Horizontal Shift Research Articles

Quantifying Uncertainty with Pavement Performance Models: Comparing Bayesian and Non-Parametric Methods

An important part of pavement management systems is accurately estimating the performance-time-degradation relationship. One common approach to establishing this relationship is to use performance family curves. These curves are developed by collecting performance data at specific points in time and collectively shifting pavements of various ages to identify the probable underlying function. This paper compares two alternative methods for characterizing such a family curve function. First, a Bayesian method (Method-A) is used, which fits both the family curve and the shift factor function in parallel by assuming a Beta distribution for pavement performance condition rating (PCR). Second, a non-parametric method (Method-B) is developed, which fits the model in two steps; (1) by fitting the family; and (2) by horizontal shift to minimize the error. PCR values from flexible pavements in North Carolina (NC-PCR) are used for this comparison. These data include a total of 30,988 pavement sections segregated according to surface type and traffic level. Data from 2013 to 2015 are used for model calibration, and data from 2016 are used for model validation. The root means square error and k-fold cross-validation test are used to conduct the comparison, and Method-A is found to be preferred. The uncertainty in both models is quantified and compared. On the basis of this uncertainty, the Bayesian method is preferred, but in cases with large data sets, a non-parametric method does result in lower uncertainty.

Estimating local surface glacier mass balance from migration of the 1918 Katla eruption tephra layer on Sléttjökull, southern Iceland

Abstract We use the apparent horizontal shift of an englacial tephra layer outcrop to calculate local glacier mass balance on Sléttjökull, a lobe of Mýrdalsjökull in Southern Iceland. For this approach, the dipping angle of the englacial tephra layer in the glacier upstream of the outcrop and the flow velocity of the ice need to be known. An earlier investigation was expanded by the application of ground-penetrating radar, detecting the depth of the tephra along tracks with a total length of 10 km. Interpolation between the tracks enables us to derive the dipping angle of the layer along several flow lines. Together with glacier surface velocities, determined from feature tracking, we are able to estimate the local surface mass balance from the horizontal displacement of the tephra outcrop using freely available satellite imagery without additional fieldwork. The earlier local balance series was extended to the period 2014/15 to 2019/20. Although the results for the individual profiles differ slightly from each other, they show the same temporal pattern and clear variations from year to year. The results are compared to traditional mass-balance data from Hofsjökull. The two series show a good agreement in their interannual variability.

Regional tropical rainfall shifts under global warming: an energetic perspective

Future climate simulations feature pronounced spatial shifts in the structure of tropical rainfall. We apply a novel atmospheric energy flux analysis to diagnose late 21st century tropical rainfall shifts in a large ensemble of simulations of 21st century climate. The method reconstructs 2D spatial changes in rainfall based on horizontal shifts in the lines of zero meridional and zonal divergent energy flux, called the energy flux equator (EFE) and energy flux prime meridian (EFPM), respectively. Two main sources of future atmospheric energy flux changes, and hence rainfall shifts, are identified by the analysis: the high-latitude North Atlantic due to a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation that shifts tropical rainfall southwards over the greater Tropical Atlantic sector and eastern Pacific; and the eastern tropical Pacific due to a permanent El-Niño-like response that produces zonal shifts over the Maritime Continent and South America. To first order, the shifts in the EFE and EFPM mirror gross distributional changes in tropical precipitation, with a southward shift in rainfall over the tropical Atlantic, West Africa, and eastern tropical Pacific and an eastward shift over the Maritime Continent and western Pacific. When used to reconstruct future rainfall shifts in the tropical Atlantic and Sahel, the method reasonably represents the simulated meridional structure of rainfall shifts but does not do so for the zonal structures.

Shear Flow Instability over a Finite Time Interval

Within the framework of a discrete quasi-geostrophic model with two vertical levels, the problem of linear stability of the flow of a stratified rotating fluid with constant vertical and horizontal velocity shifts is solved. It is shown that taking into account the horizontal shear leads to a qualitative change in the dynamics of unstable wave disturbances. The main feature is related to the effect of temporary exponential growth of unstable perturbations, i.e. growth over a finite time period. This effect manifests itself in the alternation of stages of smooth oscillating behavior (in time) with stages of exponential (explosive) growth of finite duration. A kinematic interpretation of the effect of temporal exponential growth is given, which is associated with the passage of a time-dependent perturbation wave vector through the region of exponential instability that exists in the absence of a horizontal shear. It is shown that mathematically this effect is described by solutions of a second-order differential equation containing turning points. Asymptotic solutions of the equation are given for weak horizontal shifts.

Linear and nonlinear thermoviscoelastic behavior of polyamide 6

AbstractThermoplastic polyamides are used in many industrial areas due to their potential in lightweight applications. Polyamides serve as matrix material in fiber reinforced thermoplastics, for instance. The mechanical behavior of polyamides is characterized by pronounced viscoelastic effects that are strongly affected by environmental conditions like temperature or humidity. In this work, linear thermoviscoelastic behavior of polyamide 6 is considered. Viscoelastic behavior is modeled by the generalized Maxwell model while extended time‐temperature superposition is used to model temperature dependency. A temperature‐frequency sweep conducted by dynamic mechanical analysis serves as input for the model. By horizontal and vertical shifting, master curves of the loss factor, storage modulus, and loss modulus are obtained. Based on this, limitations of time‐temperature superposition and linear thermoviscoelastic modeling are discussed. Furthermore, it is shown that the horizontal shifts can be well approximated by the Williams‐Landel‐Ferry equation for temperatures above and below the glass transition temperature.

Facile integration of giant exchange bias in Fe5GeTe2/oxide heterostructures by atomic layer deposition

Exchange bias arises from the interfacial exchange coupling in ferromagnet-antiferromagnet bilayers and manifests as a horizontal shift of the magnetic hysteresis loop, constituting a critical component underpinning a broad range of magnetoresistive logic and memory devices. The facile implementation of exchange bias in van der Waals (vdW) magnets would be a key step towards practical devices for emerging vdW spintronics. Here, we report an easy approach to establishing strong exchange bias in the vdW magnet ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{5}\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ by a single-step process---atomic layer deposition (ALD) of oxides on ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{5}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$. We successfully created exchange bias of 300--1500 Oe in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{5}\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}/{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}, {\mathrm{Fe}}_{5}\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}/\mathrm{ZnO}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{5}\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}/{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ heterostructures, at 130 K. Control experiments showed that increasing the oxidant pulse duration in each ALD cycle or utilizing the stronger oxidant ${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ can enhance the exchange bias strength, revealing the key role of the ALD oxidants. Our systematic work elucidates the essential role of ALD-enabled oxidization of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{5}\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ in the formation of exchange bias, and establishes ALD of oxides as a facile, controllable, and generally effective approach to creating giant exchange bias in vdW magnets, representing an integral advance towards practical vdW spintronic devices.

Distinct coordination patterns integrate exploratory head movements with whole-body movement patterns during walking

Visual guidance of gait is an important skill for everyday mobility. While this has often been studied using eye-tracking techniques, recent studies have shown that visual exploration involves more than just the eye; head movement and potentially the whole body is involved for successful visual exploration. This study aimed to assess coordinative patterns associated with head movement and it was hypothesized that these patterns would span across the body, rather than being localized. Twenty-one (after exclusions) healthy young adult volunteers followed a treadmill walking protocol designed to elicit different types of head movements (no stimuli compared to stimuli requiring horizontal, vertical, and mixed gaze shifts). Principal Component Analysis was used to establish whole-body correlated patterns of marker movement (Principal Movements; PMs) related to the activity of the head. In total 37 higher order PMs were found to be associated with head movement, two of these showed significant differences between trials associated with strong head rotations in the horizontal and sagittal plane. Both of these were associated with a whole-body pattern of activity. An analysis of the higher order components revealed that exploratory head movements are associated with distinct movement patterns, which span across the body. This shows that visual exploration can produce whole-body movement patterns that have a potentially destabilizing influence. These findings shed new light on established results in visual search research and hold relevance for fall and injury prevention.

Exchange bias in the van der Waals heterostructure MnBi2Te4/Cr2Ge2Te6

The exchange bias effect, namely the horizontal shift in the magnetic hysteretic loop, is known as a fundamentally and technologically important property of magnetic systems. Though the exchange bias effect has been widely observed in normal magnetic heterostructure, it is desirable to raise such pinning coupling in topology-based multilayer structure. Furthermore, the exchange bias effect was theoretically proposed to be able to further open the surface magnetization gap in the recently discovered intrinsic magnetic topological insulator $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$. Such an exchange interaction can be ensured and programmed in the heterojunction, or applied to spintronics. Here we report the electrically tunable exchange bias in the van der Waals $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}/{\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$ heterostructure. The exchange bias emerges over a critical magnetic field and reaches the maximum value near the band gap. Moreover, the exchange bias is experienced by net ferromagnetic (FM) odd-layers $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$ rather than the pure FM insulator ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$. Accompanied by nonlocal signal, an unfamiliar antisymmetric peak endows a domain-related structure within interface of the heterostructure. Such van der Waals heterostructure provides a promising platform to study the novel exchange bias effect and explore the possible application of spintronics or $\mathrm{high}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ quantum anomalous Hall effect.

Mapping the role of oral cavity physiological factors into the viscoelastic model of denture adhesives for numerical implementation.

Physiological parameters of the oral cavity have a profound impact on any restorative solutions designed for edentulous patients including denture adhesives. This study aims to mathematically quantify the influence of three such variables, namely: the temperature, pH, and the swelling of such adhesives under the influence of saliva on its mechanical behavior. The mathematical quantification is further aimed to implement a material model for such adhesives which considers the impact of such physiological factors. The denture adhesive is experimentally investigated by means of rheological steady state frequency sweep tests to obtain the relaxation spectrum of the material. The relaxation behavior is measured for a wide range of oral cavity temperatures and pH. Also, the adhesive is hydrated and upon swelling to different levels again tested to understand the impact of swelling on the mechanical behavior. The experimentally measured continuous relaxation spectrum is modeled as a viscoelastic material using a discrete set of points based on the Prony series discretization technique. The relaxation spectrums for various temperatures are compared and the possibility of a time-temperature superposition is explored for the model. Similarly, the measured values of Storage and loss modulus are investigated to understand the role of pH and swelling. The results in this study clearly indicated a horizontal shift in the relaxation behavior with increase in temperature. And hence, the time-temperature shift factor was calculated for the adhesive. The relaxation spectrum also showed a strong correlation with swelling of the adhesive and the pH. The influence of these two parameters were captured into the model based on the relaxation time parameter in the Prony series approach. Based on this study the impact of these parameters could be appreciated on the performance and mechanical behavior of denture adhesives and implemented into a Prony series based viscoelastic material model which can be used with numerical simulations.

Notice of Removal: Robust and Efficient Finger Vein Recognition Using Binarized Difference of Gabor Jet on Grid

In practical applications, the biometric authentication system requires a lower error rate, higher speed, and smaller template size. To satisfy such requirements, we propose a robust and efficient finger vein recognition method, consisting of three stages: preprocessing, feature extraction, and comparison. During the preprocessing, geometric and photometric variations are suppressed. The feature extraction is based on a high-level descriptor derived from the binarized difference of Gabor jet (BDGJ) extracted from predefined grid points in the finger region. In the descriptor, the feature vectors at the vertices of the grid are weighted according to their position relative to the finger region. This descriptor provides a high discrimination ability with robustness. The comparison is conducted in a coarse-to-fine approach based on the Hamming distance, with remaining horizontal shifts and finger rolling compensated. The experimental results show that the proposed method has state-of-the-art performance and efficiency for practical applications. In particular, the method’s equal error rate (EER) is 0.00% on some famous public databases, and its computational cost is so low that the method can be run on a mobile processor with high speed.

Age and Sex Comparison of the Canine Supraspinatus Tendon Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging T2 Mapping.

The normal canine supraspinatus tendon has properties commonly attributed to damage such as core hyperintensity and increased width. Little is published regarding the normal tendon, including how senescent changes and sex differences may affect the appearance. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide subjective analysis of tendons based on observer assessment of signal intensity and appearance. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques such as T2 mapping provide an objective comparison of collagen orientation with analysis of a decay constant, T2. This study investigates age and sex related changes in the canine supraspinatus tendon using the qMRI technique of T2 mapping. In this study, 34 tendons of clinically sound male and female dogs (0.6-13 years) were imaged using qMRI T2 mapping techniques. Sagittal plane T2 maps of the supraspinatus tendon were depth-normalized, and profiles compared using two separate four-parameter logistic equations describing T2 mapping profiles as sigmoidal curves. Combined parameters evaluated included range of T2 values, curve steepness, vertical curve shift, lower bound of T2, upper bound of T2 and horizontal curve shift. A significant reduction in the most central portion of the supraspinatus tendon was found for every increased year in age (-1.56 ± 0.47 milliseconds [-2.56, -0.56, p = 0.004]). No significant difference in curve parameters was found between sexes. The reduction in T2 with age suggests a senescent change may be anticipated with the canine supraspinatus tendon.

Study on the Influence of Water Level on Earth Dam Reinforced by Cut-Off Wall: A Case Study in Wujing Reservoir

The construction of a cut-off wall is a common reinforcement method for earth rock dams. At present, compared with the in-depth study on homogeneous earth dams, more and more attention is being paid to the stability and deformation of earth dams strengthened by a concrete cut-off wall. In this study, aiming at the Wujing project of the earth dam strengthened by cut-off wall, the influence of the water level rise and fall on the stability of the dam slope, the deformation of the dam body, and the crack width on dam crest were analyzed by numerical calculation and in situ measurement. The analysis results show that when the reservoir encounters a sudden drawdown, the safety factor of the dam slope decreases sharply. The faster the sudden drawdown, the faster the safety factor decreases. When the reservoir water level rises, the dam’s horizontal displacement shifts to the upstream direction, and the change of horizontal displacement of the downstream slope is significantly larger than that at the measuring point of the upstream slope. The water level of the reservoir rises, and the surface of the dam body rises, and the fluctuation of settlement deformation shows that the upstream side is larger than the downstream side, especially during the period of abrupt change in the reservoir water level. The longitudinal cracks on the dam crest show a tendency of shrinkage when the reservoir water level rises, and opening decreases with the decrease of deformation gradient increment and increases with the increase of gradient increment.

Virtual occlusion effects on the perception of self-initiated visual stimuli

Virtual reality (VR) has established itself as a useful tool in the study of human perception in the laboratory. A recent study introduced a new approach to examine visual sensory attenuation (SA) effects in VR. Hand movements triggered the appearance of Gabor stimuli, which were either presented behind the participant’s hand – not rendered in VR (“virtual occlusion”) - or elsewhere on the display. Virtual occlusion led to a rightward shift of the psychometric curve, suggesting that self-generated hand movements reduced the perceived contrast of the stimulus. Since such attenuation effects might provide a window into the predictive processing of the sensory and cognitive apparatus, we sought to better understand the nature of the virtual occlusion effects. In our study, the presentation of test stimuli was either self-initiated, self-initiated with a variable delay, or triggered externally; the test stimuli were occluded or not. In conflict with our hypothesis, we found moderate to strong evidence for an absence of any horizontal shifts between the psychometric curves. However, virtual occlusion was associated with a decrease in the slope of the psychometric function. Our results suggest that virtual occlusion attenuated the relative perceptual sensitivity, so that participants had more difficulty discriminating contrast differences when the test stimulus was presented behind the hand. We tentatively conclude that, in the visual domain, the discriminability of stimulus intensity is modified by internal predictive cues (i.e., proprioception), possibly linked to shifts in covert spatial attention.

ПОШУК ШЛЯХІВ ВИРІШЕННЯ ПРОБЛЕМИ РУЙНУВАННЯ ПОКРИТТІВ ПІШОХІДНИХ ДОРІЖОК ТА МАЙДАНЧИКІВ ІЗ ФІГУРНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ МОСТІННЯ

One of the indicators that affect the aesthetic appeal of the city's environment is the appearance of sidewalks, landscape-gardening and pedestrian paths, grounds, parking lots. In recent years, more and more often road coatings of such zones are made of figured paving elements (FPE). Visual surveys of pedestrian zones of several resort towns were carried out. During the inspection, a large number of defects in the coatings in these areas that arose during their operation were noted. Such defects spoil the appearance of cities, which, in turn, negatively affects both the quality of life of local residents and the number of visitors to these settlements, which, accordingly, will bring less tourism income to the city. The paper draws attention to the need for timely work to replace obsolete and damaged coatings, and the construction of new ones with improved quality characteristics. Consequently, the question arose of improving the quality, reliability, and durability of road coatings of pavements, footpaths and grounds made of figured paving elements. It is proposed to solve the task by improving the design-technological solutions of road coatings. To do this, it is proposed to increase the area of the underside surface of the elements that make up the coating. Increasing the area of the underside base will increase the bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the pavement, since the vertical load through the underside base will be transferred to a larger volume of the carrier layer located under the road coatings. New variants of road coatings made of figured paving elements are proposed, the underside surface of which has pyramidal elements of the correct form, located at a distance from each other. Pyramidal elements will not only increase the bearing capacity and reduce pavement settlement but will also prevent horizontal shift when a horizontal load is applied. It is necessary to study the operation of the proposed road coatings under the influence of horizontal and vertically applied loads, determine the deformation zone that forms under the coatings, analyze the research results, and then choose the most optimal variant.

Sagittal Positional Changes of the Mandible Following Alignment and Levelling of Class II Division 2 Cases: An Observational Study in Decelerating Stages of Adolescent Growth Spurt.

Introduction The objective of this observational study is to compare the dental and skeletal changes that occur following the release of incisor locking in class II division 2 patients in the decelerating phase of the adolescent growth spurt. Materials and methods Lateral cephalograms of 17 subjects with skeletal class II and division 2 malocclusion, taken at the pre-treatment (T1) and post-leveling and alignment (T2) phases, were analyzed. All these patients were treated with non-extraction methods in the initial stage. A total of 25 skeletal and dental parameters, which included linear and angular measurements, were evaluated. Statistical analysis A pairedt-test was used to compare the difference in the dimensional values between (T1)and(T2) points of the time period. The results were considered statistically significant atBonferroni adjustedp<0.002. Results A statistically significant positional change was noted in the condylar position both in the vertical and sagittal directions, resulting in sagittal changes of the mandible in the forward direction. The deep bite was relieved by vertical changes in the dental structures in both the posterior and anterior segments. Growth changes in the vertical direction were also noted but not conclusive. Conclusions There was a definite horizontal shift of the mandible, improving maxillo-mandibular relations following the unlocking of the bite in class IIdivision 2 patients. This shift is mostly attributed to the condylar repositioning in the forward and downward directions.

Exchange bias and interface-related effects in two-dimensional van der Waals magnetic heterostructures: Open questions and perspectives

The exchange bias (EB) effect is known as a fundamentally and technologically important magnetic property of a magnetic bilayer film. It is manifested as a horizontal shift in a magnetic hysteresis loop of a film subject to cooling in the presence of a magnetic field. The EB effect in van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures offers a novel approach for tuning the magnetic properties of the newly discovered single-layer magnets, as well as adds a new impetus to magnetic vdW heterostructures. Indeed, intriguing EB effects have recently been reported in a variety of low-dimensional vdW magnetic systems ranging from a weakly interlayer-coupled vdW magnet (e.g., Fe3GeTe2) to a bilayer composed of two different magnetic vdW materials (e.g., Fe3GeTe2/CrCl3, Fe3GeTe2/FePS3, Fe3GeTe2/MnPS3, Fe3GeTe2/CrSe, Fe3GeTe2/CrOCl, Fe3GeTe2/CoPc, Fe5GeTe2/FePS3), to bilayers of two different vdW defective magnets (e.g., VSe2/MoS2), or to metallic ferromagnet/vdW defective magnet interfaces (e.g., Fe/MoS2). Despite their huge potential in spintronic device applications, the physical origins of the observed EB effects have remained elusive to researchers. We present here a critical review of the EB effect and associated phenomena such as magnetic proximity (MP) in various vdW heterostructure systems and propose approaches to addressing some of the emerging fundamental questions.

Changes in the vertical distribution of age‐0 walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) during warm and cold years in the southeastern Bering Sea

AbstractIn the last 20 years, the southeastern Bering Sea has shifted its thermal variability to longer‐term (4–6 years) ocean–ecosystem temperature stanzas. Age‐0 walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) populations respond to thermal changes with horizontal (east–west) shifts in spatial distribution over the continental shelf, though there are limited data on whether thermally mediated vertical shifts in distribution also occur. Vertical shifts may impact predator–prey overlap between age‐0 pollock and their lipid‐rich prey, calanoid copepods and euphausiids, resulting in different feeding conditions that ultimately affect fish body condition prior to winter onset. For this study, we analyzed acoustic backscatter measured during acoustic trawl surveys over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf in cold years (2011, 2012) and warm years (2014 and 2016) to determine the vertical distribution of age‐0 pollock. This study presents evidence that age‐0 pollock changes in vertical distribution were related to changes in ocean annual temperature. Age‐0 pollock went from occurring deeper in the water column during cold periods to being surface‐oriented during warm periods, potentially exacerbating spatial mismatches between pollock and prey. We relate patterns in a vertical position to physical water column properties, feeding, and bioenergetic condition of collected pollock and discuss implications for recruitment success during different thermal oceanographic stanzas.

Coercivity and Exchange Bias in Ti-Doped Maghemite Nanoparticles

Ti-doped maghemite nanoparticles of average crystallite size 12.9 nm were synthesized using the sol–gel method. The XRD profile mainly showed the presence of maghemite phase with very small phases of TiO2 (rutile and anatase). Magnetization hysteresis loops of the nanoparticles were obtained between −4 T to +4 T at temperatures of 2, 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, and 300 K under field cooling (FC) of 1, 2, 3, and 4 T and zero-field cooling conditions (ZFC). The coercivity displayed nonmonotonic field dependence while it decreased sharply with temperature and vanished at 150 K at all fields. Horizontal hysteresis loop shifts were observed in the 2–150 K temperature range in both the ZFC and FC conditions. The exchange bias effect became negligible in both ZFC and FC states above 50 K. Magnetization vs. applied field measurements were conducted in both ZFC and FC cooled conditions at several temperatures in the range of 2–400 K, with spin freezing being observed below 50 K. The exchange bias effect obtained below 50 K is suggested to be attributed to the competing roles of the long-range dipolar and short-range exchange coupled interactions.

Rheology of polydisperse nonspherical graphite particles suspended in mineral oil

We study the role of filler concentration and microphysics on the rheology of polydisperse flake-graphite particles suspended in Newtonian mineral oil. Under steady shear, our samples exhibit shear thinning, and yielding behavior is observed for volume fractions ϕ&amp;gt;0.18. Time-temperature superposition was observed using an Arrhenius-type horizontal shift factor, giving a flow activation energy that is dependent on the graphite volume fraction, suggesting concentration-dependent contributions to relaxation processes in the suspensions. The flow curves are fitted by a constraint-based model, indicating that the flow behavior is controlled by frictional and adhesive contacts, with the model suggesting that the adhesive stress is temperature dependent.

3D cloud envelope and cloud development velocity from simulated CLOUD (C3IEL) stereo images

Abstract. A method to derive the 3D cloud envelope and the cloud development velocity from high spatial and temporal resolution satellite imagery is presented. The CLOUD instrument of the recently proposed C3IEL mission lends itself well to observing at high spatial and temporal resolutions the development of convective cells. Space-borne visible cameras simultaneously image, under multiple view angles, the same surface domain every 20 s over a time interval of 200 s. In this paper, we present a method for retrieving cloud development velocity from simulated multi-angular, high-resolution top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiance cloud fields. The latter are obtained via the image renderer Mitsuba for a cumulus case generated via the atmospheric research model SAM and via the radiative transfer model 3DMCPOL, coupled with the outputs of an orbit, attitude, and camera simulator for a deep convective cloud case generated via the atmospheric research model Meso-NH. Matching cloud features are found between simulations via block matching. Image coordinates of tie points are mapped to spatial coordinates via 3D stereo reconstruction of the external cloud envelope for each acquisition. The accuracy of the retrieval of cloud topography is quantified in terms of RMSE and bias that are, respectively, less than 25 and 5 m for the horizontal components and less than 40 and 25 m for the vertical components. The inter-acquisition 3D velocity is then derived for each pair of tie points separated by 20 s. An independent method based on minimising the RMSE for a continuous horizontal shift of the cloud top, issued from the atmospheric research model, allows for the obtainment of a ground estimate of the velocity from two consecutive acquisitions. The mean values of the distributions of the stereo and ground velocities exhibit small biases. The width of the distributions is significantly different, with higher a distribution width for the stereo-retrieved velocity. An alternative way to derive an average velocity over 200 s, which relies on tracking clusters of points via image feature matching over several acquisitions, was also implemented and tested. For each cluster of points, mean stereo and ground positions were derived every 20 s over 200 s. The mean stereo and ground velocities, obtained as the slope of the line of best fit to the mean positions, are in good agreement.