Transverse Plane Research Articles

Intelligent analysis and measurement of semicircular canal spatial attitude.

The primary aim of this investigation was to devise an intelligent approach for interpreting and measuring the spatial orientation of semicircular canals based on cranial MRI. The ultimate objective is to employ this intelligent method to construct a precise mathematical model that accurately represents the spatial orientation of the semicircular canals. Using a dataset of 115 cranial MRI scans, this study employed the nnDetection deep learning algorithm to perform automated segmentation of the semicircular canals and the eyeballs (left and right). The center points of each semicircular canal were organized into an ordered structure using point characteristic analysis. Subsequently, a point-by-point plane fit was performed along these centerlines, and the normal vector of the semicircular canals was computed using the singular value decomposition method and calibrated to a standard spatial coordinate system whose transverse planes were the top of the common crus and the bottom of the eyeballs. The nnDetection target recognition segmentation algorithm achieved Dice values of 0.9585 and 0.9663. The direction angles of the unit normal vectors for the left anterior, lateral, and posterior semicircular canal planes were [80.19°, 124.32°, 36.08°], [169.88°, 100.04°, 91.32°], and [79.33°, 130.63°, 137.4°], respectively. For the right side, the angles were [79.03°, 125.41°, 142.42°], [171.45°, 98.53°, 89.43°], and [80.12°, 132.42°, 44.11°], respectively. This study successfully achieved real-time automated understanding and measurement of the spatial orientation of semicircular canals, providing a solid foundation for personalized diagnosis and treatment optimization of vestibular diseases. It also establishes essential tools and a theoretical basis for future research into vestibular function and related diseases.

Study on ultrasound diagnosis and pathological anatomy of fetal complex congenital heart disease in the first trimester.

To assess the feasibility of using the stereo-microscope to identify the pathological anatomy of the congenital heart diseases in the first trimester. Fifteen fetuses of 8-12 weeks aborted due to prevent miscarriage failure and 42 fetuses of 11-14 weeks with congenital heart diseases were included in the study, we dissected their hearts through a stereo-microscope, then compared with the prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis. Using stereomicroscopy, the positive view of the heart and the great arteries, the long axis view of the aortic arch, the inflow tract view of the bottom heart, the semilunar valve view of the bottom heart, and the transverse section of the ventricle were showed contented and obtained satisfactory images, but the structure of atrioventricular valve and venous system had a lower rate of display. The characteristic pathological changes of cardiac inflow and outflow tract can be obtained by dissecting the heart sequential under the stereo-microscopy. However it is often difficult to obtain satisfactory pathological sections for pulmonary venous abnormalities and Ebstein anomaly.

Retrospective study on the outcomes and satisfaction with endometrial ablation by bipolar energy (NovaSure®) for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding.

To determine the effectiveness, safety, and participant satisfaction with endometrial ablation by bipolar energy (NovaSure®) in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), and to investigate factors associated with poorer outcomes. Multicenter retrospective observational study based on medical record review of the outcomes related to endometrial ablation by the bipolar-energy technique procedure to treat HMB in the setting of three university teaching hospitals in Spain. A total of 333 women were included in the study. Most bipolar-energy ablations were successful (85.12%; n = 269 out of 316), with amenorrhea the most frequent outcome (39.6%, n = 131 out of 316). The majority of participants had no complications (95.5%; n = 317 out of 332), and of those who did, only 2.1% were related to the technique. No further treatment was required for HMB in 82.8% of women (n = 274 out of 331), and surgery was avoided in 91.8%; only 5.9% of women underwent ablation-related hysterectomy. In women with previous transverse cesarean sections (CS), 91.0% avoided subsequent surgical treatment. Eighty-six percent of women (n = 221 out of 257) were satisfied with the procedure. Bipolar-energy ablation is very effective and safe for the treatment of HMB and yielded a high rate of participant satisfaction in our setting. The presence of comorbidities or previous CSmay slightly reduce the effectiveness of the method, while performing concomitant surgery (mainly curettage) increases the rate of complications. Notably, despite the known increased risk of hysterectomy, most participants with previous CSs who underwent ablation avoided major surgery.

An Insert Goniometer Can Help Select the Optimal Insert Thickness When Performing Kinematically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty with a Medial 1:1 Ball-in-Socket and Lateral Flat Surface Insert and Posterior Cruciate Ligament Retention.

Current surgical practices in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have advanced and include significant changes and improvements in alignment philosophies, femorotibial implant conformities, and ligament management to replicate in vivo knee kinematics. While corrective measures have emphasized sagittal plane alignment to restore normal flexion-extension (F-E) motion and coronal plane ligament balance, internal-external (I-E) rotation kinematics in the axial plane have been largely neglected. Recent in vivo evidence indicates that the combination of factors necessary to closely restore native tibial rotation as the knee flexes and extends is kinematic alignment (KA), which resurfaces the patient's pre-arthritic knee without releasing ligaments, an insert with medial 1:1 ball-in-socket conformity and a lateral flat surface, and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) retention. However, the inherent anterior-posterior (A-P) stability provided by the medial 1:1 ball-in-socket limits the surgeon's ability to select the correct insert thickness using manual laxity testing. Accordingly, this review presents the design and validation of an instrument called an insert goniometer that measures I-E tibial rotation for inserts that differ in thickness by 1 mm and uses rotation limits at extension and 90° flexion to select the optimal insert thickness. The optimal thickness is the one that provides the greatest external tibial orientation in extension and internal tibial orientation at 90° flexion without lift-off of the insert.

When Undergoing Thoracic CT (Computerized Tomography) Angiographies for Congenital Heart Diseases, Is It Possible to Identify Coronary Artery Anomalies?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the coronary arteries in patients undergoing thoracic CT angiography for congenital heart disease, to determine the frequency of detection of coronary artery anomalies in congenital heart diseases, and to determine which type of anomaly is more common in which disease. In our investigation, a 128-detector multidetector computed tomography machine was used to perform thorax CT angiography. The acquisition parameters were set to 80-100 kVp based on the patient's age and mAs that the device automatically determined based on the patient's weight. During the examination, an intravenous (IV) nonionic contrast material dose of 1-1.5 mL/kg was employed. An automated injector was used to inject contrast material at a rate of 1.5-2 mL/s. In the axial plane, 2.5 mm sections were extracted, and they were rebuilt with 0.625 mm section thickness. Between October 2022 and May 2024, 132 patients who were diagnosed with congenital heart disease by echocardiography and underwent Thorax CT angiography in our department were retrospectively evaluated. Of the evaluated patients, 32 were excluded with exclusion criteria such as patients being younger than 3 months, older than 18 years, insufficient contrast enhancement in imaging and contrast-enhanced imaging, thin vascular structure, and motion and contrast artifacts; the remaining 100 patients were included in this study. The age range of these patients was 3 months to 18 years (mean age 4.4 years). In congenital heart diseases, attention to the coronary arteries on thoracic CT angiography examination in the presence of possible coronary anomalies may provide useful information.

Pyridine-2-olato bridged dirhodium(III) acyl organometallics: Synthesis, spectroscopic, structural and theoretical studies

The heterogeneous phase reaction of [Rh(MeLsb)(PPh3)2Cl2] (1) with the sodium salt of three different pyridine-2-olato ligands [Na(R‒Opy), R = H, Me, NO2] in dichloromethane–acetone–water medium afforded the complexes of type [Rh(Lal)(PPh3)(R-Opy)]2 (2(R)) in excellent yield. These are the first examples of dirhodium(III) acyl complexes with the bridging pyridine-2-olato ligand. The penta coordinated dirhodium(III) acyl complexes are formed by the cleavage of the RhCl and RhPPh3 bonds of the precursor complex 1. The two R-Opy ligands bridge the two rhodium centers through their OOpy donor centers. The conversion of 1→2(R) is attended with the concomitant hydrolysis of the aldiminium function in 1. The spectral (UV–vis, IR, NMR) data of the complexes are reported. The identity of 2(Me) has been established by single crystal X–ray structure determination which revealed distorted trigonal bipyramidal RhCNO2P coordination sphere. The Rh, C, N and Ophenolato atoms define the equatorial plane whereas Rh, OOpy and P atoms define the axial plane. The electronic structures and absorption spectra of the complexes are also scrutinized by the density functional theory (DFT) and time–dependent DFT calculations.

Ultrastructural and SEM-EDX Analysis Characterizations of the Pecten Oculi of the Eurasian Stone-Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus): New Insights to Its Migratory Adaptations With Northern Egyptian Coast.

Our study represents the first attempts to describe the ultrastructure features in addition to SEM-EDX analysis of the pecten oculi of the nocturnal, visually active Eurasian stone-curlew. The present study was carried out on 10 normal pecten oculi from the migrant Eurasian stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) that was captured from the Northern Egyptian coast, Edku Lake, Edku, Behera, Egypt. The intraocular folded quadrilateral fan black pecten oculi was observed on the posteroinferior wall of the eyeball. The pecten oculi had 18-20 pleats, with narrow spaces in-between. Our SEM findings showed a tortuous, coiled pecteneal surface due to numerous blood capillaries. The apical part was oriented toward the ciliary body, but the basal part was derived from the retina, just behind the optic nerve. The outer pleat surfaces are covered by the vitreopecteneal limiting membrane, which carries numerous hyalocyte cells on the outer pleat surface. The transverse sections revealed numerous blood capillaries surrounded by numerous melanin granules. Each basal part was surrounded by a thin, elevated ridge. Our SEM-EDX analysis revealed that carbon is the highest (half percent), oxygen represents about one-third, and nitrogen is one-fifth percent of all elements. The lowest elements are sulfate at the apical part and phosphorus in the middle and basal parts. In conclusion, our findings reveal that the number of pecteneal pleats is related to the nocturnal active visual pattern and the lifestyle of this migratory bird.

Comparison of histopathological and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test in diagnosing myocardial infarction: An autopsy study

Background Sudden and unexpected deaths are increasing drastically. The main cause of sudden death is cardiovascular disease, out of which coronary artery disease predominates forming 80% of the cases. Most of the time, detecting early changes in myocardial infarction during the autopsy is challenging since gross infarct changes do not appear until after 24 to 48 hours of myocardial ischemia injury. So, the aim of this study was to compare two test to detect early changes of Myocardial Infarction one by using Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) staining of the myocardial tissue, during autopsy and other by histopathological examination. Methods The sample size of 60 hearts taken from all the sudden deaths cases brought to Mortuary with suspected cause of death due to cardiac origin. The heart was obtained from the deceased by standard post-mortem technique. Serial full-thickness transverse sections of the heart were taken at 2 cm intervals from the apex to the atrioventricular groove. All the serial slices of heart are taken for histochemical staining and TTC staining. Results In histopathological examination 34 hearts were diagnosed with myocardial infarction and 26 hearts reported non myocardial infarction. With TTC 40 hearts remained unstained suggestive of myocardial infarction and 20 hearts were stained suggestive of non-infarcted hearts. TTC staining in our study shows an accuracy of 88.33%. Conclusion The result of this study shows that the Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride test, a histochemical staining technique of heart, is reliable approach for forensic pathologists to diagnose early myocardial infarction during the post-mortem examination.

A 85Rb transverse modulation magnetometer in the geophysical range based on atomic alignment states

Abstract We have constructed a transverse modulated magnetometer based on spin alignment in a paraffin-coated 85 Rb cell operated in a geophysical magnetic field of 47.1 µT. When an orthogonal driving magnetic field ( x ^ axis) is resonant on the Larmor frequency ( z ^ axis), we have proposed a new method to zero the static residual magnetic fields in the transverse plane and achieved a sensitivity of 1.8 pT Hz − 1 with bandwidth of 200 Hz. The repump light ( F g = 2 → F e = 2 ) redistributes the populations in the ground state, rendering the state | F g = 2 ⟩ dark. This effect significantly amplifies the optical rotation signals nearly fourfold. The numerical solution of the Liouville equation is in good agreement with the experimental results. By using perturbation treatment and employing appropriate approximations, the derived analytical expressions for optical rotation are deduced to succinctly elucidate the dynamics of atomic alignment under parametric modulation. These outcomes could be extended for the advancement of an alignment magnetometer that has been designed to detect a weak magnetic signal in the geophysical range.

Significant systematic bias of alpha angles measured on MRI compared to various radiographic views in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome.

The aim of this study was to assess the inter-rater reproducibility and inter-method comparability of hip alpha angle measurements on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and plain radiographs in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). A cross-sectional study of patients who were diagnosed with symptomatic FAIS underwent preoperative MRI/MRA with axial oblique and/or radial plane imagingand had preoperative radiographs with anterior-posterior (AP), 45° Dunnand 90° Dunn views. Alpha angle measurements were performed independently by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Inter-rater reproducibility and inter-method comparability between MRI/MRA images and radiographic views were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Ninety-seven patients were included of whom 93 (95.8%) received axial oblique plane images and 54 (55.6%) had radial plane MRI/MRA images. Inter-rater reproducibility was excellent (ICC > 0.9) for all planes on MRI/MRA and radiographs. MRI/MRA axial oblique images had poor (ICC 0.39, 95% CI [0.09, 0.59]), moderate (ICC 0.57, 95% CI [0.18, 0.75])and moderate (ICC 0.64, 95% CI [0.20, 0.81]) comparability with AP, 45° Dunnand 90° Dunn, respectively. MRI/MRA radial plane images had equivocal (0 included in all CIs) comparability with AP (ICC 0.66), 45° Dunn (ICC 0.35)and 90° Dunn (ICC 0.14) radiographs. On average, alpha angle measurements were significantly higher with radial images and lower with axial oblique images, when compared to all radiographic views (p < 0.05), except axial oblique versus 45° Dunn views, where angles measured on axial oblique were significantly larger. Alpha angle measurements taken on axial oblique MRI/MRA images show moderate comparability to radiographic 45° Dunnand 90° Dunn views despite negative bias to measurements taken on radiographic AP and 45° Dunn view. Larger alpha angles were appreciated on MRI/MRA radial and axial oblique views compared to radiographic views supporting the inclusion of MRI/MRA alpha angle measurements to properly identify deformity. Level II.

Effects of occlusal hypofunction on root surface area in patients exhibiting anterior crossbite in skeletal Class III malocclusion: a CBCT study

ABSTRACT Purposes To evaluate and compare the effects of occlusal hypofunction on root surface areas (RSAs) of permanent teeth in patients with Class III and Class I skeletal relationships. Materials and Methods Thirty-two CBCT images of all permanent maxillary and mandibular teeth, except the third molars, from 16 patients (mean age 23.71 ± 4.04 years) exhibiting Class III skeletal relationships and 16 patients (mean age 24.53 ± 4.91 years) exhibiting Class I skeletal relationships were imported into the Mimics software version 15.01. The outer boundaries of the teeth in two-dimensional images were manually identified on each CBCT slice along the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes to construct three-dimensional models. The tooth models were transferred into 3-matic version 7.01 to specify cementoenamel junctions and calculate RSAs. Intra-examiner reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient. The RSAs of each tooth type from the two groups were illustrated and compared using independent t-tests (p < 0.05). Results The RSAs of the maxillary second molars in the skeletal Class III group were significantly higher than those in the skeletal Class I group. There were no significant differences in RSAs between the two groups regarding other tooth types. Conclusions Young adults exhibiting Class III skeletal relationships exhibited significantly greater RSAs in the maxillary second molars. This might be related to occlusal hypofunction during dental root formation.

Relation of native acetabular anteversion to the orientation of transverse acetabular ligament.

Precise positioning of the acetabular component during total hip replacement is the key to achieving optimal implant function and ensuring long-term patient comfort. However, different anatomical variations, degenerative changes, dysplasia, and other diseases make it difficult. In this study, we discuss a method based on the three-dimensional direction of the transverse ligament, predicting native acetabular anteversion with higher accuracy. Angular positions of the acetabulum and direction of the transverse ligament were automatically calculated from routine computed tomography data of 270 patients using a registration algorithm. The relationship between acetabular angles and ligament direction and their relationship with sex, age, and pelvic tilt were sought. These relationships were then modelled using multilinear regression. Including the direction of the transverse ligament in the sagittal and transverse planes as a regressor in the multilinear model explained the variation in acetabular anteversion (R2 = 0.76 for men, R2 = 0.63 for women; standard deviation in prediction: men, 3.92° and women, 4.00°). The results indicate that the ligament was suitable as a guidance structure almost insensitive to the ligament in the sagittal and transverse planes must be considered. Estimation based on the direction in only 1 plane was not sufficiently accurate. The operative acetabular inclination was not correlated with the direction of the ligament. The correlations were higher in men than in women.

Evaluation of stresses on the surface of production columns equipped with sand filters when downing into a horizontal well

Relevance. The need to estimate the time of formation sand accumulation near the annulus of a horizontal well and the unit length of filter elements in the bottom of production strings and to determine the stresses on the surface of production strings equipped with sand filters when lowering into the well. Aim. Based on a study of the reasons for the continued flow of sand into wells equipped with anti-sand filters, to develop and propose measures related to the need to choose a reduction in the number of filters that provide the design flow rate of a horizontal well or a significant increase in the length of the filtering surface of the filters in order to reduce erosive wear of the wire winding. Objects. We are considering a well with a horizontal section, equipped with sand filters, the same size as the casing strings. It was assumed that the integrity of the surface of the filter elements would be preserved and the conditions for their destruction would be eliminated when lowering into the horizontal shaft. This presupposes the necessary efficient operation of the well throughout the entire operational period. The section of the first set of curvature and the forces arising during this are considered as wellas stability of a pipe string during possible stops. Centralizers are evenly located along the length of the column, then in some sections we will have a multi-span statically indeterminate beam, in each section of which a radial load acts. Methods. When studying the time of formation sand accumulation in the annular space of a horizontal well and a unit length of filter elements in the bottom of production strings, it is necessary at the first stage to determine the stresses on the surface of production strings equipped with sand filters when lowering into the well. Studying the assessment of the existence time of the transition period is of particular interest. This is, in other words, during what operational period there is a complete accumulation of formation sand in the annular space and the transition of formation drainage along the entire length of the horizontal wellbore to drainage of only zones adjacent to the filters. To calculate the fluid flow rate when the annular space of the horizontal well is completely filled with sand, the design values ​​of the AC4.8 formation parameters were used. The maximum value of depressions used in the calculations is assumed to be 1.5 MPa. Results. Consideration of situations that arise when filters are lowered into horizontal wells indicates that the outer surface of the filter elements is not protected from destruction as a result of contact stresses with the walls of the drilled wellbore. To protect against destruction and rubbing open gaps by clay-containing rocks, rigid centralizers should be installed along the edges of the filter elements, the maximum allowable distances between which should not exceed 4.0–4.5 m.

Investigating Factors Influencing Crash Severity on Mountainous Two-Lane Roads: Machine Learning Versus Statistical Models

Due to poor road design, challenging terrain, and difficult geological conditions, traffic accidents on mountainous two-lane roads are more frequent and severe. This study aims to address the lack of understanding of key factors affecting accident severity with the goal of improving mountainous traffic safety, thereby contributing to sustainable transportation systems. The focus of this study is to compare the interpretability of model performances with three statistical models (Ordered Logit, Partial Proportional Odds Model, and Multinomial Logit) and six machine learning models (Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Extra Trees, AdaBoost, and XGBoost) on two-lane mountain roads in Yunnan Province, China. Additionally, we assessed the ability of these models to uncover underlying causal relationships, particularly how accident causes affect severity. Using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method, we interpreted the influence of risk factors in the machine learning models. Our findings indicate that machine learning models, especially XGBoost, outperform statistical models in predicting accident severity. The results highlight that accident patterns are the most significant determinants of severity, followed by road-related factors and the type of colliding vehicles. Environmental factors like weather, however, have minimal impact. Notably, vehicle falling, head-on collisions, and longitudinal slope sections are linked to more severe accidents, while minor accidents are more frequent on horizontal curve sections and areas that combine curves and slopes. These insights can help traffic management agencies develop targeted measures to reduce accident rates and enhance road safety, which is critical for promoting sustainable transportation in mountainous regions.

Using the dispersion model of a chiral metamaterial to calculate the characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous reflective and waveguide structures

Currently, metamaterials are actively used in the creation of microwave and optic devices for various purposes. This is due to their non-traditional properties, compared to dielectric, conductive and other materials. One type of metamaterial is chiral media, which contain conductive microelements of mirror asymmetric shape. Such metamaterials have dispersion and, as a consequence, it is necessary to take it into account when developing various microwave structures. The work demonstrates taking into account the dispersion of the dielectric constant and the chirality parameter for calculating waveguide and reflecting structures with homogeneous and inhomogeneous chiral layers. The work carried out an electrodynamic analysis of the reflective properties of an inhomogeneous chiral layer and a rectangular waveguide, with a homogeneous layer of chiral metamaterial located in the transverse plane. The work has developed a method for calculating the reflection and transmission coefficients of an optical wave from the inhomogeneous chiral structure under consideration, which is based on the use of the differential sweep method. When constructing a mathematical model, we took into account the cross-polarization of the optical wave field, which consists in the appearance of orthogonal components during the interaction of the field with a chiral metamaterial. The solution to the problem was reduced to a matrix differential equation for the unknown reflection coefficients of the main and cross-polarized components of the optical field. The work examined chiral metamaterials with linear and parabolic inhomogeneity profiles. The results of the work can be applied in the design of new microwave and optics devices with layers of metamaterial, which can expand their functionality.

Validity of Valor Inertial Measurement Unit for Upper and Lower Extremity Joint Angles.

Inertial measurement units (IMU) are increasingly utilized to capture biomechanical measures such as joint kinematics outside traditional biomechanics laboratories. These wearable sensors have been proven to help clinicians and engineers monitor rehabilitation progress, improve prosthesis development, and record human performance in a variety of settings. The Valor IMU aims to offer a portable motion capture alternative to provide reliable and accurate joint kinematics when compared to industry gold standard optical motion capture cameras. However, IMUs can have disturbances in their measurements caused by magnetic fields, drift, and inappropriate calibration routines. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to validate the joint angles captured by the Valor IMU in comparison to an optical motion capture system across a variety of movements. Our findings showed mean absolute differences between Valor IMU and Vicon motion capture across all subjects' joint angles. The tasks ranged from 1.81 degrees to 17.46 degrees, the root mean squared errors ranged from 1.89 degrees to 16.62 degrees, and interclass correlation coefficient agreements ranged from 0.57 to 0.99. The results in the current paper further promote the usage of the IMU system outside traditional biomechanical laboratories. Future examinations of this IMU should include smaller, modular IMUs with non-slip Velcro bands and further validation regarding transverse plane joint kinematics such as joint internal/external rotations.

Pharmacognostical study of stem and bark of bauhinia vahlii (wight &amp; arn)

Bauhinia is known by its medicinal effect in the body system as because it is used in many disease for their initial treatment with no such sevier side effect. This research based on the testing of the plant Bauhinia vahlii and its wide analysis. Plant was collected mainly from threeregions of India Uttarakhand (Pithoragarh, Kathgodam, Gathiya). Stem and Bark part of the plant is taken for research. The research elaborates transverse and longitudinal section of this plant. Research include analysis and testing of the plant with addition of it chromatography by the HPTLC. The complete research done by study of steam and bark of the plant Bauhinia vahlii. The result obtain by the research in the constituents of steam and bark clearly shows all the characterization and positive approach towards the health benefit of it. As traditionally it is seen to usage of its leaf in the covering of some edible sweets like singauri because of its extraordinary pharmaceutical benefits which seems in the result came by this research. This creeper like medicinal plant with structurally wide leaf is widely grows in the hilly areas of Uttarakhand by itself.

Pupil to limbus diameter ratio as an emerging autonomic function test and its correlation with anthropometric parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is a physiological change in normal females, indicating the proper functioning of both endocrine and reproductive health. The pupil to limbus diameter (PLD) ratio is defined as the ratio of pupil diameter measured at an axial plane to the limbus diameter measured at the same or a parallel axial plane. Alterations in estrogen and progesterone levels may influence cardiac autonomic functions. This study aimed to correlate the PLD ratio with anthropometric parameters, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), during different phases of the menstrual cycle among medical students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among first- and second-year female MBBS students aged 17 to 22 years. Anthropometric parameters, including height, weight, BMI, and WC, were measured for all participants. Eye photographs were taken during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and the diameters were measured manually using the two-box method. The PLD ratios for both eyes showed a significant positive correlation with BMI (right eye: r = 0.682, p &lt; 0.000; left eye: r = 0.430, p &lt; 0.000) and waist circumference (right eye: r = 0.456, p &lt; 0.000; left eye: r = 0.315, p &lt; 0.001). The PLD ratio can serve as a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective autonomic function test.

Mixed phase iron oxides thin layers by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition method

This paper provides a simple method for producing a metal oxide thin layer methodology by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) synthesis over stainless steel substrates. This methodology enables the formation of thin iron oxide layers at its performance at various temperatures of 330 °C, 430 °C, and 530 °C. The deposition arises from thermal decomposition of the iron organometallic precursor Fe3(CO)12, forming a thin layer of iron oxide is, by the ozone present in the reaction chamber promoting the deposition of the iron oxide particles over the substrate. The Raman characterization suggest that at 330 °C, a mixture of hematite and magnetite is predominant on the as deposited substrates, also hematite modes show to be more pronounced as the band at 300 cm-1 narrows. Conversely, magnetite is prominent at higher synthesis temperatures, exhibiting a more intense Eg5 mode at 680 cm-1. The particles exhibit a uniform morphology, with both metal oxide phases coexisting. The average diameter of the particles is 50 nanometers as scanning electronic microscopy shows in a transversal sample section.•The formation of particles is attributed to the combination of iron ions +2 and +3 in the deposition process and their interaction with oxygen in the given synthesis parameters at atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD).

Prevalence of Malocclusion among School aged Children and Adolescents in Kabul, Afghanistan

One of the major public health concerns is the prevalence of malocclusion among school-aged children. Malaligned teeth and incorrect jaw posture are referred to as malocclusion, and they can cause a number of functional and cosmetic problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of malocclusion in school-aged children and adolescents in Kabul, Afghanistan. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry, Kabul University of Medical Sciences “Abu Ali Ibn Sina” (KUMS). The data were collected from High schools in Kabul, Afghanistan during 2019 and 2020. A sample of 479 children and adolescents, 236 females (49.3%) and 243 males (50.7%) 8-18 years old (mean age 14.16±2.8) were randomly selected from four high schools of different districts of Kabul city. We used the angle classification for sagittal plane malocclusion; open bite and deep bite for vertical plane malocclusions; cross bites for transverse plane malocclusion; midline diastema, spacing and crowding show the tooth material and arch length discrepancies. This study demonstrated that only 41 (8.6%) of subjects had normal occlusion while 92.4% of subjects had different types of malocclusions. Class I malocclusion was found in 275 subjects ( (57.4%, class II Division 1 in 63 subjects (13.1%), Class II Division 2 in 64 subjects (13.4%), Class III malocclusion in 36 subjects (7.5%), moreover, crowding in 183 (38.2%), spacing in 79 (16.5%), midline diastema in 54 (11.3%), crossbite in 77 subjects (16.1%), open bite in 23 subjects (4.8%) and deep overbite in 44 subjects (9.2%) were found. According to Angle’s classification of malocclusion class I malocclusion was the most prevalent malocclusion and class III was the least prevalent malocclusion in school-aged children and adolescents in Kabul city.