Horizontal Shear Research Articles

In-silico experimentations of multimode shock response of polyurea

Computational studies can supplement existing ultrahigh strain rate experimental techniques in the absence of invasive full-field measurement and visualization. In this study, a computational model is employed to elucidate various phenomena accompanying the generation, propagation, and interaction of multimode shock waves in a viscoelastic material. Specifically, a 4 mm diameter polyurea plug with a thickness of 0.5 mm was modeled as a linear viscoelastic solid, where the relaxation behavior of the shear modulus was described using a Prony series while the bulk modulus was assumed to be linear elastic based on the Poisson's ratio of polyurea. The results are presented in three case studies, where a different type of shock wave was emphasized in each case while focusing on the regions at the leading and trailing edges of the shock wavefront. Generally, the wavefront interacted with the accompanying and reflected waves, resulting in compromising the purity of the sought-after loading condition, especially during the return trip of the wave upon approaching the free surface. In Case Study I, the propagation of laser-induced pressure wave remained pure during the forward trip towards the free surface but was compromised by the accompanying shear wave and side spherical patterned pressure waves. Case Study II simulated the generation of surface waves by incorporating a ring-shaped loading site, where the release of a surface displacement was found to be focused and amplified at the central point. In the final case study, Case Study III, the applied shear wave at ultrahigh strain rate generated secondary pressure and horizontal shear waves at the edges of the loading site, which complicated the loading scenario but provided new insight into the interaction of laser-generated shock waves within the solid. The results can be used to improve the analysis of experimental data to quantify the accompanying deformation and failure mechanisms of polymers subjected to hypervelocity impacts.

Bond durability of BFRP bars embedded in concrete with fly ash in aggressive environments

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars are an environmentally friendly alternative to steel and are considered ideal substitutes for steel reinforcement in marine concrete structures due to their excellent resistance to chloride ions and mechanical properties. However, the strong alkaline environment in concrete results in the degradation of FRP bars, and the degradation of FRP bars is detrimental to the long-term performance of these structures due to the decrease in interfacial bonding. This study aims to investigate the bond durability of basalt FRP (BFRP) bar and concrete with or without fly ash in corrosion environments by pull-out tests. The laboratory-accelerated aging environments are an alkaline solution (pH 12.8 ± 0.2) and simulated seawater, and the immersion temperatures are set at room temperature (~26 °C), 40 °C, and 60 °C. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the BFRP bars are also determined under the same conditions. Results indicate that the mechanical properties of the BFRP bars and the bond strength decrease as the immersion time increases. The addition of fly ash in concrete can improve the interfacial bond strength. For instance, the bond strength of BFRP-ordinary concrete decreases by 69.0% when immersed in a 60 °C alkaline solution for 6 months, and that of BFRP-fly ash concrete decreases by 58.1% in the same immersion environment. The similar experimental phenomenon can also be obtained in seawater, which can be attributed to fly ash refining the concrete pores and inhibiting the reaction of alkaline with silica contained in the basalt fibers. Finally, the retention of bond strength is predicted based on the apparent horizontal shear strength of the BFRP.

Tridimensional nonhydrostatic transient rip currents in a wave-resolving model

Flash rips and surf eddies are transient horizontal structures of the order of 10 to 100 m, which can be generated in the surfzone in the absence of bathymetric irregularities. They are traditionally evaluated in a depth averaged setting which involves intrinsic horizontal shear instabilities and the direct generation of vorticity by short-crested waves. In this article, we revisit the processes of surf eddy generation with a new three-dimensional wave resolution model (CROCO) and provide a plausible demonstration of new 3D non-hydrostatic instability and turbulent cascade. We first present a quick overview of a compressible free surface approach suitable for nearshore dynamics. Its ability to simulate the propagation of surface gravity waves and nearshore wave-driven circulation is validated by two laboratory experiments. Next, we present a real world application from Grand Popo Beach, Benin, forced by waves with frequency and directional spreading. The generation of surf eddies by the 3D model differs from depth-averaged models, due to the vertical shear associated with shallow breaking waves. In this case, the generation of eddies from both horizontal shear instability and the breaking of short-crested waves is hampered, the former by stretching the alongshore current and the latter by inhibiting the inverse energy cascade. Instead, the vertical shear flow is subjected to forced wave group variability and Kelvin–Helmholtz type instability at an inflection point. Primary and secondary instabilities generate spanwise and streamwise vorticity connecting small-scale eddies to larger horizontal surfzone structures. Streamwise filaments, appearing as 5 m wide ribs or mini-rips, can extend beyond the surfzone but with moderate energy. These results appear consistent with the velocity spectra and observed patterns of tracers and suspended sediments at Grand Popo Beach. The timescale associated with the mean shear-induced turbulence is several times the wave period and suggests an intermediate range between breaker-induced turbulence and large-scale surf eddies.

Evaluation of Design Provisions for Horizontal Shear Strength in Composite Precast Concrete Beams with Different Interface Conditions

In a precast concrete (PC) composite beam, the horizontal interface between the PC beam and the cast-in-place (CIP) slab is located either on the compression side or on the tensile side of the cross-section. If the CIP slab is on the compression side, it becomes C-type interface, and if it is on the tensile side, it becomes T-type interface. Tensile cracks in the CIP slab may cause the horizontal shear strength of composite beams to decrease because of the reduced anchorage performance of shear reinforcements as well as the sliding on the interface. Such a tendency can be found from previous test results of specimens having T-type interface. In this study, the results of the push-off test and the beam flexure test were collected and analyzed to evaluate effects on the horizontal shear strength depending on the interface conditions, such as the interface location, surface roughness, concrete compressive strength, and clamping stress by shear connectors. The horizontal shear strength equations of ACI, PCI, AASHTO LRFD, and MC 2010 were evaluated with a database composed of 84 push-off tests and 95 beam tests from previous studies. According to the evaluation, evaluation results show that the design codes predict the horizontal shear strength conservatively for conditions other than the interface location. The horizontal shear strength deviated largely depending on the interface locations. The design codes conservatively estimate the horizontal shear strength for C-type interface, but the horizontal shear strength of T-type interface is overestimated. Based on current studies, it is recommended to use a friction coefficient of 0.7 as MC 2010 when calculating the horizontal shear strength of a composite beam with roughened T-type interface.

Anisotropic turbulent transport with horizontal shear in stellar radiative zones

Context.Turbulent transport in stellar radiative zones is a key ingredient of stellar evolution theory, but the anisotropy of the transport due to the stable stratification and the rotation of these regions is poorly understood. The assumption of shellular rotation, which is a cornerstone of the so-called rotational mixing, relies on an efficient horizontal transport. However, this transport is included in many stellar evolution codes through phenomenological models that have never been tested.Aims.We investigate the impact of horizontal shear on the anisotropy of turbulent transport.Methods.We used a relaxation approximation (also known asτapproximation) to describe the anisotropising effect of stratification, rotation, and shear on a background turbulent flow by computing velocity correlations.Results.We obtain new theoretical scalings for velocity correlations that include the effect of horizontal shear. These scalings show an enhancement of turbulent motions, which would lead to a more efficient transport of chemicals and angular momentum, in better agreement with helio- and asteroseismic observations of rotation in the whole Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Moreover, we propose a new choice for the non-linear time used in the relaxation approximation, which characterises the source of the turbulence.Conclusions.For the first time, we describe the effect of stratification, rotation, and vertical and horizontal shear on the anisotropy of turbulent transport in stellar radiative zones. The new prescriptions need to be implemented in stellar evolution calculations. To do so, it may be necessary to implement non-diffusive transport.

Cyclic strength of loose anisotropically-consolidated calcareous sand under standing waves and assessment using the unified cyclic stress ratio

Progressive and standing waves can produce instability of the seabed and seabed-supported marine structures. In this paper, the stress paths induced by standing waves were deduced to provide a theoretical basis for laboratory element tests to establish the cyclic behavior of marine sediments, which can serve to improve the understanding of seabed liquefaction triggering and its consequences. The cyclic response of loose, isotropically- and anisotropically-consolidated (IC and AC, respectively) calcareous sand under the stress paths derived for standing waves was examined using hollow cylinder torsional shear (HCTS) tests. The stress paths corresponding to standing waves are a vertical line, horizontal line, and ellipse, in a coordinate system consisting of the axial stress difference and the horizontal shear stress, for a soil element located at the nodes, antinodes, and intermediate horizontal positions, respectively. The phase difference, θ, between axial stress difference and horizontal shear stress appears to range from −45° ~ 7° for wave and seabed characteristics representative of the North Sea. The ratio of axial stress difference and horizontal shear stress amplitudes, λ, varies in the real number field. The experimental results indicated that the failure modes of IC and AC specimens are cyclic mobility and residual deformation failure, respectively, irrespective of the stress paths imposed. With the same consolidation state and cyclic stress ratio, CSR, the number of cycles to failure, Nf, is strongly affected by θ and λ. The unified cyclic stress ratio, USR, is proposed to establish a single USR-Nf curve that can suitably describe the general cyclic strength of the calcareous sand specimens under different stress paths for a given consolidation stress ratio. The proposed USR enables estimation of the cyclic strength of IC and AC soils under complex stress paths based on the CSR-Nf curve obtained from conventional cyclic torsional shear or triaxial tests.

Experimental Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Girders with UHPC-Grout Strip Shear Connection

This paper develops a new type of shear connection for steel-concrete composite bridges using Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) as the connection grout. The UHPC-grout strip shear connection is fabricated by preforming a roughened slot in the concrete deck slab, welding an embossed steel rib longitudinally to the upper flange of the steel girder, and casting the strip void between the slot and the steel rib with UHPC grout. The structural performance of the new connection was validated by two sets of experimental tests, including push-out testing of shear connectors and static and fatigue testing of composite beams. The results of push-out testing indicate that the UHPC-grout strip shear connection exhibits a significant improvement of ductility, ultimate capacity, and fatigue performance. The interface shear strength of the UHPC-grout strip connection is beyond 15 MPa, which is about three times that of the strip connection using traditional cementitious grouts. The ultimate capacity of the connection is dominated by the interface failure between the embossed steel and the UHPC grout. The results of composite-beam testing indicate that full composite action is developed between the precast decks and the steel beams, and the composite action remained intact after testing for two million load cycles. Finally, the trail design of a prototype bridge shows that this new connection has the potential to meet the requirements for horizontal shear.

Characteristics of topographic submesoscale eddies off the Crimea coast from high-resolution satellite optical measurements

Long-term arrays of satellite optical measurements of Landsat-5,7,8 and Sentinel-2 were used to describe the characteristics of submesoscale eddy (SE) dynamics in different parts of the Crimean coast: their geometric and kinematic characteristics, the main sites and mechanisms of formation, and impact on the redistribution of suspended matter. The dynamic characteristics of SE were computed on the base of the 4D variational assimilation method from the pair of consecutive Landsat-8/Sentinel-2 images. The orbital velocity of submesoscale cyclonic eddies (SCE) with a diameter of 1 km reaches 0.15 m/s, indicating the cyclostrophic balance with a high Rossby number (RO) exceeding 2. Submesoscale cyclones were detected much more frequently than the usually larger submesoscale anticyclones. High-resolution satellite imagery gives a possibility to observe complex submesoscale dynamic processes, such as the generation of chains of SCE, large cyclones behind the capes consisting of densely packed arrays of SCEs, topographic submesoscale anticyclones with a number of attached SCEs, mushroom-like current structures, and frontal SE. Despite the diversity of the processes considered, several basic mechanisms of formation of submesoscale eddies can be identified on the basis of satellite data: (1) Separation of the boundary current, often wind-driven, behind the capes; (2) barotropic instability due to the horizontal shear on the coastal periphery of mesoscale anticyclones or alongshore currents; (3) formation of the mushroom-like structure due to the interaction of offshore currents with deep waters near the capes or due to offshore winds; and (4) frontal instabilities on the coastal upwelling. The results of the analysis were used to create a scheme of the spatial variability of submesoscale processes near the Crimean coast and compare it to the results of the high-resolution modeling. The model was able to describe the main areas of SE formation, which was located near the major capes. It provides additional data about SE generation near the rocky capes of the South Crimea, where satellite data was limited by the absence of optical tracers.

Review on Seismic Behaviour of Diagrid Structure with Conventional Structure

The major forces that acts on any structure and which can be the cause of major disasters are earthquake and wind. Many researches all over the globe found that tall structures are more vulnerable to disasters as compared to smaller structures And are the major sources of social, environmental degradation after disaster. To minimize the effect of these major forces mentioned above we need to develop such techniques to make structures more resistant thereby minimizing the damage to the society and minimize environmental degradation. For any structure which is going to be constructed strength should be given outmost importance. Advances in development innovation, materials, underlying frameworks and insightful techniques for investigation and configuration worked with the development of tall structures. Underlying model of tall structures is represented by sidelong loads because of wind or quake. Parallel burden opposition of design is given by inside underlying framework or outside primary framework. Generally shear divider center, supported casing and their mix with outlines are inside framework, where parallel burden is opposed by midway found components. While outlined cylinder, supported cylinder underlying framework oppose parallel burdens by components gave on outskirts of design. It is vital that the chose underlying framework is to such an extent that the primary components are used adequately while fulfilling plan prerequisites. As of late diagrid underlying framework is embraced in tall structures because of its primary productivity and adaptability in building arranging. Contrasted with firmly dispersed vertical segments in outlined cylinder, diagrid structure comprises of slanted sections on the outside surface of building. Because of slanted segments sidelong loads are opposed by pivotal activity of the corner to corner contrasted with twisting of vertical segments in outlined cylinder structure. Diagrid structures for the most part don't need center since horizontal shear can be conveyed by the diagonals on the outskirts of building.

3D Modeling of Subsurface Lawanopo Fault In Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Using Grablox and its Consequence to Geohazard

Lawanopo Fault is a horizontal shear fault (sinistral strike-slip) found in Southeast Sulawesi province and is thought to be active during Plio-Pleistocene or mid-late Miocene to the present. This study has been carried out which aims to find out the geometric shapes below the surface of the Lawanopo fault using complete Bouguer anomaly (ABL) data. The ABL data is projected onto a flat plane using the Dampney method at an altitude of 8 km, and the separation of local and regional anomalies is carried out using the upward continuation method at an altitude of 60 km. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling under the surface of the Lawanopo fault is done using the computer program Grablox. Data processing techniques using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Occam inversion. The results showed that a high gravity anomaly of 190-225 mGal was caused by an igneous rock below the surface with a density of 2.7-3.33 gr/cm3 and a thickness of about 13 km, a moderate anomaly of 175-187 mGal caused by Paleozoic igneous rocks aged Carbon with a density of 2.6-2.9 gr/cm3 and a thickness of about 25 km. Low anomaly 115-160 mGal is caused by rocks with a density of 2.0-2.5 gr/cm3 and a thickness of about 22-23 km. The Lawanopo fault constituent rocks consist of alkaline rocks in the basement covered by sediment and metamorphic with a depth of Lawanopo fault more than 15 km and begin to be seen at a depth of 4.3 km of the surface. it is known that the area around the Lawanopo fault is an area prone to earthquakes. But, based on the soil and rock structure around the Lawanopo fault, the compactness and attenuation levels in reducing earthquake waves are quite good, so that land use around the Lawanopo fault tends to be safe.

Coupling resonance effect of interface delamination of laminates excited by horizontal shear wave sources on the surface

Coupling resonance effect of interface delamination of laminates excited by horizontal shear wave sources on the surface is studied by analytical methods based on forced propagation solutions deduced by surface perturbation methods, integral transformation methods and global-matrix methods. The influence of excitation sources on the interface shear stress is investigated. It is found that coupling resonance frequencies of interface shear stress are intrinsic properties of structures and are independent of excitation sources, at which even a very small perturbation can also lead to the interface stratification. The results provide the theoretical basis for layered and/or anti-layered design of laminates.

Working mechanism evaluations and simplified models of corner bracket type inter‐module connections

SummaryIn modular steel buildings, the corner bracket type inter‐module connection is a commonly used way of connecting adjacent modules together. However, the detailed working mechanisms of this connection are still not well known. In this study, the mechanical properties of two corner bracket type inter‐module connections were identified based on reported tests and refined finite element simulations. A simplified multi‐spring model of the corner bracket type inter‐module connections was proposed and was then incorporated into the two‐dimensional analysis of a framed modular building and a braced modular building to investigate the effect of connection properties on lateral sway performance of modular structures. Results indicated that the corner bracket type inter‐module connection had a lower tensile stiffness and resistance than compressive ones. Tensile and bending resistances of the connection were correlated with each other and were determined by the out‐of‐plane prying deformation of bracket endplates. The inter‐module connection possessed the extrusion‐resisting and separation‐permitting behavior between assembled brackets. The lateral sway performance of the pure framed modular building was closely related to the vertical shear stiffness of inter‐module connections. However, in the braced modular building, the tension and horizontal shear stiffnesses of inter‐module connections were the critical aspects.

Statistical interpolation technique based on coherent Doppler lidar for real-time horizontal wind shear observations and forewarning

Coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) has been considered a powerful and reliable tool for horizontal wind shear monitoring since the 1990s. However, radial observations obtained by Doppler lidar are limited in determining sophisticated variations in horizontal wind field and thus the wind shear. In our work, this problem is solved by applying a statistical interpolation technique to a CDL system, which is implemented at Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport (103°E, 36°03′N) since August 2019, for routine observation of the horizontal shear along the pathway of the aircraft. By means of that, the horizontal wind vectors are retrieved in real time and the wind shear is also obtained simultaneously. Compared with radial observations, the accuracy of real-time horizontal wind vectors is indicated with the root mean squared error of 0.504 m · s − 1. During the field campaign, a typical wind shear induced by wind gust is obtained by the CDL system, which moves from south to north with the maximum up to 9.6 m · s − 1 · km − 1. Also, five cases resulting in flights going around are described in detail and compared with the reports from the airport terminal control office. The results reveal that the CDL system is quite suitable for wind shear forewarning for demonstrating the time, position, and intensity of wind shear with acceptable accuracy.

Study of Anisotropy Characteristics of Bogor Volcanic Soil

Anisotropy in soil results from the deposition process which describes the characteristics of the soil grains or is caused by stress or from the consequences of stresses caused during deposition and subsequent erosion. All soils behave in general anisotropy and some exhibit undrained shear strength. This study conducted 2 tests, namely the first field testing with original soil samples in the form of CPTu and dilatometer. The CPTu test's objective is to determine the vertical soil parameters, while the dilatometer is to determine the horizontal soil parameters. This study indicates that the indication of anisotropy in all shear strength tests is evident in the results of the CPTu test and the Dilatometer test. TX - UU and consolidation show that the horizontal shear strength (Suh) is greater than the vertical slope shear strength (Suv). In this case, the ratio obtained for shear strength is Suh = 1.3 Suv. And from the results of the consolidation test in the laboratory, it was found that the horizontal compression index parameter (Cc horizontal) was greater than the vertical (Cc vertical) and the horizontal coefficient of consolidation (Ch) is greater than the vertical coefficient of consolidation (Cv).

The influence of connection stiffness on the dynamic properties and seismic performance of tall cross-laminated timber buildings

It has become common practise to use Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) panels in shear wall applications in buildings around the world. Herein, the influence of the hold-downs, vertical and horizontal shear connections between the CLT panels on the period and stiffness of buildings was investigated. Two prototypes, 12-storey and 18-storey tall, of balloon-type construction were designed. To address the local seismicity of the chosen site in Vancouver, Canada, a range of crustal, subcrustal and subduction ground motions was selected for assessment as per the 2015 National Building Code of Canada. A total of 22 three-dimensional finite element building models with different combinations of connection properties were developed. Modal and time history analyses showed that the horizontal connections have the most significant impact on the overall building stiffness, resulting in up to 47% lager drifts when compared to the baseline model with an assumed rigid connection. The hold-down and vertical connection stiffnesses have lower impact on the dynamic properties and seismic performance of tall CLT buildings. The influence of connection stiffness was found to decrease with the increase of building height for this particular CLT tall building system with the connections designed as in this research.

Frontal Convergence and Vertical Velocity Measured by Drifters in the Alboran Sea

AbstractHorizontal and vertical motions associated with mesoscale (10–100 km) and submesoscale (1–10 km) features, such as fronts, meanders, eddies, and filaments, play a critical role in redistributing physical and biogeochemical properties in the ocean. This study makes use of a multiplatform data set of 82 drifters, a Lagrangian float, and profile timeseries of temperature and salinity, obtained in a ∼1‐m/s semipermanent frontal jet in the Alboran Sea as part of CALYPSO (Coherent Lagrangian Pathways from the Surface Ocean to Interior). Drifters drogued at ∼1‐m and 15‐m depth capture the mesoscale and submesoscale circulation aligning along the perimeter of fronts due to horizontal shear. Clusters of drifters are used to estimate the kinematic properties, such as vorticity and divergence, of the flow by fitting a bivariate plane to the horizontal drifter velocities. Clusters with submesoscale length scales indicate normalized vorticity ζ/f > 1 with Coriolis frequency f and normalized divergence of (1) occurring in patches along the front, with error variance around 10%. By computing divergence from drifter clusters at two different depths, we estimate minimum vertical velocity of (−100 m day−1) in the upper 10 m of the water column. These results are at least twice as large as previous estimates of vertical velocity in the region. Location, magnitude, and timing of the convergence are consistent with behavior of a Lagrangian float subducting in the center of a drifter cluster. These results improve our understanding of frontal subduction and quantify convergence and vertical velocity using Lagrangian tools.

Physical-mechanical performance of bamboo scrimbers made from Bambusa rigida

Bamboo scrimbers (BCs) with excellent performances were made from Bambusa rigida (2 to 5 years old). It was found that BCs made from 3-year-old bamboo have the smallest thickness swelling (TS) and width swelling (WS). BCs prepared from 4-year-old bamboo has the maximum compressive strength (CS) and horizontal shear strength (HSS). The maximum modulus of rapture (MOR) and modulus of elastic (MOE) of BCs were observed in BCs made from bamboo with age of 5 years. Overall, the resin dosage of 11% was optimized to fabricate BCs with different maturing bamboo culms; 4-year-old bamboos were recommended to be used as the raw material for the production of BCs.

Static and Dynamic Analysis of the Shielded Tunnel in Alluvium Soil with 2D FEM Model

Transportation tunnels are strategic parts of all urban development projects. Challenges are faced while selecting the excavation techniques and support types in these underground constructions. Hence, sufficient information and knowledge are required while designing the shield support system in soft ground tunnelling. In this study, a two-dimensional plane strain finite element simulation of a tunnel having 350-mm thick reinforced concrete liner has been carried out. The effects of soil stratification, degree of saturation, and seismic loading have been considered for the analyses. Mohr-Coulomb’s constitutive model has been adopted to simulate the linear elastic-plastic behaviour of soil in static analysis. Furthermore, the dynamic response of horizontal shear waves (S-wave) has also been investigated on the tunnel’s model. It was observed numerically that the stresses and deformation reduced to 15% and 30% respectively when sandy silt (SM), soil layer moved towards liner in stratification analysis. The tangential and radial stresses increased by 24% and 35%, respectively, due to groundwater presence above the crown. Moreover, vertical and horizontal settlements have increased exponentially that led to a reduction in the shear strength of soil due to variation in water level. Also, ovaling (egging) deformation was observed in the liner due to the propagation of seismic shear waves at the base of the tunnel.

Investigating the loads and performance of a model horizontal axis wind turbine under reproducible IEC extreme operational conditions

Abstract. The power generation and loading dynamic responses of a 2.2 m diameter horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) under some of the IEC 61400-1 transient extreme operational conditions, more specifically extreme wind shears (EWSs) and extreme operational gust (EOG), that were reproduced at the WindEEE Dome at Western University were investigated. The global forces were measured by a multi-axis force balance at the HAWT tower base. The unsteady horizontal shear induced a significant yaw moment on the rotor with a dynamic similar to that of the extreme event without affecting the power generation. The EOG severely affected all the performance parameters of the turbine.

Evaluation of the working mechanisms and simplified models of endplate-type inter-module connections

In modular steel buildings, factory prefabricated volumetric modules are assembled onsite to form permanent buildings. The inter-module connections provide a path for load transfer between modules. In this study, the detailed working mechanisms of different load-transfer components in endplate-type inter-module connections are investigated systematically. The effectiveness of commonly used simplified models for inter-module connections is evaluated, and a simplified analytical model with multiple springs is proposed on the basis of cooperative working interactions. The results indicate that the tensile strength of inter-module connections is dramatically lower than the compressive strength, and the moment transfer abilities are closely correlated with the tensile strengths. The horizontal shear resistance is provided initially through contact friction between connected columns, and the shear strength calculations need to consider the contribution of axial loads in module columns. Vertical dislocations between horizontally arranged modules are resisted through inclusion of a continuous gusset plate. The vertical shear resistance of interior inter-module connections can then be calculated based on the shearing action of the intermediate gusset plate within the gap region between horizontally connected columns. The out-of-plane prying deformation at endplates and different stiffnesses and strengths at different load-transfer components lead to nonuniform rotations between connected columns in the connections. The proposed model can effectively simulate the detailed load-transfer abilities of inter-module connections and can be easily applied to the structural analysis of modular steel buildings.