segment are quite different during upward shield tunnel construction. Furthermore, compared with the arch crown and arch bottom of the segment ring, the stress at the arch waist of the segment ring is the most unfavorable. The stress difference between the open segment ring and the adjacent segment ring may cause unbalanced deformation, leading to damage to the segment ring radial joint. In the design and construction, attention should be given to the shear strength of the segment ring radial joint and the bending stiffness of the ring joint at the arch waist.

Design and investigation of dielectric modulated triple metal gate-oxide-stack Z-shaped gate horizontal pocket TFET device as a label-free biosensor

In this article, a dielectric modulated triple metal gate-oxide-stack Z-shaped gate horizontal source pocket tunnel field-effect transistor (DM-TMGOS-ZHP-TFET) structure has been investigated for the application of label free-biosensor. This work explores the advantage of gate work function engineering along with the gate-oxide-stack approach for the ZHP-TFET for the first time. An asymmetric nano-cavity is created adjacent to the source-channel junction to immobilize the target biomolecules conjugation to the proposed device. The sensitivity of the device is thoroughly investigated in terms of average subthreshold swing (SS), threshold voltage (V th) and the switching ratio (I on/I off) of the proposed device with the variation of the dielectric constant value inside the nano-gap under the gate electrode. The device characteristics are investigated with different combinations of metal work functions to match the desired feature and sensitivity of the device. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of the proposed device is analyzed in the presence of both positive and negative charged biomolecules in the cavity region to study the charge effect on label-free detection of the device. A comparative study is conducted between a single metal gate (SMG) ZHP-DM-TFET biosensor with the DM-TMGOS-ZHP-TFET biosensor explores the advantage of gate-work function engineering with a gate-oxide-stack approach. Interestingly the DM-TMGOS-ZHP-TFET biosensor shows superior results with a high current ratio sensitivity of 103 which is ten times more than the SMG-ZHP-DM-TFET biosensor and this device also exhibits low subthreshold characteristics.

Experimental investigation of the effects of particle near-wall motions on turbulence statistics in particle-laden flows

Experiments on particle-free and particle-laden flows with the same incoming velocity were conducted in a horizontal wind tunnel. Three cases of particle-laden flows with different degrees of particle near-wall motions and similar particle volume fractions, including top-release particles, local-laying sand beds and global-laying sand beds, were designed to investigate the effects of collision bounces and impact splashing on turbulence statistics. The top-released particles accelerate the fluid during gravitational settling, but weaken the intensity and reduce the probability of ‘ejection’ and ‘sweep’ events. This leads to a weakened Reynolds stress and a decreased scale of the outer spectral peak at the centre of the logarithmic region, indicating a concentration of energy at small scales. In contrast, the collision bounce and impact splashing slow the fluid but promote the ‘ejection and sweep’ cycle with larger intensity, and thus enhance the Reynolds stress. Meanwhile, the bouncing and splashing generate ascending particles that transport the kinetic energy upwards, resulting in more energetic very-large-scale motions further from the wall. This study reveals the importance of particle motions to turbulence, and contributes to a further insight into the interactions between particles and turbulence in two-phase flows with erodible surfaces.

Study on Response and Influencing Factors of Shield Single/Twin Tunnel under Seismic Loading using FLAC 3D

The research on the dynamic response and influencing factors of shield tunnel lining under earthquake demonstrates significant engineering value in guiding the design of antiseismic tunnels. In this paper, a nonlinear finite element model of soil-tunnel interaction is established based on FLAC finite difference software, and then Mohr–Coulomb elastoplastic model and dynamic plastic damage model are used to simulate the dynamic characteristics of soil and lining damage of tunnel, and the seismic waves of South Iceland are selected to analyze the residual internal force, dynamic internal force distribution, and the relative deformation of the top and bottom of the arch of the shield tunnel under the earthquake load. Meanwhile, the effects of depth tunnel, lining thickness, and tunnel diameter on the dynamic response of the tunnel are discussed. In addition, the interaction law of horizontal parallel tunnel and the amplification effect on the surface acceleration are also studied. The results show that under the action of a strong earthquake, the bearing capacity of the tunnel decreases sharply, the lining is destroyed, and a large residual internal force appears. When the buried depth of the tunnel is small, the nonlinear effect is more significant, and the R value increases at first and then decreases with the increase in the seismic acceleration. The maximum dynamic bending moment and maximum dynamic axial force of the tunnel lining aggrandize obviously with the increase in tunnel diameter and lining thickness. In particular, the dynamic bending moment has internal force redistribution and deflection under the condition of large tunnel diameter and small lining thickness. Moreover, the interaction of parallel tunnels affects the distribution of internal force and the magnitude of adjacent surface acceleration.

Analysis of the stability of micro-tunnels in lunar regolith with the Discrete Element Method

Applications of tunnels on Earth range from exploration, exploitation, transportation, infrastructure to human habitation. Similarly with the increased focus on habitation on the Moon, tunnels will be required to support these operations. Geomechanical properties are key factors to successfully drill a tunnel. These properties along with excavation dimensions must be appropriate for the tunnel's stability.The research outlined in this paper aims to determine the stability of small diameter horizontal tunnels in lunar regolith and conditions using the capability of the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The YADE DEM program was used for the numerical analysis in this paper. Lunar regolith data from various published papers and simulated triaxial testing has been used for model calibration. Results yield a tunnel stability chart showing size and stability increases with sample compaction and decreases with an increase in tunnel diameter. Seismicity tests also show that low level vibrations destabilise the tunnel with ease.

Systematic approach to estimate non-uniform heat generation rate in heat transfer problems using liquid crystal thermography and inverse methodology

ABSTRACT This paper presents an inverse methodology to estimate the parameters of the non-uniform heat generation (function estimation) within a flat plate assembly using steady-state conjugate heat transfer experiments on the flat plate assembly. Steady-state laminar conjugate forced convection experiments on a flat plate assembly are conducted on a horizontal wind tunnel to estimate the parameters of the non-uniform heat generation within flat plate assembly using the inverse methodology. Bayesian inference based Metropolis Hastings–Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MH–MCMC) algorithm and experimental temperatures are employed in the inverse methodology. The experimental temperatures are measured at convenient locations of the flat plate assembly using liquid crystal thermography. In order to accomplish the retrieval, first, steady-state experiments on only the cork material are conducted to estimate the thermal conductivity of the cork material accurately for use in the estimation of the heat generation rate so that the additional error due to uncertainty in the thermal conductivity of the cork material does not affect our final goal of estimating heat generation rate. Following this, steady-state experiments on the cork setup (consisting of a non-uniform heat generation heater and two symmetric cork plates) are conducted to ascertain the nature of heat generation of the heater using measured temperatures and fundamental rate laws. The priors are generated using coupled artificial neural network (ANN) and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm for Bayesian inference. Using the Bayesian inference with priors, the parameters of non-uniform heat generation are then estimated in terms of the mean, maximum a posteriori with standard deviation. Finally, the simulated heat powers and temperatures are estimated with retrieved parameters of the non-uniform heat generation. These compared very well with the measured heat powers and temperatures. Finally, a recipe for solving a practical problem, in which only measured temperatures are available, is provided.

A numerical study on smoke back‐layering length in V‐shaped tunnels under natural ventilation

SummaryWhen a fire occurs at the lowest point of a V‐shaped tunnel, the stack effects on both sides have different directions and will compete with each other. The smoke back‐layering can be observed in the side with a smaller angle. In this work, the smoke back‐layering length in the V‐shaped tunnel was investigated by theoretical analyses and numerical simulations. The different inclination combinations of the V‐shaped tunnel and the heat release rates (HRRs) were concerned. The HRRs were set at 3, 5, 8, and 10 MW, respectively. An equivalent longitudinal velocity of the V‐shaped tunnel was proposed in this study. Different from the horizontal tunnel fire, the smoke back‐layering length decreased with the increase of the HRR in the V‐shaped tunnel due to the special smoke movement, and a prediction function was proposed to describe the relationship. After that, the effect of the different inclination combinations on the smoke back‐layering length was researched under the same HRR. The dimensionless smoke back‐layering length decreased with the rise of the sine difference between the two angles of the V‐shaped tunnel. In addition, when the smaller angle was fixed, the dimensionless smoke back‐layering length decreases logarithmically with the increase of the sine difference of the tunnel angles on both sides. At last, a semi‐empirical formula for smoke back‐layering length in V‐shaped tunnels was proposed.

Propagation characteristics of turbulent deflagration in horizontal tunnel with lateral liquefied petroleum gas concentration variations

The deflagration of premixed gas with a non-uniform spatial distribution is one of the critical characteristics observed in deflagration accidents in tunnels. The concentration gradient of premixed gas in the propagation direction of the deflagration flame in the tunnel is an important factor influencing the propagation of deflagration. In this study, the numerical simulation of the deflagration process in two adjacent areas with different initial concentrations of premixed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was implemented in a tunnel with a unidirectional opening. The dynamic coupling characteristics of the lateral concentration difference of the premixed gas in the tunnel, the deflagration propagation process, and the concentration gradient mechanism that promotes or inhibits the initial deflagration propagation were analysed. Staged violent deflagration can be induced by a sharp transition from weak initial deflagration under an appropriate concentration gradient to unforeseen severe deflagration overpressure destruction and flame propagation. In a tunnel with a large cross-sectional area, the difference in the concentration of premixed gas along the propagation path of the deflagration flame can also cause the local protrusion of this front, thereby increasing the spreading ability of deflagration flame at the local location. However, an excessively high concentration gradient may hinder the initial propagation of deflagration to a certain extent, limiting the expansion space of combustion heat and reducing the propagation speed of a flattened deflagration flame front. To characterise the propagation velocity of deflagration flame in the tunnel formed by two zones with different initial premixed LPG concentrations, a dual-zone model that combines power and exponential functions was proposed. The validity of the model was also verified.

Effect of tunnel slope on the critical velocity of densimetric plumes and fire plumes in ventilated tunnels

To control the harmful releases in a tunnel, a longitudinal ventilation flow has to be imposed. The concept of critical velocity has been the focus of numerous tunnel fire studies, with researches focus on horizontal tunnels and tunnels with inclination have received much less attention. Due to the stack effect, smoke movement in inclined tunnels (with inclination angle θ) is different from that in horizontal tunnels and the critical velocity can be affected. In this study, we tackle the problem of critical velocity theoretically, experimentally and numerically. The theoretical model relies on a top-hat plume impinging on the ceiling, and predicts a dependence, in case of buoyancy-driven releases, of the form Vc/Vc0=1+Cksinθ. Experiments are performed in a reduced scale tunnel, inclined from -5° to +5°, and using light gas mixture (air/helium) to simulate the presence of light smokes. Numerical simulations are performed using FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) with hot-air plume and propane fire. Experimental results show that the dynamical condition at the source affects the critical velocity: when the buoyant plume is momentum-driven, the influence of slope is small; when the buoyant plume is buoyancy-driven, the influence of slope is large. This feature is conveniently reproduced by the analytical model adopting Ck=2.1. Similar influence of Γi has been observed in the hot-air plume simulation with that in the experiment. Finally, in the numerical simulation of propane fire, results show that the influence of the slope on the ratio Vc/Vc0 is not affected by the heat release rate.

Field measurements and analysis of real-time capsule grouting to protect existing tunnel adjacent to excavation

An innovative, real-time capsule grouting (RCG) technique is proposed to protect the existing tunnels adjacent to excavation. The effects of capsule grouting and conventional Tube-a-Manchette (TAM) grouting are investigated and compared based on a field trial in Zhuhai, China. The results verify that the capsule grouting offers advantages such as accurate targeted control, small disturbance, and high efficiency. The RCG technique was applied to protect an existing tunnel adjacent to excavation in Tianjin, China. The real-time horizontal deformation of the tunnel was controlled within the alarm value. The zoned excavation procedure was cancelled and the strut removal process was simultaneously optimized due to the application of the RCG technique. Uniformity coefficient ω was proposed to quantify the uniformity of the horizontal tunnel deformation and the grouting principle of ‘small volume and spacing’ was proved to perform better. Based on the field cases, a numerical model was established using FLAC3D to investigate the effects of the various protective approaches. The results indicate that even the combined use of multiple passive protective approaches is insufficient to control horizontal tunnel deformation, whereas the RCG approach can effectively reduce the horizontal deformation and bending moment of the tunnel.

The Influence Mechanism of In Situ Stress State on the Stability of Deep-Buried-Curved Tunnel in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Its Adjacent Region

In China, rockburst disaster occurs mostly in construction of underground engineering in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent region. Previous research on deep-buried tunnels has indicated that tunnels stability is related to in situ stress state. To quantify these relationships, three-dimensional finite element modeling was done to analyze the influences that the angle φ between the maximum horizontal principal stress orientation and tunnel axis, and the lateral pressure coefficient KH, had on the tangential stress σ θ in a deep-buried-curved tunnel. Based on the in situ stress condition in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent region, 50 different simulation conditions were used to analyze the relationship that φ and KH had on σ θ for the rock mass surrounding the tunnel. With the simulation data produced, predictive equations were generated for σ θ as a function of φ and KH using multivariate regression analysis. These equations help estimate σ θ at various key positons along the tunnel boundary at Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its adjacent region. The equations were then proved by a set of typical tunnels to ensure validity. The results concluded that the change in φ has a significant impact on σ θ , and thus, the stability of the tunnel, when 30° < φ < 60°, with the most obvious influence being when φ is about 45°. With the equations, the rockburst potential at a certain location within a curved tunnel can be quickly estimated by calculating φ and KH on σ θ , without need of geo-stress background knowledge and heavy simulation, allowing for the practical value in engineering at design phase for the projects in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent region.

Exotic Spintronic Properties of Transition‐Metal Monolayers on Graphyne

AbstractThe recent discovery of 2D magnetic materials, which are compounds of transition metals (TM) with other elements, has opened new avenues for basic research on low‐dimensional magnetism and potential applications in spintronics. To further explore new 2D magnets of pure TM is an interesting topic. Based on the first‐principles calculations, here a strategy of obtaining monolayer TM magnets, i.e., depositing TM atoms on graphyne (Gy), which has proper hexagonal hollow geometry, is proposed. It is found that a TM monolayer with perfect hexagonal geometry can be formed on Gy. The TM monolayer exhibits a wealth of physical properties in dependence of TM species, such as ferromagnetic and anti‐ferromagnetic ground states, as well as intriguing semimetal and half‐metal characteristics. It is also found that the half‐metal characteristics make the monolayer TM have great potential applications in horizontal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices, where the tunneling magnetoresistance can reach as high as 850 000%. These results provide a new framework for obtaining 2D magnets with outstanding spintronic properties.

Численное моделирование пожара в автодорожном тоннеле. Выбор расчетной сетки

Рассматривается вопрос выбора расчетной сетки при моделировании пожара в тоннеле с помощью полевого метода и проводится оценка возможного влияния размеров ячеек сетки, а также граничного условия постоянства давления на результаты расчета. Выполнено моделирование пожара для четырех размеров расчетной сетки. Обоснована возможность применения наиболее грубой из используемых сеток с точки зрения инженерных расчетов, в том числе с оговоркой относительно постановки граничного условия. The issue of fire safety of road tunnels is currently an urgent task. Road tunnels are usually not standard typical facilities, but the unique structures. Therefore, it is necessary to study the influence of various parameters on the development of fire in order to take into account the characteristics of a particular object and make decisions on its effective fire protection. Implementation of field tests in this case is expensive and time-consuming. In this regard, numerical modeling is one of the most effective methods of such research. Field models are the most common and currently used for numerical calculations. These models are based on the numerical solution of the system of conservation equations for small control volumes of the calculation grid. This paper examines the issues of selection the calculation grid when modeling a fire in tunnels using the field method is considered and the possible influence of the size of the grid cells is estimated. The mathematical model used in this work is based on a set of differential equations of hydrodynamics, heat transfer, as well as the equation of conservation of the masses of components. Four computational grids were selected for a horizontal (without slope) model tunnel to determine the optimal cell size. As a result of conducted calculations it was established the following: the size of calculated grid is not fundamental for the initial stage of the fire; the use of smaller grid may be preferable at further development of fire, accompanied by increase of combustion capacity to the maximum; the maximum temperature values, especially in the far sections, are obtained on the coarsest grid. The use of such a grid for estimated engineering calculations can be allowed.

Reconstruction of ruptured patellar tendon using semitendinosus and Gracilis tendon autograft: A modified technique

Background: Patellar tendon rupture is a relatively infrequent injury, resulting in severe morbidity if neglected or treated improperly. The treatment aims to preserve the extensor mechanism. Quite a few reconstruction techniques have been proposed. Still, most result in complications including contractures, adhesions & atrophy of the quadriceps tendon, fracture of the patella, damage to the patellar articular surface and patella Alta or Baja. We use a modified technique to reconstruct a ruptured patellar tendon using ipsilateral semitendinosus and gracilis autograft without making a trans-osseous patellar tunnel. Surgical technique: The patellar tendon is sutured using an end to end technique. The procedure involves harvesting and suturing semitendinosus, and gracilis tendons end to end. A horizontal tunnel of 4.5-mm diameter is drilled at a point one centimetre posterior to the tibial tuberosity. One free end of the graft is passed through this tunnel in a medial to the lateral direction and then placed in front of the patella in a figure-of-eight fashion. Each end is then introduced transversely through the distal end of the quadriceps tendon along the proximal margin of the patella. The two ends are pulled distally and placed in a figure-of-eight fashion again. Finally, the ends were sutured in between where they overlapped after adjusting the tension and the position of the patella. Conclusion: This modified technique reduces patella associated complications like fracture and patellofemoral cartilage damage. The figure of eight patterns allows the adjustment of graft tension as deemed required for keeping the patella in the ideal position. The load from the patella is directly transmitted to the tibial tubercle so that the repaired patellar tendon remains tension-free and can heal properly. Moreover, when the knee flexes, the patella is pulled downward and is prevented from anterior translation to stabilise the patella and maintain appropriate tracking. Most importantly, this technique avoids postoperative splinting and thereby facilitates early mobilisation and hence a better outcome.

Communication of Sensor Data in Underground Mining Environments: An Evaluation of Wireless Signal Quality over Distance

The technologies of the fourth industrial revolution have the potential to make zero harm possible for the first time in the history of mining. In the journey toward zero harm, rock stress monitoring systems are important for the risk management process. Although communication systems for underground mining have improved significantly over the past two decades, it remains difficult to achieve reliable-all-the-time wireless communication in ultra-deep level underground mines. The aim of this study is to explore and test a smart phone network for communicating sensor data from the underground production environment to the surface. In this paper, the evaluation and performance over distance of a wireless communication system is performed in underground mining environments. The wireless system transmits the data collected from a sensor installed in a narrow reef stope, horizontal tunnel, and vertical shaft area of a mock underground mine. The evaluation was performed using the received signal strength of a mobile receiver over distance. The path loss coefficients of the underground mining environment were then derived for the measurement areas. The results show that a communication speed of 80 Mbps was achieved in a 60 m range, thus, indicating the potential for the support of applications requiring higher data rates.

Numerical simulation of underground excavations in an indurated clay using non-local regularisation. Part 2: sensitivity analysis

A sensitivity study is presented to evaluate the influence of different parameters on the simulation of an underground excavation in the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) argillaceous formation performed in the Meuse/Haute-Marne underground research laboratory. An elasto-viscoplastic constitutive law representing the characteristic behaviour of indurated mudrocks and stiff clays has been employed. It incorporates anisotropy, strain-softening, creep deformations and dependence of permeability on damage. In addition, a non-local formulation, able to simulate localised deformations objectively, has been incorporated in the analyses. The following features affecting the excavation have been studied: initial stress, strength and stiffness anisotropy, strength parameters, hydraulic and hydromechanical parameters, and scale effects. A simulation reported in a companion paper provides the base case for benchmarking. The results are compared in terms of extent and configuration of the excavation fractured zone, vertical and horizontal tunnel convergences, and the development and evolution of pore pressures in the rock. From the comparisons, an enhanced understanding of the hydromechanical mechanisms associated with underground excavations in COx claystone, and other similar argillaceous materials, has been achieved.

Rock joint detection from borehole imaging logs based on grey-level co-occurrence matrix and Canny edge detector

Rock joints play an important role in characterizing the rock mass quality for geomechanical design and stability analysis. An approach was developed to detect and characterize rock joints from images collected by a borehole imaging system. A grey-level co-occurrence matrix was employed to locate the joint regions, allowing more focused and effective detection processing, followed by extractions of the upper and lower edges of rock joints using the Canny algorithm. Four basic geometric parameters of rock joints (orientation, depth, aperture and core length) were determined based on the fitting of sinusoids to joint edges. Furthermore, the joint density was determined based on the geometric parameters. To calibrate the proposed approach, a borehole on the site of the planned Rumei hydropower station at Lantsang River was selected as a case study. Orientation of rock joints with gentle dip angles, which was determined from borehole imaging logs, corresponded to the measurements in three horizontal tunnels. Additionally, both joint density and pressure-wave velocity revealed that jointed rock mass was observed at depths from 100 to 120 m, and intact rock mass was present at depths of 150–170 m, indicating the good performance of the proposed method.

Study of the drying kinetics of red chili (Capsicum annuum) in an indirect solar dryer tunnel type

The drying process is very intensive in energy consumption. Mexico is a major producer of food, especially of varieties of chilies, with quality culinary and medicinal properties. The 65% of the national market as a dry product, which gives a benefit. In the drying process, the convective technology was used, using a horizontal tunnel with direct solar heating air. The kinetics of the solar dryer with direct heating is possible, with an average drying time of 16 hours of solar irradiance. The tests were performed in Temixco, Morelos, Mexico, located at 18 º 51 'of LN and 99º 14' of LO, with average values of 850 W/m2 irradiance maximum. The chamber temperatures were in a range between 31 and 45 °C. The air velocity range was set between 1.3 and 2.4 m/s. Final moisture contents of the dried chili were obtained in a range between 8% and 6% h.b. with an average drying velocity of 4.7 humidity degree/h. The solar direct drying is a technology that allows recovering and trying different agricultural surpluses and could promote the establishment of agro-industries.

Prediction of Change Rate of Settlement for Piled Raft Due to Adjacent Tunneling Using Machine Learning

For tunneling in urban areas, understanding the interaction and behavior of tunnels and the foundation of adjacent structures is very important, and various studies have been conducted. Superstructures in urban areas are designed and constructed with piled rafts, which are more effective than the conventional piled foundation. However, the settlement of a piled raft induced by tunneling mostly focuses on raft settlement. In this study, therefore, raft and pile settlements were obtained through 3D numerical analysis, and the change rate of settlement along the pile length was calculated by linear assumption. Machine learning was utilized to develop prediction models for raft and pile settlement and change rate of settlement along the pile length due to tunneling. In addition, raft settlement in the laboratory model test was used for the verification of the prediction model of raft settlement, derived through machine learning. As a result, the change rate of settlement along the pile length was between 0.64 and −0.71. In addition, among features, horizontal offset pile tunnel had the greatest influence, and pile diameter and number had relatively little influence.

Far Wake and Its Relation to Aerodynamic Efficiency

Correlations were found between the aerodynamic efficiency and the mean and fluctuating quantities in the far wake of a wall-to-wall SD7003 model and an AR 4 flat plate. This correlation was described algebraically by modeling the wake signature as a function of wing geometry and initial conditions. The model was benchmarked against experimental results to elicit the wing performance as a function of angle of attack by interrogating the wake. In these algebraic models, the drag coefficient along with other initial conditions of the turbulent generator (either airfoil or wing) were used to reconstruct the Reynolds Stress distribution and the momentum deficit distribution in the turbulent wake. Experiments were undertaken at the United States Air Force Research Labs Horizontal Free Surface Water Tunnel (AFRL/HFWT). These experiments build on previous results obtained at the University of Dayton Low Speed Wind Tunnel (UD-LSWT) on a cylinder, an AR 7 SD7062 wing, and a small remote control twin motor aircraft. The Reynolds stress and the momentum deficit of the turbulent generators were experimentally determined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) with a minimum of 1000 image pairs averaged at each condition. The variation of an empirical factor (γ) used to match the Reynolds stress and momentum deficit distributions showed striking correlation to the variation of drag and aerodynamic efficiency of the turbulent generator. This correlation suggests that the wing performance information is preserved in the free shear layer 10 chord lengths downstream of the trailing edge (TE) of the wing irrespective of the dimensionality of the flow.