Horizontal Screw Research Articles

Evaluation of Counter Current Horizontal Screw Extractor’s Performance in Determining Leaching Equilibrium of Clitoria ternatea Anthocyanins

Anthocyanin compounds as natural coloring substances contained in Clitoria ternatea flowers have higher antioxidant activity than anthocyanins from other flower extracts. Obtaining anthocyanin extract from Clitoria ternatea flower can be done using the solid-liquid extraction method. The objectives of this study include making a leaching equilibrium diagram of Clitoria ternatea flowers and determining the optimum L/S ratio and the number of equilibrium stages in the counter current horizontal screw extractor. In the maceration process, a leaching equilibrium diagram is produced, which is then used to design and determine the number of equilibrium stages. The equilibrium diagram of anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea flowers with a gradient slope to the right is in accordance with the literature so that the equilibrium diagram can be used in the design of the extraction unit and the calculation of the theoretical stage of the multi-stage extraction unit. Based on the equilibrium diagram, the Number of Transfer Units (NTU) of 4 stages and the Height of the Transfer Unit value of this process is 0.105 m.

Innovative Approaches to Wear Reduction in Horizontal Powder Screw Conveyors: A Design of Experiments-Guided Numerical Study

Numerical simulations play a vital role in the modern engineering industry, especially when faced with interconnected challenges such as particle interactions and the structural integrity of conveyor systems. This article focuses on the handling of materials and emphasizes the importance of using parametric numerical analysis to improve efficiency, reduce wear, and enhance the structural integrity of horizontal screw conveyors. Through the utilization of the Design of Experiments, we systematically investigated critical parameters such as screw pitch, clearance, wear, rotational velocity, and additional structural factors. This examination was carried out within a well-defined parametric framework, utilizing a combination of software tools provided by the Ansys suite and Minitab. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the Design of Experiments analysis in achieving improved performance and provide valuable insights for engineers and researchers involved in the design of conveyor systems. Furthermore, this comprehensive approach clarifies how conveyor systems respond to changes in parameters and highlights the complex interaction between transported particles and the conveyor system. We present a detailed analysis that clarifies the complex relationships and dependencies among different parameters, providing engineers and researchers with valuable insights. By understanding the interactions of these factors, the methodology provides not only results but also a strategic framework for advancing conveyor system design and engineering practices.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КОЛИЧЕСТВА ПЕРЕМЕЩАЕМОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ШНЕКОВЫМ ДОЗАТОРОМ В РЕЖИМЕ ТОРМОЖЕНИЯ

Screw conveyors have found application in the food, processing and chemical industries. Depending on the characteristics of the transported raw materials, conveyors of various designs are used. Due to a number of advantages in the production of dry bulk feed mixtures for farm animals, it is rational to use horizontal screw dispensers of a closed type driven by asynchronous electric motors. To increase the life of asynchronous motors, their operating mode provides for smooth braking, which affects the accuracy of dosing feed components. In this regard, the purpose of the research was formulated – to determine the influence of the structural and technological parameters of screw dispensers on the amount of material to be moved during the braking of the screw. Calculations were performed for a standard DSh-60 auger using well-known laws of mechanics. When considering the calculation scheme, it was revealed that in the screw braking mode, the mass of the dosed materials is influenced by the material supply and the screw rotation frequency. The permissible ranges of the screw rotation frequency have been experimentally established when it changes in the braking mode, which are in the range from 94.8 min-1 to 18.7 min-1. As a result of the calculations carried out, it was revealed that as the screw rotation frequency increases in the specified range, the amount of material moved by it increases by 3.7 times. The lowest feed value for the screw in question is set, which is 0.8 kg/min (at = 18.7 min-1), and the minimum mass moved by the DSh-60 screw in braking mode is 19 g. Calculated values of the mass of the dosed component can be entered into the screw control program to adjust the dosing accuracy.

Production and characterization of wood biochar from energetic forests by pyrolysis in a horizontal screw reactor

Production and characterization of wood biochar from energetic forests by pyrolysis in a horizontal screw reactor

Design and Development of Single Flight Horizontal Screw Conveyor Metering Mechanism for Disposing Vermicompost Manure into Subsurface of Soil

Design and Development of Single Flight Horizontal Screw Conveyor Metering Mechanism for Disposing Vermicompost Manure into Subsurface of Soil

Analysis of Coal Transportation Efficiency of Horizontal Screw Conveyor Based on EDEM

In order to analyze the coal conveying capacity of horizontal screw conveyor, the pitch, blade thickness and speed are combined in order, and the EDEM orthogonal test is carried out with the conveying time of a certain number of particles as the test index, and the simulation is carried out to explore the influence of test factors on the test index. The research shows that the larger the pitch, the shorter the time it takes to transport the same batch of materials, and the higher the transportation efficiency. Blade thickness has little effect on material transportation efficiency, and increasing the thickness of spiral blades can increase the strength of blades. In a certain range, the higher the rotating speed, the shorter the time it takes to transport the same batch of materials. However, after the rotating speed is too high, the particles will rebound and hit the wall due to the increase of centrifugal force. When the number of particles decreases gradually, the collision will be more obvious, which will lead to the unstable forward transportation of materials and even the backward movement of materials. Thereby reducing the transportation efficiency. This situation shows that when the speed is too high, its conveying capacity will decrease. The optimal combination is pitch 500mm, blade thickness 6mm and rotating speed 90r/min.

Effect of sagittal screw angle and distance of screw apex to superior endplate on adjacent segment disease after posterolateral lumbar fusion: a retrospective study

BackgroundNumerous complications of lumbar fusion surgery have been reported, with adjacent segment disease (ASD) being one of the most important. Few studies describe the effect of sagittal, horizontal screw angles and distance of pedicle screw apex to superior endplate on the incidence of ASD in lumbar spine. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the hypothesis that unsatisfactory pedicle screw insertion positions would increase the likelihood of ASD.MethodsOutpatients with lumbar spinal stenosis underwent posterolateral lumbar fusion at L4-S1 with a least 2-year follow-up were studied. ASD at L3–L4 was defined as a condition in which intervertebral disk narrowing, posterior vertebral opening, and vertebral slippage progress at the last follow-up in comparison with the postoperative. Independent t test was performed to compare data between two groups; Spearman analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between two continuous variables. Multivariate binary logistic models were performed to identify the independent risk factors of ASD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to measure model discrimination and Hosmer–Lemeshow (H–L) test was used to measure calibration. ROC curve evaluated the discrimination ability of sagittal screw angle and distance in predicting incidence of ASD.ResultsPatients in ASD group exhibit higher incidence of osteoporosis, higher Visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), bigger sagittal screw angle, shorter distance of pedicle screw apex to superior endplate than those in non-ASD group (p < 0.05). VAS, ODI at the last follow-up were positively correlated with Pfirrmann grade of L3–4 disk and sagittal screw angle, while negatively correlated with distance of screw apex to superior endplate (p < 0.05). Multivariate binary logistic model indicated that follow-up time (odds ratio [OR] 1.637, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.186–2.260), distance of screw apex to superior endplate (OR 0.150, 95% CI 0.067–0.336), sagittal screw angle (OR 2.404, 95% CI 1.608–3.594) were statistically significant. The models showed great discrimination and calibration. The area under the curve of ASD identified by sagittal angle and distance was 0.895 and the cut-off values were 5.500° and 6.250 mm, respectively.ConclusionSagittal screw angle and distance of screw apex to superior endplate were significantly associated with the risk of ASD.

Optimization Design of an Alfalfa Seed Airflow Collection and Drainage System Based on Numerical Simulation

In order to improve the working performance of an Alfalfa air conveyor, a type of horizontal screw conveyor with a seed stirring function was designed. The working process of the horizontal screw conveyor was co-simulated by EDEM software and ADAMS software. The effects of a seed stirring mechanism on population movement characteristics, population stress, the seed mass flow rate and the variation coefficient of each index were obtained. The results showed that the stirring mechanism can effectively improve the mobility of the population, reduce the local dead zone of the population, and increase the material filling coefficient between the spiral blades. Under the same working conditions, the horizontal screw conveyor with a stirring mechanism has a higher conveying efficiency and better conveying uniformity. In order to optimize the structure parameters of the Venturi injector diffuser and improve seeding efficiency and uniformity, EDEM software and Fluent software were used to co-simulate the seeding process. The influence of diffuser structure parameters on the working performance of the Venturi injector was analyzed by taking the changes in pressure and velocity in the inner flow field of the pipeline and the velocity and force of seed particles as indices. The results showed that when the diffusion angle is 5°, the length of the diffusion section is 200 mm and the length of the mixing section is 50 mm, the pressure loss of the Venturi ejector is the smallest, the outlet air velocity is the largest, the uniformity of seed feeding is the best and the seed feeding efficiency is the highest. Taking the inlet air pressure and particle feeding efficiency as test factors and the variation number of ejector discharge as test index, a two-factor and five-level full factor test was carried out, and the range and variance analyses were carried out. The results showed that the seed feeding rate and the inlet wind pressure had significant effects on the coefficient of variation. The optimal combination of working parameters was 1.6 kpa inlet wind pressure and 1.8 g/s particle feeding efficiency.

Mass flow rate prediction of screw conveyor using artificial neural network method

Screw conveyors are widely used in granular transportation to provide an efficient and steady flow rate. DEM is a numerical method used to predict flow behaviors of granular material effectively. However, this method is computationally intensive. In this work, an artificial network model was trained using DEM simulation results to reduce computational cost while keeping the estimation accuracy. The main drawback of this technique is that it requires large number of data which is time consuming when a series of DEM simulation results with varying parameters are used to train the network mainly for screw conveyor applications. To get beyond this limitation, the DOE approach was used to optimize ANN parameters by performing significantly fewer virtual experiments. Moreover, the effect of particle shape on mass flow rate was also considered using single and clumped spheres. The trained artificial neural network was able to predict mass flow rate accurately and highly efficiently by taking into account both screw conveyor related parameters and granular particle related parameters as inputs. For validation of ANN, experimental tests were performed using polypropylene granular material. The findings showed that the proposed model by ANN was also in a good agreement with the experimental data for horizontal screw conveyor.

Penerapan Teknologi Tepat Guna Mesin Pengaduk Pakan Puyuh dengan Metode Horizontal Screw Rotary System di Desa Kedungrejo Kecamatan Muncar

Some of the problems with quails are the price of feed, quails die when laying eggs, and mixing feed manually, so that egg sales cannot cover the cost of feed. The solution offered through this service program is to apply a horizontal screw type mixer machine and provide training on optimal feed composition to reduce the number of quail deaths when laying eggs and increase the number of egg production by evenly mixing the feed. The pre-implementation of this service began with a survey to partner locations in Kedungrejo Village, Muncar, Banyuwangi to discuss the problems of partner and their solutions. The application, operational assistance, and maintenance of a 125 kg capacity mixer machine are carried out in the implementation of the service, as well as training in making optimal feed compositions. The uses of this machine slightly reduce the financial benefits, but it is very helpful in terms of energy and time in mixing the feed, so there are more positive sides with the use of this machine.

Importance of residence-time control of industrial screw-conveying reactors: Application to dilute-acid hydrolysis of biomass

Horizontal screw reactors are utilized in biorefineries for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of xylan, which is a multi-step chemical reaction requiring accurate residence-time control. However, it is difficult to obtain online analytical measurement of reactant species. A residence-time distribution (RTD) is exhibited whose characteristics influence species yields. Sensitivity of product yield to RTD was investigated to understand the relative importance of operating control vs. inherent reactor dispersion. We find that reactor operation using a commonly used theoretical residence-time relationship can result in substantial yield losses. Instead, a model that accounts for the actual reactor RTD provides much improved results. The dispersion caused by reactor conditions only slightly hinders achieving theoretical optimal xylose yield (less than 3% yield loss for coefficient of variation less than 0.35), provided a validated RTD model is used to target the desired mean residence-time. In contrast, neglecting to account for the RTD by using the simplistic theoretical calculation results in xylose yields that are as much as 16% lower than the theoretical maximum.

Discrete numerical simulation of performance analysis of horizontal trough-free screw conveyor in dynamic equilibrium state

A horizontal trough–free screw conveyor can be employed to achieve the directional flow of materials on a free surface, and the material flow is complex under different operating parameters. A Discrete Element Method model was developed to study the effects of three operating parameters on the screw performance and material flow characteristics in the dynamic equilibrium state. The mass flow rate increased linearly proportional to the lowering depth, but the relationship with the translational velocity was nonlinear. The effective conveying rate decreased after the materials were thrown back over the top of the shaft. Mass of each material group was defined as a function of group 1, and the mass increase factor was quantitively calculated. The increase in the rotational velocity had insignificant effect on the increase in conveying capacity. When the velocity exceeded 360 r/min, the torque and power suddenly increased, but the mass flow rate remained largely unchanged.

Numerical simulation and experiment of grain motion in the conveying system of ratooning rice harvesting machine

The mixtures, grains, and residues in the ratooning rice harvesting machine need to be conveyed forward, backward, upward, and downward. Due to such operations, often accumulation and blockage take place at the intersection of a horizontal-vertical screw conveyor, resulting in low efficiency, high power consumption, and even grain damage. In this study, a CFD-DEM approach was applied to address the above problems. Firstly, a pneumatic conveying device was designed for ratooning rice, and then the motion of the rice grains and airflow field was analyzed in detail. The effects of different cross-sectional heights and lengths of the contraction section related to the mixing cavity were examined. Finally, the three-factor quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination method was adopted in the experiment, and the fan velocity, filling coefficient, and speed of the horizontal screw conveyor were taken as test factors. The results showed that with the increasing cross-sectional height of the contraction section in the mixing cavity, the grain velocity decreased and the dispersity increased. With increasing length of the contraction section in the mixing cavity, the area of the high-speed airflow zone increased and the diffusion effect was enhanced. At the fan velocity of 2700 r/min, the filling coefficient was 0.41, the speed of the horizontal screw conveyor was 1173 r/min, and the outlet flow optimization index was the highest, which was 45.9% higher than that obtained without airflow. Keywords: ratooning rice, screw conveyor, grain motion, harvesting machine, CFD-DEM DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221503.6681 Citation: Liu W J, Luo X W, Zeng S, Zang Y, Wen Z Q, Zeng L, et al. Numerical simulation and experiment of grain motion in the conveying system of ratooning rice harvesting machine. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(3): 103–115.

An Approach to Intraoperatively Identify the Coronal Plane Deformities of the Distal Tibia When Treating Tibial Fractures with Intramedullary Nail Fixation: a Retrospective Study.

ObjectiveTo develop a new approach to intraoperatively identify the presence of coronal plane deformities (both valgus and varus) when treating tibial fractures with closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted by enrolling 33 consecutive patients with tibial fractures who received closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation from January 2018 to January 2019 at our trauma center. Out of the 33 patients, 23 were males and 10 were females and the average age was 41 years (ranging 22 to 69 years of age). Standard anteroposterior and lateral preoperative radiographs were routinely performed. After intraoperatively inserting the tibial intramedullary nail through the standard entry point, the parallel relationship between the distal horizontal interlocking screw and the tibiotalar joint surface on the anteroposterior fluoroscopy was used to determine the occurrence of valgus or varus deformities of the distal tibial fragment. Radiographic and clinical outcomes were analyzed using the average interval from injury to surgery, the lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA) of the unaffected and affected sides, complications and the Olerud–Molander ankle score.ResultsAll 33 patients were postoperatively followed for 13 to 25 months (mean 18.7 months). The fractures achieved bone union at an average of 4.3 months (ranging from 3 to 6 months). The total complication rate was 60.6% (20 cases), including four cases that showed deep vein thrombosis, one case showing an infection and delayed union and 15 cases showing slight to moderate anterior knee pain. The postoperative LDTA of the unaffected side measured 87.3° to 89.6 ° (average 88.7° ± 0.8°), and the LDTA of the affected side was 87.5° to 90.4° (average 88.9° ± 1.1°). There was no significant difference between the unaffected and affected sides (t = −1.865, P = 0.068). The intraoperative measurement indicated six cases of valgus angulation and three cases of varus angulation deformities, and all deformities were corrected during surgery. According to the Olerud–Molander ankle score, clinical outcomes demonstrated 22 excellent cases, eight good cases, two fair cases, and one poor case 12 months after surgery.ConclusionThe parallel relationship between the distal horizontal interlocking screw and tibiotalar joint surface on intraoperative anteroposterior films were able to determine the onset of valgus or varus angulations of the distal tibial fragment in the fracture zone after the tibial intramedullary nail was inserted through the standard entry point.

Powder Injection Moulding and Liquid Phase Sintering of Aluminium - SiC Particulate Composite

Metal matrix composite has been increasingly appreciated by many engineering applications due it its tailored properties for specific uses. Powder injection moulding is one of the most effective composite processing essentially for small and complex parts. Moulding of feedstock is the key step determining green and sintered properties. This research investigated effects of moulding parameters which are % solid loading and moulding speed on microstructure and properties of aluminium composite. Commercial aluminium alloy powder and SiC particulate at 15 vol.% addition were formulated at 55 % and 60 % solid loading. Injection moulding were operated using a horizontal screw driven typed machine at 1600-1800 rpm speed and 280 - 300 °C moulding temperature. After sintering at 655 °C, property assessment via microstructure, density, % shrinkage, distortion and hardness were carried out. It was found that feedstock of 55 % solid loading occasionally led to flash problem while that of higher solid loading experienced higher viscosity to fulfill four-cavity mould. Moulding speed investigated did not significantly affect mould filling and overall properties. Sintered microstructures generally showed well-distributed SiC particulate in the aluminium matrix. The optimum injection moulding condition was the feedstock prepared at 60% solid loading, moulding at 1800 rpm speed, which offered theoretical density of greater than 98.5 % and micro Vickers hardness of 125.2 Hv.

Anatomical Study on the Safety of Anterior Cervical Craniovertebral Fusion with Clival Screw Placement in Children Aged 1-6 Years.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the safety of clival screw placement in children aged 1–6 years.MethodsThe cranial computed tomography data of 92 children aged 1–6 years were divided into three groups, according to age, for three-dimensional reconstruction. Three clival screw placement points were defined: (1) median point A at the middle and upper third of the tripartite distance from the spheno-occipital synchondrosis to the base of the skull; (2, 3) critical points B and C on the horizontal line with point A, where the screw placement passage was parallel to the sagittal plane. Parameters such as the passage length and angle were measured for horizontal, vertical facial, and extreme screw placement.ResultsThe length parameters of the clival screw placement increased with age, and the screw passage length was the shortest for the vertical facial type in each age group. There were significant differences in all three groups between the length of screw placement in the vertical bone surface, the length of screw placement in the horizontal direction, and the length of screw placement on the limit at points A, B, and C (P < 0.05); the length of screw placement on the vertical bone surface was the shortest. There was no significant difference between the horizontal screw length at point A and the extreme screw length (P > 0.05). The difference between the horizontal screw length and the extreme screw length in the groups aged 1–2 years and 5–6 years was statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the horizontal screw length was longer.ConclusionThe cranial slope of children aged 1–6 years has the morphological basis for the placement of 3.5 mm screws, and each placement point has a safe angle range for screw placement.

Performance Evaluation of a Small-Scale Mechanical Fish Feeder

The performance evaluation of an existing mechanical fish feeder was carried out. Floating feeds of sizes 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm at constant moisture content of 13 % were fed into the feeder. The feeder was powered by a 3-phase, 1.5 kW reducing gear electric motor at speed 40 rpm, 50 rpm, 60 rpm, 70 rpm and 80 rpm machine. It was observed that the horizontal screw conveyor effectively transported the material from the hopper to the discharged point. The results obtained from the tests showed an optimal performance of the machine at speed 50 rpm with dispensing efficiency of 93.1 % for 2 mm feed size, while the throughput was 75.76 kg/h at motor speed of 80 rpm also for the 2 mm fish feed size. The ANOVA at p ≤ 0.05 showed that machine speed has significant effect on its dispensing efficiency and the throughput capacity. The cost of production of the mechanical fish feeder was ₦262,300 which made it affordable for young entrepreneurs.

Performance Evaluation of a Small-Scale Mechanical Fish Feeder

The performance evaluation of an existing mechanical fish feeder was carried out. Floating feeds of sizes 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm at constant moisture content of 13 % were fed into the feeder. The feeder was powered by a 3-phase, 1.5 kW reducing gear electric motor at speed 40 rpm, 50 rpm, 60 rpm, 70 rpm and 80 rpm machine. It was observed that the horizontal screw conveyor effectively transported the material from the hopper to the discharged point. The results obtained from the tests showed an optimal performance of the machine at speed 50 rpm with dispensing efficiency of 93.1 % for 2 mm feed size, while the throughput was 75.76 kg/h at motor speed of 80 rpm also for the 2 mm fish feed size. The ANOVA at p ? 0.05 showed that machine speed has significant effect on its dispensing efficiency and the throughput capacity. The cost of production of the mechanical fish feeder was ?262,300 which made it affordable for young entrepreneurs.

Analytical Comparison between the Speed of Screw and Crank-Rocker Based Pick and Place Mechanisms for Seedling Tray Seeding Machine

In this study the operational speed of screw based pick and place mechanism was compared with that of a crank-rocker based pick and place mechanism analytically for the design of a seeding machine for system of rice intensification (SRI) seedling tray. The configurations of the two types of mechanisms were generated based on their positions relative to a seedling tray conveyor and size of seeding manifold. The screw based mechanism consists of a vertical screw to which the seeding manifold was mounted and a horizontal screw to which the vertical mechanism was mounted. The vertical screw bearing the seeding manifold reciprocates down to pick seeds from seed container and back to the initial position. The horizontal screw translates horizontally to deliver the vertical screw bearing the seeding manifold to the seedling tray on the conveyor. The crank-rocker based mechanism consists of a pair of crank-rocker carrying a seeding manifold in between them. The mechanism rotates clock wise to pick seed and counter clock wise to drop the seed on the seedling tray. The time required for a complete pick and place circle was computed for both mechanisms using basic mechanics principles. Crank-rocker mechanism with a theoretical pick and place period of 1 second was found to be better than the screw based mechanism with 78.8 second per pick and place circle.

Analytical Comparison between the Speed of Screw and Crank-Rocker BasedPick and Place Mechanisms for Seedling Tray Seeding Machine

In this study the operational speed of screw based pick and place mechanism was compared with that of a crank-rocker based pick and place mechanism analytically for the design of a seeding machine for system of rice intensification (SRI) seedling tray. The configurations of the two types of mechanisms were generated based on their positions relative to a seedling tray conveyor, seed container and size of seeding manifold. The screw based mechanism consists of a vertical screw to which the seeding manifold was mounted and a horizontal screw to which the vertical mechanism was mounted. The vertical screw bearing the seeding manifold reciprocates down to pick seeds from seed container and back to the initial position. The horizontal screw translates horizontally to deliver the vertical screw bearing the seeding manifold to the seedling tray on the conveyor. The crank-rocker based mechanism consists of a pair of crank-rocker carrying a seeding manifold in between them. The mechanism rotates clock wise to pick seed and counter clock wise to drop the seed on the seedling tray. The time required for a complete pick and place circle was computed for both mechanisms using basic mechanics principles. Crank-rocker mechanism with a theoretical pick and place period of 1 second was found to be better than the screw based mechanism with 78.8 second per pick and place circle.