Horizontal Size Research Articles

A new type of hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell with cooling system.

A new type of hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC-VII) and its accompanied cooling system were designed. The design of HDAC-VII in which the three posts work simultaneously as guideposts and screw posts greatly shortened the horizontal size of HDAC compared with older types. It provides more open space and shorter distance to analyze and observe the sample chamber from side access. Moreover, four ports were used to connect the upper and lower spaces between windows and anvils, so mixed gas (Ar + H2) can pass through both of them. In the heating experiments, the mixed gas prevents diamond anvils and other parts from being oxidized as well as cooling the observing windows. Dry gas can be passed through those spaces during cooling, preventing condensation on the table faces of anvils and the observing windows. The cooling system can cool the sample chamber to -170 °C with an accuracy of ±0.5 °C by using a nitrogen stream cooled through a stainless steel coil immersed in a liquid nitrogen Dewar. The heating rates while reheating a frozen sample can be controlled to be 0.1 °C/min with a temperature fluctuation of 0.1 °C. These improvements extend the HDAC applications especially in low temperature conditions. For example, (1) we measured the salinities of NaCl-H2O loaded in the sample chamber, (2) we observed the ice I and VI-melting process and correspondingly calculated the density of water in the sample chamber, and (3) we performed lepidolite crystallization in an aqueous solution with 10 wt. % NaCl to simulate its natural forming conditions.

Finite element modeling and simulation of hip joints in elderly women: for development of protective clothing against fracture

PurposeFracture experiments on real human bodies to examine the protected positions and protective devices for the development of protective clothing to manage fractures is exceedingly difficult. Thus, the experimental design will have limitations, more of which are imposed if subjects are elderly people. To circumvent these limitations, this study proposes a finite element model of the hip joint in elderly women with virtual impact simulations that can replace actual fall and impact tests, and examine the positions and characteristics of fractures resulting from taking a fall.Design/methodology/approachThe hip joints were modeled after the average horizontal surface size and cross-sectional shapes of the lower extremities (waist to knee) in 439 elderly Korean women in that age group. The model was composed of bones, cartilages, and soft tissue.FindingsThe fracture was examined by comparing the maximum stress on the hip joint by applying a point force to its adjacent surface. The vulnerable part in the hip joint neck with a high risk of fracture risk on an impact could be determined and used to set the protective device attachment position.Originality/valueIt is significant that this study has developed a partial model of the human body that can be used for a relatively simple simulation by minimizing the highly complex human body as much as possible. Furthermore, the model is easily applicable to the designing of protected positions and protective devices for the development of special clothing, for hip joint fracture prevention.

CHARACTERISTIC OF SEDIMENT AT LEKOK COASTAL WATERS, PASURUAN REGENCY, EAST JAVA

Sedimentation is one of the dynamics that occur in coastal areas to determine the condition of the coast. Lekok coastal water is one of the open water areas that have very fluctuating dynamics in coastal changes. The structural study of sediment distribution conducted in this location is used to provide information about the process of transportation and sedimentation based on the distribution of sediment grain size. This study aims to determine the horizontal grain sediment size in the Lekok coastal waters. This research was conducted at nine sampling points by sampling in the form of primary sediments randomly using the grab sampler method. Furthermore, further analysis is done by the gravimetric method. Based on the results of the study note that sediments characteristic in Lekok coastal water are generally dominated by three types of sediments, namely: sandy loam, loam, and silt loam. Sorting values ​​are in a well-sorted to the moderately well-sorted condition where the sediment conditions are well sorted. The skewness value is skewed positively, where the value indicates a positive skewed sedimentary condition. The value of kurtosis is in the leptokurtic condition where the sediment from station 1 to station 9 is homogeneous.

Shadow of a spinning black hole in an expanding universe

We study the influence of the cosmic expansion on the size of the shadow of a spinning black hole observed by a comoving observer. We first consider that the expansion is driven by a cosmological constant only and build the connection between the Kerr-de Sitter metric and the FLRW metric. We clarify that the notion of a comoving observer is well defined in the spacetime of a spinning black hole only in the sense of being asymptotic. The angular size of the shadow for a comoving observer is calculated. Significantly we find that the angular size approaches a non-zero finite value for a distant comoving observer, while it vanishes for a distant static observer. Furthermore, by adopting the approximate method proposed in \cite{Bisnovatyi-Kogan:2018vxl} we extend the study to the general multi-component universe case. The results show that the difference between the horizontal and vertical angular size changes a lot, while their ratio, i.e. the oblateness, keeps unchanged when the supermassive spinning black hole is at a high redshift, due to the common amplification factor exerted by the cosmic expansion. In addition, when $a=0$, our results agree with the previous studies in \cite{Perlick:2018iye,Bisnovatyi-Kogan:2018vxl}.

Posterior Corneal Surface Changes After Pterygium Excision Surgery

To evaluate the effect of pterygium excision on the posterior corneal surface and analyze the factors associated with those changes. A prospective, interventional study including 33 eyes of 31 patients who underwent pterygium excision at the Tel Aviv Medical Center (Tel Aviv, Israel). Exclusion criteria included corneal dystrophy, pseudopterygium, corneal scarring, or previous ocular surgery in the treated eye. Data were obtained by using the Galilei dual Scheimpflug analyzer. Recorded posterior corneal data included steep keratometry, flat keratometry, mean keratometry, corneal astigmatism, best-fit sphere, and the squared eccentricity index (e). Posterior surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was calculated to demonstrate the astigmatic effect of surgery. Anterior-segment high resolution optical coherence tomography was used to measure pterygium dimensions (depth and horizontal/vertical size). The mean age was 53.7 ± 16.7 years. Posterior corneal SIA was 0.9 ± 1.1 D (P < 0.001) and was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.568, P = 0.002), horizontal pterygium size (r = 0.387, P = 0.046), and preoperative posterior astigmatism (r = 0.688, P < 0.001). In a multivariable analysis, only age (coefficient = 0.010, P = 0.038) and preoperative posterior astigmatism (coefficient = 0.648, P = 0.002) remained significant. Pterygium dimensions were not significantly associated with SIA magnitude. Flat keratometry steepened by 0.5 ± 1.1 D (P = 0.019), mean keratometry steepened by 0.3 ±0.6 D (P = 0.035), posterior astigmatism was reduced by 0.4 ± 1.2 D (P = 0.072), and e decreased by 5.1 ± 17.3 (P = 0.021). Pterygium excision has a significant astigmatic effect on the posterior corneal surface. The astigmatic effect increases with age and with higher preoperative posterior astigmatism. Pterygium depth and size are not associated with the degree of surgical astigmatic effect.

Practical Aspects of Upscaling Geocellular Geological Models for Reservoir Fluid Flow Simulations: A Case Study in Integrating Geology, Geophysics, and Petroleum Engineering Multiscale Data from the Hunton Group

Optimal upscaling of a high-resolution static geologic model that reflects the flow performance of the reservoir is important for reasons such as time and calculation efficiency. In this study, we demonstrate that honoring reservoir heterogeneity is critical in predicting accurate production and reducing the time and cost of running reservoir flow simulations for the Hunton Group carbonate. We integrated three-dimensional (3D) seismic data, well logs, thin sections, outcrops, multiscale fracture studies, discrete fracture networks, and geostatistical methods to create a 100 × 150 × 1 ft gridded representative geologic model. We calibrated our gridded porosity and permeability parameters, including the evaluation of fractures, by history matching the simulated production rate and cumulative production volumes from a baseline fine-scale model generated from petrophysical and production data obtained from five wells. We subsequently reperformed the simulations using a suite of coarser grids to validate our property upscaling workflow. Compared to our baseline history matching, increasing the horizontal grid cell sizes (i.e., horizontal upscaling) by factors of 2, 4, 8, and 16 results in cumulative production errors ranging from +0.5% for two time (2×) coarser to +74.22% for 16× coarser. The errors associated with vertical upscaling were significantly less, i.e., ranging from +0.5% for 2× coarser to +10.8% for 16× coarser. We observed higher production history matching errors associated with natural fracture size. Results indicate that greater connectivity provided by natural fracture length has a larger effect on production compared to the higher permeability provided by larger apertures. We also estimated the trade-off between accuracy and run times using two methods: (a) using progressively larger grid cell sizes; (b) applying 1, 5, 10, and 20 parallel processes. Computation time reduction in both scenarios may be described by simple power law equations. Observations made from our case study and upscaling workflow may be applicable to other carbonate reservoirs.

Large-scale Characteristics of Tropical Convective Systems through the Prism of Cloud Regime.

We employ the Cloud Regime (CR) concept to identify large-scale tropical convective systems and investigate their characteristics in terms of organization and precipitation. The tropical CRs (TCRs) are derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) and Cloud Top Pressure (CTP) two-dimensional joint histograms. We focus on the TCRs that have relatively low CTPs and high COTs, as well as heavy precipitation, namely TCR1 (convective core-dominant), TCR2 (various high clouds), and TCR3 (anvils). The horizontal size of aggregates of TCR1, 2, or 3 occurrences (TCR123) is identified as the number of contiguous 1°×1° grid cells occupied by either of these three TCRs. For the small to intermediate size aggregates (TCR123 size 20 to 160 one-degree grid cells), there is large variability in the fraction of the aggregate each TCR occupies, but generally TCR2 exhibits the highest fraction. As the total system size grows, the variability shrinks and for the largest systems ratios eventually converge to 0.3, 0.2, and 0.5 for TCR1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean precipitation of convective core-rich TCR1 is generally high for the systems of intermediate size (80-160 one-degree grid cells), but with the highest mean coming from smaller systems of 20-40 grid cells. For the largest systems, their mean precipitation in areas containing cores (TCR1) are relatively low with suppressed variation. The mean precipitation rates of TCR2 and TCR3 in a TCR123 aggregate tend to be stronger when accompanying TCR1 mean precipitation rate is also high.

Prognostic Impact of Perineural Invasion in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Results of a Prospective Study of 1,399 Tumors

Perineural infiltration (PNI) and desmoplasia are believed to be high-risk factors in the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the literature, dependences between PNI, de-differentiation, and desmoplasia remain unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the respective prognostic impact of these factors in regard to local recurrence and metastasis. Between 2005 and 2015, 1,399 unselected primary SCCs of 1,434 patients were diagnosed. If a patient had multiple tumors, the tumor with the highest risk profile was selected. Histological sections of all tumors with a tumor thickness of ≥6 mm and desmoplastic SCC with a tumor thickness of 2.1-5.9 mm were re-examined for PNI. Median follow-up was 36.5 months. PNI was present exclusively within tumors of the desmoplastic type (14.5%). PNI was present significantly more often in patients developing lymph node metastasis (3% all non-desmoplastic SCC, 17% desmoplastic SCC, and 29% desmoplastic SCC with PNI) and local recurrence (3%, 26%, and 64%) and associated with overall tumor-specific death (4%, 25%, and 54%). Using a multivariate model of disease recurrence, tumor thickness ≥6 mm, tumor horizontal size ≥20 mm, immunosuppression, desmoplasia, and PNI remained significant factors. In conclusion, PNI was found to be an additional marker indicative of an unfavorable prognosis and an independent high-risk factor within the desmoplastic type of SCC.

Investigation of modified Lamé mode resonator with high coupling coefficient

This paper presents a modified Lamé-mode resonator (MLMR) with a high, effective electromechanical coupling coefficient (Keff2). With trapezoidal grooves introduced by etching the superficial piezoelectric material between interdigitated electrodes (IDTs), the MLMR can remarkably improve Keff2, eliminate spurious modes, and reduce the internal stress of piezoelectric material. The Lamé mode resonator (LMR) with four different electrode configurations is investigated by using finite element method simulation first; then, the impact of the groove's vertical (h) and horizontal (θ) size on Keff2 and spurious modes of MLMRs is theoretically analyzed and optimized. It is noted that all the modified structures can improve Keff2 except the IDT-Ground structure. This work demonstrates a simulated Keff2 as high as 10.47% in the modified IDT-Floating structure, and 10.73% in the modified IDT-IDT structure, which is the highest ever reported in S0 mode AlN LMR. The MLMR shows great prospect for fabricating broad bandwidth filters.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of pipeline in the food pellets cooling system

Pellet cooling-drying machine with a pneumatic conveying system is used to transfer heat and moisture of hot and moist pellets in the food and animal feed plants. During heat transfer along the pipeline, very fine pellets and flour is sucked in to the pipe and settling phenomenon is accrued. The sediment of fine particles and pellets leads to the erosion and wear in the pipeline especially at the warm and humid condition. In the present research, the reported problem in Faradane Feed Processing Company, consisting of the erosion of facilities and settling in the pipeline of pellet cooling-drying system was analyzed. A computational fluid dynamics modeling (CFD) based on the Euler-Euler method was developed to investigate the particle distribution and settling inside the vertical and horizontal pipeline as a function of pipeline diameter, particle size, flow velocity, and inlet volume fraction of particles. The results indicated that, the particle sediment along the vertical pipeline was lower than the horizontal pipeline and particle size had the greatest influence on the distribution and position of settling. Increasing of particle size from 62 μm to 250 μm was leaded to the rise in the particle sediment up to 54%.

The Modified Extended Fleur-De-Lis Latissimus Dorsi Flap for Various Complex Multi-directional Large Soft and Bone Tissue Reconstruction.

IntroductionLatissimus Dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap is a workhorse flap for various large reconstructions. Variants described to increase its volume are referred to as extended LD flaps. The extended fleur-de-lis LD is one of these variants. We report the clinical outcomes using a modified extended fleur-de-lis LD flap for complex multi-directional soft and bone tissue defects.MethodsBetween 2010 and 2017, 29 patients underwent the modified extended fleur-de-lis LD flaps, whose sizes were between 120 cm2 and 442 cm2. The mean age was 47.55 ± 9.07 years. Locations of the defects included head and neck (nine cases), upper extremity (six cases), lower extremity (nine cases) and chest wall regions (five cases).ResultsOf the 29 extended fleur-de-lis LD flaps, 11 were pedicled and 18 were free flaps. A total of 10 flaps were osteomyocutaneous and 19 were myocutaneous. The mean vertical size of the harvested skin paddle was 30.72 ± 4.57 cm (range: 20-38), and the mean horizontal size of the skin paddle was 8.69 ± 0.80 (range: 7-10) cm, with the mean maximum horizontal extensions of the flaps being 16.03 ± 1.18 (range: 14-18) cm. The flap survival rates were 100%. One flap had distal partial loss (less than 5%). Donor site complications included seroma (1) and numbness (1), both of which were managed conservatively. The average follow-up time was 23.97 ± 7.19 months.ConclusionThe presented modified extended fleur-de-lis LD myocutaneous/osteomyocutaneous flap for reconstruction of multi-directional complex soft tissue and bone defects is a good and reliable option, with low donor site morbidity.

Observing geometry effects on a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based water vapor tomography solved by least squares and by compressive sensing

Abstract. In this work, the effect of the observing geometry on the tomographic reconstruction quality of both a regularized least squares (LSQ) approach and a compressive sensing (CS) approach for water vapor tomography is compared based on synthetic Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) slant wet delay (SWD) estimates. In this context, the term “observing geometry” mainly refers to the number of GNSS sites situated within a specific study area subdivided into a certain number of volumetric pixels (voxels) and to the number of signal directions available at each GNSS site. The novelties of this research are (1) the comparison of the observing geometry's effects on the tomographic reconstruction accuracy when using LSQ or CS for the solution of the tomographic system and (2) the investigation of the effect of the signal directions' variability on the tomographic reconstruction. The tomographic reconstruction is performed based on synthetic SWD data sets generated, for many samples of various observing geometry settings, based on wet refractivity information from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The validation of the achieved results focuses on a comparison of the refractivity estimates with the input WRF refractivities. The results show that the recommendation of Champollion et al. (2004) to discretize the analyzed study area into voxels with horizontal sizes comparable to the mean GNSS intersite distance represents a good rule of thumb for both LSQ- and CS-based tomography solutions. In addition, this research shows that CS needs a variety of at least 15 signal directions per site in order to estimate the refractivity field more accurately and more precisely than LSQ. Therefore, the use of CS is particularly recommended for water vapor tomography applications for which a high number of multi-GNSS SWD estimates are available.

Effect of microstructure on tensile properties of Ti-17 alloys forged using a 1500-ton forging simulator

Microstructure dependence on mechanical properties were investigated for Ti-17 forged at temperatures between 700 and 850 ˚C with deformation ratio from 33 to 80 %, and solutiontreated at 800˚C for 4 hours and aged at 620 ˚C for 8 hours. The microstructure was observed after solution and aging treatments. The volume fraction and the size of the primary alpha phase was controlled by solution treatment temperature, not forging temperature and deformation ratio. Forging temperature affected the morphology of grain boundary (GB) alpha phase. Deformation ratio affected the grain size and the aspect ratio of the horizontal and vertical grain size of the prior beta phase. The tensile strength was investigated at room temperature, 450, and 600 ˚C. Forging temperature and deformation ratio did not affect the tensile strength because there is no large difference of the volume fraction of the alphaphase. On the other hand, the elongation and the reduction of area increased with increase of the aspect ratio of the prior beta grains; that means, increase of the deformation ratio. Raising of forging temperature also increased elongation and reduction of area due to the film-like GB alphaphase.

Few-layer and large flake size borophene: preparation with solvothermal-assisted liquid phase exfoliation.

The preparation of two-dimensional boron (B) nanosheets, especially for borophene, is still a challenge because of its unique structure and complex B–B bonds in bulk boron. In the present work, a novel preparation technology for borophene with only a few layers and large flake sizes is developed by a solvothermal-assisted liquid phase exfoliation process, consisting of ball milling-thinning, solvothermal swelling, and probe ultrasonic delamination. The exfoliation effect of the bulk B precursors is related to the surface tension and Hildebrand parameter of the selected solvents such as acetone, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), acetonitrile, ethanol, and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), and a relative small surface tension when using solvents is favorable for the exfoliation of bulk B. Four-layer thick borophene and an average lateral size of 5.05 μm can be obtained in acetone as the exfoliating solvent. The surface composition of the exfoliated few-layer borophene with large flake size hardly changes, while the chemical state of B changes to some extent because they are partly oxidized on the surface by contaminates before and after exfoliation. This acetone solvothermal-assisted liquid phase exfoliation technique can be used to prepare high quality borophene with large horizontal sizes, and it will provide the basis to study few-layer borophene with large sizes further.

Features of formation of karst falls on the earth’s surface

Karst manifestations are widespread in many regions and pose a significant danger to residence and economic activity. Failing funnels arise during the collapse of rocks over underground voids (caves, workings, etc.), formed during karst formation or in the process of anthropogenic doing in the rock massive. However, not every karst or technogenic cavity gives rise to a failure of the earth’s surface, and as a rule, its occurrence is unexpected. In this work, we consider the dynamics of the formation of dips of the earth’s surface in the form of a collapse pipe. To do this, the geomechanical problem is solved by the meshless code Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The method allows to obtain a solution to the problem taking into account large deformations and possible discontinuities in the process of changing the stress-strain state. The Drucker-Prager fracture criterion is used, the parameters of which change over time in accordance with the accumulation of damage, which determines the temporary development of the fracture process, its beginning and speed. Various options for the formation of a vertical dip are considered depending on the geometrical parameters of the initial cavity, its depth and materials composing the rock mass, as well as the features of the destruction of various materials composing the mass during the formation of the dip. Relations are obtained that relate the depth of the cavity, the horizontal size of the hole, the strength properties of the rocks (adhesion, angle of internal friction), the coefficient of lateral pressure in the array. The features of wave processes generated by the formation of a dip are considered, for which a velocity field is obtained near the fracture zone at various time points in the fracture process.

A 7.8-Gb/s 2.9-pJ/b Single-Ended Receiver With 20-Tap DFE for Highly Reflective Channels

For the first time, we prove that 7.8-Gb/s single-ended signaling through a highly reflective channel is feasible at low energy cost by an energy-efficient many-tap decision feedback equalization (DFE) receiver (RX). The reported data rate of 7.8 Gb/s is the fastest data rate that has been achieved through a single-ended highly reflective channel that has more than five taps of postcursor reflective intersymbol interference. Compared with the prior arts, the target multidrop has the most in-band notches: ten notches. To compensate for large reflection by many notches, the RX exploits the DFE with the largest tap count of 20 that has been never used in single-ended signaling before. Low-power circuit techniques such as a current-integrating summer and double-tail sense amplifiers were adequately adopted and engineered to reduce large power dissipation by many taps. The RX was fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology and occupies only 0.014 mm2. The energy efficiency was measured to be only 2.9 pJ/b at 7.8 Gb/s with 0.9-V supply, proving that fast single-ended signaling through a highly reflective channel is feasible at low energy cost by many-tap DFE if low-power circuit techniques are adequately applied. The horizontal and vertical eye sizes were measured to be 0.12 UI and 34 mV, respectively, at a bit error rate of <10−12.

Medium‐range global ensemble prediction system at 12 km horizontal resolution and its preliminary validation

AbstractForecasts of high‐impact weather systems require sufficiently high resolution of state‐of‐the‐art numerical models in order to resolve the small‐scale features. At the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) in India, a global ensemble prediction system (EPS—called the NEPS) has been implemented operationally at 12 km horizontal grid size. The NEPS configuration is based on the UK Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS). Initial condition perturbations are generated by the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) method. Model uncertainties are taken care of by stochastic kinetic energy backscatter (SKEB) and random parameters (RP) schemes. Forecast perturbations obtained from 6 hr short forecasts of 22 ensemble members are updated by the ETKF four times a day (0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC). Perturbations of surface parameters such as sea‐surface temperature, soil moisture content and soil temperature are also included in the new NEPS. The NEPS aims to provide 10 day probabilistic long forecasts using 23 ensemble members (22 perturbed plus one control). The long forecast provided at 0000 UTC is the combination of 11 members from the 0000 UTC cycle and lagged 11 members from the 1200 UTC cycle. The new NEPS shows improvements in terms of forecast agreement among the members in comparison with the previously operational NEPS that was running at 33 km horizontal grid size with 44 perturbed members. The ratio between the root mean square error of the ensemble mean and ensemble spread as a function of lead time has improved in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in the new NEPS.

Variability in Mixed Conifer Spatial Structure Changes Understory Light Environments

In fire-adapted conifer forests of the Western U.S., changing land use has led to increased forest densities and fuel conditions partly responsible for increasing the extent of high-severity wildfires in the region. In response, land managers often use mechanical thinning treatments to reduce fuels and increase overstory structural complexity, which can help improve stand resilience and restore complex spatial patterns that once characterized these stands. The outcomes of these treatments can vary greatly, resulting in a large gradient in aggregation of residual overstory trees. However, there is limited information on how a range of spatial outcomes from restoration treatments can influence structural complexity and tree regeneration dynamics in mixed conifer stands. In this study, we model understory light levels across a range of forest density in a stem-mapped dry mixed conifer forest and apply this model to simulated stem maps that are similar in residual basal area yet vary in degree of spatial complexity. We found that light availability was best modeled by residual stand density index and that consideration of forest structure at multiple spatial scales is important for predicting light availability. Second, we found that restoration treatments differing in spatial pattern may differ markedly in their achievement of objectives such as density reduction, maintenance of horizontal and tree size complexity, and creation of microsite conditions favorable to shade-intolerant species, with several notable tradeoffs. These conditions in turn have cascading effects on regeneration dynamics, treatment longevity, fire behavior, and resilience to disturbances. In our study, treatments with high aggregation of residual trees best balanced multiple objectives typically used in ponderosa pine and dry mixed conifer forests. Simulation studies that consider a wide range of possible spatial patterns can complement field studies and provide predictions of the impacts of mechanical treatments on a large range of potential ecological effects.

Deoxyribonucleic acid and chromatin imaging of endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma using atomic force microscopy

Introduction: Clinical differential diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma is challenging, as signs and symptoms may vary considerably and there is a lack of reliable diagnostic serum biomarkers.Aim of the study: The aim of our work was to characterize the deoxyribonucleic acid and chromatin changes in the tissue of patients confirmed to be suffering from endometriosis and endometrial adenocarcinoma and compare it with a healthy control group.Material and methods: All samples were collected during recommended surgical interventions, and after the DNA isolation, a sonification followed by crosslink of chromatin were done. Consequently, both DNA and chromatin were examined using atomic force microscopy.Results: A chromatin immunoprecipitation was used for the in vivo observation of conformational chromatin changes. The width of ssDNA showed a significant difference, almost double the control value in the endometrial cancer sample versus control (by 73 ± 5% wider, p < 0.001). In contrast, the height of ssDNA was highest in the frozen pelvis patient sample (by 510 ± 12% compared to control, p < 0.01).Conclusion: Our results suggest that the horizontal size of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid and nucleosomes can help to identify potential patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma, while the height of the same parameter is associated with endometriosis.

Прилагательные со значением «длинный» и «короткий» в горизонтальном и вертикальном измерениях в бурятском языке и словаре

The paper examines adjectives denoting horizontal and vertical size (‘long’ and ‘short’) in the Buryat language and Russian-Buryat dictionaries. The analysis shows that adjectives to define objects in horizontal orientation are fewer than those dealing with vertical orientation. At the same time, adjectives of vertical orientation (oodon and ohor) are distinguished by exclusive compatibility characteristics. The adjective oodon characterizes objects hanging down, such as tails, lower hems, bottom edges of trousers, shoulder weapons, etc.; and the word ohor defines vertical, upwardsdirected objects, e.g., grass, rocks, etc. The dominant adjectives in synonymic chains of both orientations coincide and serve as general definitions of certain qualities or characteristics of an object (uta and bogony). For deeper understanding of peculiarities inherent to these adjectives, the paper examines no pictorial, stylistically loaded adjectives since those are often essentially evaluative and do not act as object definers directly; the single exception examined being the somewhat evaluative adjective unzhagar ‘long’ containing semes of both horizontal and vertical orientations. It defines objects stretched in perspective, as well as ones that hang down or face upwards. As for the analyzed adjectives, in both the synonymic chains the adjectives bogony and oodon ‘short’ are not used in a figurative sense, while uta and ohor are active enough in this function. This fact, apparently, attests to that those are basically used in their direct, utilitarian function ― determination of physical parameters of an object used in practice and economic activities. So, a different story is that of the word ohor which, when combined with ukhaan, bodol, naγan, express figurative meanings (ohor ukhaan ‘dull mind’, ohor γanaan ‘short-sighted’, ohor naγan ‘short life / short century’). Some of these adjectives are used to form compound nouns and adjectives, e.g., uta honshoor ‘bittern’, ohor γüül ‘tailbone’, oodon buu ‘carbine’, oodon terge ‘uniaxial cart’, oodon ümden ‘shorts’, etc. Distinction between Buryat (and other Mongolic) synonyms in vertical orientation requires a deeper analysis based on their etymologies, and in lexicographical practice – accompaniments in the form of semantic explanations.