Horizontal Rows Research Articles

Из истории земельного кадастра: основные земельные отводы на территории штата Огайо (часть 2)

The article deals with the work on surveying and cadastral division of the territory of the state of Ohio after important changes in the US land legislation of 1796. Cadastral division of Between the Miami Rivers Survey was started in 1788, due to fraud with land sales, it was resumed by Congress surveyors at the beginning of the XIX century, the beginning of the counting of the districts is the Ohio River and Great Miami, the numbering of sections continued the system laid down until 1796. During the cadastral division of Ohio River Survey in 1796, a transition was made to a new numbering system for cadastral quarters. The decision on the surveying of Congress Lands East of Scioto River was made in 1796, work began in 1799, the numbering of columns – to the west from the border of the Elicott line, rows – from south to north from the starting point of the surveying of Ohio River Survey. The surveying of The Congress Lands North of the Old Seven Ranges began in 1801; the horizontal rows were numbered from the southernmost bend of the Ohio River in this territory. Cadastral division of Congress Lands West of Miami River (Miami River Survey) began in 1798, numbering of rows – from the Great Miami River, columns - to the west and east from the First Principal Meridian. The Michigan Survey lands turned out during surveys was established that the South of Lake Michigan was located to the south, which did not correspond to the Ohio border indicated in the Northwestern Ordinance of 1787. The cadastral division of Michigan Survey remained made from the Michigan Meridian, the numbering of townships from it. The lands South and East of the First Principal Meridian and North and East of the First Principal Meridian have been surveyed since 1817. The numbering of the townships is from west to east and north and south from the Initial point at the intersection of the First Prime Meridian and the Baseline.

Skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance gains are similar between healthy postmenopausal women and postmenopausal breast cancer survivors after 12 weeks of resistance exercise training

PurposeResistance exercise training (RET) effectively increases skeletal muscle mass and strength in healthy postmenopausal women. However, its effects on these parameters in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors are controversial or limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 12-week progressive whole-body RET program on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in healthy postmenopausal women versus postmenopausal women who survived breast cancer.MethodsThirteen healthy postmenopausal women (HEA, 54 ± 3 years, BMI 26.6 ± 2.7 kg·m2, n = 13) and eleven postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (BCS, 52 ± 5 years, BMI 26.8 ± 2.1 kg·m2, n = 11) participated in the study. Before and after the RET program, evaluations were performed on quadriceps muscle thickness, one-repetition maximum strength (1RM) for various exercises, grip strength, and physical performance.ResultsBoth groups showed significant improvements in quadriceps muscle thickness (time effect, P < 0.001); 1RM strength for leg extension, leg press, chest press, horizontal row, and elbow extension (time effect, all P < 0.001); as well as handgrip strength (time effect, P = 0.035) and physical performance (time effect, all P < 0.001) after the 12-week RET program. There were no significant differences between the groups in response to RET for any of the outcomes measured.ConclusionTwelve weeks of RET significantly increases skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in postmenopausal women. No differences were observed between healthy postmenopausal women and postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. These findings point out that this study’s RET promotes skeletal muscle mass, strength, and performance gains regardless of breast cancer.Pre-Print Platform Research Square:https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4145715/v1; https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4145715/v1Clinical trial registration: NCT05690295.

Two highly-ordered global structures observed in packed beds of balls inside vibrated cylinder: Experiment and modelling of layers

During the vibration of plastic balls put into a cylinder three basic global orderings of the packed beds of balls were observed. Computed microtomography measurements enabled to determine coordinates of all balls. Internal layers and their structure in crystallized beds were studied and a model was developed to predict the radii of the layers. Structural analysis, based on the Coordination Polyhedron method, was used to identify all regular local structural units present in the bed: face-centred cubic (fcc), hexagonal close-packed (hcp), icosahedral (ico) and decahedral (dec). Two already-observed global structures, namely: random loose packing (RLP) and hexagonal layer (HL) with horizontal rows of balls, were investigated in detail. The third one, called columnar structure here, was found during the experiment and has the HL structure with vertical rows of balls. Its internal structure is highly ordered, composed of regularly-spaced columns of atoms with characteristic linear chains of non-crystalline dec units.

An Investigation Into The Reading Direction Preferences Of Generation Z: A Study On The Design Of Asian Winter Olympics Posters

Visual design is a crucial tool for communicating ideas through images rather than words or printed text. It enables readers to visually interpret and understand information, potentially solving problems across various life aspects. Traditional reading patterns usually flow from left to right and from top to bottom, while some Asian scripts are written in horizontal rows from left to right or in vertical columns from top to bottom. Lines guide the eye between sections and visual elements, while white space allows the eye to rest and focus on targeted areas. The purpose of arranging the five elements of layout design—text, images, lines, shapes, and white space—is to capture the reader's attention and effectively convey information. In this study, researchers conducted a visual content analysis of a poster with 40 Generation Z respondents to investigate their reading direction. This generation is known for its frequent use of various gadgets and preference for short, simple text to comprehend content. The researchers intentionally designed a vertical banner-sized poster representing the Asian Winter Olympics as a sample. The events included Sapporo 1972 and Nagano 1998 in Japan, PyeongChang 2018 in South Korea, and Beijing 2022 in China. The poster is segmented into four sections from top to bottom, each depicting one of the Winter Olympics events from 1972 to 2022. Coding categories were developed to analyse text layout, lines, and white space. However, the colours and images of these emblems and symbols of the Winter Olympic Games were predetermined, so colours and images were not examined in this study. This exploratory study of Generation Z offers an analytical approach to understanding the reading orientation of Generation Z and serves as a basis for future research. Additionally, several informants tended to scan the poster for information, even though it was not indicated that the poster could be interacted with via an app on their mobile phones.

Dynamic visual acuity screening test results analysis of 25 patients with peripheral vertigo

Objective:To observe the results of dynamic visual acuity screening tests in patients with peripheral vertigo and explore its clinical significance. Methods:The number of 48 healthy volunteers were enrolled as control group and 25 peripheral vertigo patients as experimental group. In the experimental group, there are 12 patients with vestibular neuritis, 1 patient with Hunt syndrome, 5 patients with sudden deafness with vertigo and 7 patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction. Horizontal and vertical dynamic visual acuity screening tests were performed on them. The number of lost rows of horizontal and vertical dynamic visual acuity was compared between the control group and the experimental group to figure out if there is a statistical difference. The number of lost rows of horizontal and vertical dynamic visual acuity was compared within the experimental group to figure out if there is a statistical difference. The two groups of 18 cases of unilateral vestibular function decline and 7 cases of bilateral vestibular function decline in the experimental group were compared with the control group, and figure out if there is a statistical difference. Results:The median number of lost rows of horizontal dynamic visual acuity in 48 healthy volunteers was 1.5 and median number of lost rows of vertical dynamic visual acuity was 1.0 in the control group. The median number of lost rows of horizontal dynamic visual acuity of 26 healthy volunteers was 6 and median number of lost rows of vertical dynamic visual acuity was 5 in the experimental group. Compared to the experimental group, the number of lost rows both have statistical significance in horizontal and vertical dynamic visual acuity（P<0.01）. The comparison of horizontal and vertical lost rows within the test group also have statistical significance（P<0.01）. Twenty five patients with exceptional vestibular disease in the experimental group were divided into unilateral vestibular function reduction group（n=18） and bilateral vestibular function reduction group（n=7）. Compared with the control group, there was significant differences in the number of horizontal and vertical lost rows（P<0.01） within the three groups. After pairwise comparison, the number of lost rows of horizontal and vertical in the control group was significantly lower than that in the unilateral vestibular function reduction group and the bilateral vestibular function reduction group（P<0.01）. There was a highly significant correlation between the number of horizontally lost rows of DVA and the mean vHIT values of bilateral horizontal semicircular canals in 25 patients（P<0.01）; and a highly significant correlation between the number of vertically lost rows of DVA and the mean vHIT values of vertical semicircular canals in 4 groups bilaterally（P<0.01）. Conclusion:The Dynamic Visual Acuity Screening Test is a useful addition to existing tests of peripheral vestibular function, particularly the vHIT test, and provides a rapid assessment of the extent of 2 Hz VOR impairment in patients with reduced vestibular function.

Automated Density Measurement of Weft Knitted Fabrics Using Backlight Imaging

This paper proposes a new density measurement algorithm to address the issues of poor applicability and inaccurate results associated with the automatic density measurement algorithm for weft-knitted fabrics. The algorithm involves collecting the transmitted light image of the knitted fabric, calculating the tilt angle using the skewing correction algorithm, and rotating the image to correct the weft skew present therein. The pre-rotated and post-rotated images are then projected vertically and horizontally in grayscale, and the obtained projection curves are used to represent the distribution of loops in vertical and horizontal rows. This study proposed a wave peak coordinate verification algorithm that calculates the coursewise densities and walewise densities of the knitted fabric. In experiments, the proposed density measurement method is found to exhibit an accuracy above 98% when compared with the manual mode.

Proposal to expand the concept of intrauterine growth retardation/restriction and separate five types of IUGR using the "MDN method"

The authors of the study developed a new methodology to examine the physical development of neonates, which simultaneous takes into account the maturity (gestational age), development (weight and length standard positions) and nutritional status (the correlation between weight and length standard positions) of a newborn child. The foundation of this method is a matrix which consists eight horizontal rows of weight standard percentile zones and eight columns made up by the rows of the length standard percentile zones rotated 90 degrees vertically. These form a 64-cell MDN percentile matrix, in which the total data of 1,244,918 Hungarian neonates was added, and the stillbirth + infant mortality (SB+IM) rates of each cell were calculated. Based on the results of this process, five distinctive types of IUGR was identified. Based on the results, five characteristically distinct IUGR types were identified: 1/. weight restricted, 2/. length restricted, 3/. weight and length restricted, 4/. overnourished – length restricted and 5/. undernourished – weight restricted. The various occurrence rates and mortality risks of each IUGR type were also calculated. Using this methodology, the screening processes for IUGR during pregnancy and after delivery were also developed.

A new species of Simulium (Asiosimulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from northeastern Thailand, with its phylogenetic relationships with related species in the subgenus Asiosimulium.

Simulium (Asiosimulium) khongchiamense sp. nov. is described based on females, males, pupae, and mature larvae collected from Khong Chiam District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeastern Thailand. It is characterized in the female by the medium-long sensory vesicle, scutum with 3 dark longitudinal vittae and elongate cercus; in the male by the number of upper-eye (large) facets in 17 or 18 vertical rows and 18 or 19 horizontal rows, hind basitarsus moderately enlarged and ventral plate with the posterior margin moderately concave medially; in the pupa by the head and thoracic integument sparsely covered with tubercles and gill of arborescent type with 32 or 33 filaments; and in the larva by the postgenal cleft deep, reaching the posterior margin of the hypostoma and sheath of the subesophageal ganglion dark pigmented. DNA analysis based on COI gene of all known species of the subgenus Asiosimulium, except for S. shanense and S. suchitrae, indicated that this new species can be clearly differentiated from all other related species (S. phurueaense, S. oblongum, S. saeungae, S. furvum, and S. wanchaii) with interspecific genetic distances ranging between 4.79% and 19.18%. This is the eighth species of the subgenus Asiosimulium. Taxonomic notes are given to distinguish this new species from the 7 known species members in its same subgenus. Additionally, keys to species of all members in the subgenus Asiosimulium are provided.

YOLOv5-AC: A Method of Uncrewed Rice Transplanter Working Quality Detection

With the development and progress of uncrewed farming technology, uncrewed rice transplanters have gradually become an indispensable part of modern agricultural production; however, in the actual production, the working quality of uncrewed rice transplanters have not been effectively detected. In order to solve this problem, a detection method of uncrewed transplanter omission is proposed in this paper. In this study, the RGB images collected in the field were inputted into a convolutional neural network, and the bounding box center of the network output was used as the approximate coordinates of the rice seedlings, and the horizontal and vertical crop rows were fitted by the least square method, so as to detect the phenomenon of rice omission. By adding atrous spatial pyramid pooling and a convolutional block attention module to YOLOv5, the problem of image distortion caused by scaling and cropping is effectively solved, and the recognition accuracy is improved. The accuracy of this method is 95.8%, which is 5.6% higher than that of other methods, and the F1-score is 93.39%, which is 4.66% higher than that of the original YOLOv5. Moreover, the network structure is simple and easy to train, with the average training time being 0.284 h, which can meet the requirements of detection accuracy and speed in actual production. This study provides an effective theoretical basis for the construction of an uncrewed agricultural machinery system.

Numerical study of heat transfer across in-line circular cylinders for low to moderate Reynolds numbers

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is generated to study the fluid flow and heat transfer from a series of six cylinders arranged in a horizontal row. The momentum and energy equations were solved using the finite volume method, with convective terms discretized using a second-order upwind method and diffusion terms discretized using central differencing. A second-order implicit technique was used for time integration. Simulations were run with four different values of the free stream Reynolds numbers 100, 200, 300, 400 and three different values of the longitudinal pitch (SL ) 1.5D, 2D, 2.5D to analyze the heat transfer behavior with fluid flow over a series of horizontal cylinders. First the grid independence test and CFD model validation are performed with the exact relation available in the literature. Next, the numerical results obtained from the developed CFD model for the row of cylinders were compared with the previously published analytical model, and correlation available in the literature, and were found to be in good agreement. The average Nusselt number calculated from the analytical and numerical models falls in the range of 8 to 10 for free stream Reynolds number equal to 100 for all values of dimensionless longitudinal pitches. Moreover, for the free stream Reynolds number equal to 400 with longitudinal pitch of 2.5D, the values of the average Nusselt number reach up to double the above-mentioned range. The maximum percentage error between the average Nusselt number obtained from the numerical and analytical solutions was less than 20% for larger free stream Reynolds number. The study found that the average Nusselt number for the array of cylinders increases with both the free stream Reynolds number and the dimensionless longitudinal pitch ratio increments. This information can be used to design more efficient heat exchangers or other fluid systems involving arrays of cylinders.

Tunable velocity-based deterministic lateral displacement for efficient separation of particles in various size ranges

Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a promising method showing great potential in achieving high-resolution separation of suspended particles based on their size, through the use of micropillars arranged in a periodic manner. In the traditional approach to DLD, the migration mode of a particle with a specific size is determined by the critical diameter (Dc), which is predetermined by the device's geometry. In contrast to conventional DLD chips that alter the direction of the pillar array to create an angle with the fluid streamlines, this paper proposes a novel approach by changing the direction of the streamlines. The proposed method enables the fabrication of a tunable DLD chip that is simple to produce and can generate a considerable Dc range by adjusting two control parameters. The first parameter is the ratio of velocity between the main outlet and minor outlets, with the main outlet located at the end of the microchannel and the minor outlets situated on the upper side. The second parameter is the flow rate ratio of two sheath inlets that controls particles' entrance position to the DLD chamber. By manipulating these parameters, Dc can be easily adjusted. This chip features completely horizontal rows of pillars that provide Dc values ranging from 1 to 25 μm.

Сорвихинское городище на р. Белая

The article is devoted to the materials of the Sorvikha hillfort which was discovered by N.A.Mazhitov in 1959. He attributed the hillfort to the Pyanobor and Bakhmutin cultures according to the ceramics. The large-scale excavations were conducted at the Sorvikha settlement by the archaeological expedition of the Udmurt Republic’s Museum of Local History (now Kuzebay Gerd National Museum of the Udmurt Republic). The expedition was led by T.I. Ostanina in 1990. The archaeological research resulted in the following conclusions. The ancient settlement was a well-fortified (up to 42 m high, three ramparts, ditches along the ramparts and slopes, a scarp at the edge of the cape built later). Unlike other settlements of the Belaya River basin, the Sorvikha settlement has a large area (132 thousand square meters) which allowed a significant number of people to live there. The Sorvikha ancient settlement occupies a central place, but together with the nearby settlements of Bogorodskoye (Sergeevskoye), Novo-Petrovskoye, located 4.7 and 20 km away from Sorvikha respectively, it constitutes the defensive line of open settlements in the upper reaches of the Bir, Big Izyak and Small Izyak rivers. There are few dating finds (a faience bead of the 3rd–4th centuries, a knife with a groove of the Kharinо time). They make it possible to attribute the monument of the 3rd–4th centuries corresponding to the chronology of the Mazuninо/Bakhmutinо culture. The population was engaged in small-scale animal husbandry producing meat and dairy. Hunting and fishing played a secondary role. There was also non-ferrous casting, although there is still not enough evidence to confirm this idea (a piece of non-ferrous metal slag was found). The excavations discovered a significant number of fragments of hand-made ware. Their general characteristics are as follows: pot-shaped medium-sized vessels made of clay dough composed with sand or sand with small pebbles, very rarely it was composed with crushed seashell. In most cases, the upper part (neck, shoulders, body – less often) of the vessels are ornamented. The patterns are represented by horizontal rows of dimple impressions (imprintы) of different shapes. The neck and the shoulders have a herringbone pattern. The settlement belongs to the Bashkir variant of the Mazunino culture.

Eneolithic pottery complex of the settlement of Pyakupur 3 (north of Western Siberia)

In this paper, a unique pottery complex of the Eneolithic period from the settlement of Pyakupur 3, located along the upper course of the Pur River in the sub-zone of the northern taiga, has been analyzed. The aim of this research is to establish cultural traditions of the population who left the settlement behind and to determine the place of the materials within the current system of historical and cultural types identified in the north of Western Siberia. The material for the research is represented by morphological traits of the pottery and by some elements of the pot-tery technology as a manifestation of the cultural traditions of the populations who inhabited the headland of the ter-race of the Pyakupur River in the Eneolithic period. In total, 38 vessels have been included in the analysis, most of which are represented by fragments of the original walls and bottoms; only eleven containers had a collared rim. For the purpose of this work, conventional methods of archaeological research were employed: morphological, statisti-cal, and typological. Furthermore, technical and technological analysis of a part of the collection was carried out with the aid of a binocular microscope MBS-10 following the method of A.A. Bobrinsky. The pottery features the following basic traits: decorated, smaller, and thin-walled vessels. Among the shapes, a significant proportion of cymbiforms stands out, with the rest of the vessels being round-bottomed and one pot — a cup with a ridge. As the ornamenta-tion tools, crested (predominant) and smooth stamps were used, rarely profiled (wire staple), although they practi-cally are not found side by side on the same vessel. The main technique of the ornamentation was embossing. At the level of elements and motifs, presswork and horizontal rows predominate; a significant percentage in the compo-sitions is represented by geometrical patterns. The compositions are more often complex, combining several motifs. It has been found that the pottery of the settlement of Pyakupur 3, exhibiting considerable idiosyncrasy, closely re-sembles the wares of forest-tundra and tundra settlements, rather than the complexes of the northern-taiga Yasun-skaya Culture or antiquities of the middle taiga of Western Siberia, suggesting some cultural affinity of the popula-tions inhabiting these remote from each other territories. However, chronologically, Pyakupur 3 precedes the sites of Gorniy Samotnel 1, Salekhard 1, Ust-Vasyegan 1, and the later, still Eneolithic, settlement of Vary-Khadyta II. The paucity of the source base from the territories of the basins of the rivers Pur and Taz yet does not allow one to an-swer multiple questions following from this conjecture.

Implementation of a Tic-Tac-Toe game Using Python Environment for gaming application

In this paper, we present the implementation of ta tic-tac toe game using the python environment for any gaming application problem. Two players compete in the game of Tic-Tac-Toe, which is played on a 3 by 3 grid. Each participant is given a unique symbol (X or O) to represent the slot they are responsible for filling. The player who first covers a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row of the board with solely their symbols wins the game. This work, which was written in Python using Pygame on a Jupyter Notebook, suggests a winning Tic-Tac-Toe strategy. This algorithm is made to act like a player while the computer maximises the odds of success by acting in accordance with the model's intelligence. The purpose of this work is to develop a Tic-Tac-Toe strategy in which the game will continue until one player wins and will conclude in a draw if no player selected the optimal spots that may have increased their chances of winning. The work presented here is the mini-project work of the 2nd sem students of electronics &amp; communication engineering department of dayananda sagar college of engg., bangalore.

Numerical investigation of the thermal conductivity of a composite heat-insulating material with microgranules

THE PURPOSE. To consider the problems that arise when creating a composite heatinsulating material, including a layer of microspherical granules. Numerical modeling of a composite material with different volume content of microspheres and different options for the formation of voids. Determination of the influence of the presence of zones not occupied by microgranules on the insulating properties of the composite material. Determination of the influence of the volume content of microspherical granules on the heat flux through the composite material.METHODS. Numerical simulation was carried out by creating models of elementary cubic cells of a composite with a package of 27 microspheres in the ANSYS Fluent 19.2 software package. The evaluation of the insulating properties was carried out by measuring the thermal conductivity coefficient.RESULTS. The article investigates the influence of the presence of zones not occupied by microspherical granules on the thermal insulation properties of a composite material. Models of elementary cubic cells with different volume content of microgranules are constructed. Models of elementary cells are built with various options for the formation of voids, such as the removal of a vertical or horizontal row of granules and the compaction of granules vertically or horizontally.CONCLUSION. The removal of microgranules has a significant effect on the insulating properties of the composite. The lowest thermal conductivity coefficient was obtained for a simple cubic cell with a volume content of microgranules φ = 40%. The presence of voids in the material contributes to large heat losses, and in the case of a vertical through channel, the heat losses are greater than for a horizontal through channel. In the case of densification of spheres, heat losses in the zone not occupied by microgranules are compensated by a decrease in the heat flux in the area with densification of spheres.

Sensitivity analysis of structural parameters of a low-temperature heat pump sludge drying system

Optimizations of the heat exchanger of the heat pump drying system were usually carried out individually, linkage effect of the whole system in practical operating was usually not considered. In addition, for a heat pump sludge drying system, optimizations mainly concentrated on the operation parameters, few theoretical analyses focused on the effect of structural parameters to the system performance. In the present study, based on the laws of energy conservation and mass conservation, a steady-state model for the heat pump sludge drying system, which interconnects the refrigerant circulation and the moist air circulation, was established. Three variables which are coefficient of performance (COP), dehumidification rate (DR), and specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) are simultaneously introduced to evaluate the system’s operating and drying performances. Effects of the number of horizontal tube rows, the number of longitudinal tube rows, and the fin spacing to the above three variables are analyzed. The results show that the COP decreases with increasing the number of horizontal tube rows while increases with increasing the number of longitudinal tube rows and fin spacing. The DR increases with increasing the number of horizontal tube rows and fin spacing and decreases with increasing the number of longitudinal tube rows. The SMER has a similar variation trend to that of the DR due to their directly proportional relationship. Finally, based on the sensitivity analysis, the heat pump sludge drying system achieves better operating and drying performances when the fin spacing is 2.85 mm, the numbers of horizontal tube rows of the evaporator and condenser are 18 and 14, and the numbers of longitudinal tube rows are respectively 12 and 9.

GIS-Based Urban Agglomeration Landscape Dynamic Observation and Simulation Prediction Algorithm

In order to improve the intelligence level of urban agglomeration landscape, this paper conducts dynamic observation and simulation prediction of urban agglomeration landscape based on geographic information system. There are many characteristics of GIS technology itself that can be well matched with urban landscape research, so in the process of actually studying the green space landscape pattern, GIS technology has a very large space to play. The first is to use GIS technology to collect basic data of different types of scenic spots. Raster data and vector data are two important data in GIS technology. Among them, vector data with point, line, and surface morphology can relatively express the landscape ecology. Raster data is to determine the specific position of each pixel through the vertical and horizontal row and column relationship of the pixel, which is relatively simple in structure and easy to topology. According to the characteristics of the urban agglomeration landscape, the urban agglomeration landscape is reconstructed on the virtual simulation platform using GIS technology. It can meet the long-term sustainable development of the ecological environment of the scenic area. The research of this paper mainly belongs to the scope of practical research. Taking the existing research results as the first point of experimental research, combined with the relevant research results of design, the dynamic observation and simulation prediction algorithm of urban agglomeration landscape are constructed.

A new species of the Simulium (Simulium) striatum species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand: Description and phylogenetic relationship with its Thai members

Simulium (Simulium) thilorsuense sp. nov. is described from females, males, pupae and mature larvae in Thailand. It is placed to the S. striatum species-group, and is distinguished from all the seven species of this species-group recorded from Thailand in the male by the greater number of male upper-eye (large) facets in 20 vertical columns and 19 or 20 horizontal rows, and in the pupa by the combination of the arrangement (2+3+3+2 from dorsal to ventral) and subequal thickness of gill filaments, and tubercles on the frons without secondary projection. It is similar in the female, male and pupa to S. (S.) pingtungense Huang & Takaoka from Taiwan but is distinguished in the larva by the presence of paired protuberances on abdominal segments 1–8 (absence in the latter species). It is similar to S. (S.) grisescens Brunetti from India, S. (S.) perakense Takaoka &Ya'cob from Peninsular Malaysia, and S. (S.) taythienense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya'cob from Vietnam by sharing many characteristics including the haired basal portion of the female radius, dark legs of both female and male, male scutum with brassy short hairs, pupal gill with 10 filaments of the almost same thickness, arranged as 2+3+3+2 from dorsal to ventral, and larval abdomen with paired dorsal protuberances, but is distinguished from these three species by the greater number of male upper-eye (large) facets. Our genetic analysis using the fast-evolving nuclear big zinc finger (BZF) gene sequences revealed that this new species has an intraspecific variation ranging from 0.00% to 1.38%, and is separated from six Thai known species of the S. striatum species-group with an interspecific variation of 2.00–4.56%.

Experimental Investigation of the Heat Transfer between Finned Tubes and a Bubbling Fluidized Bed with Horizontal Sand Mass Flow

The sandTES technology utilizes a fluidized bed counter current heat exchanger for thermal energy storage applications. Its main feature is an imposed horizontal flow of sand (SiO2) particles fluidized by a vertical air flow across a heat exchanger consisting of several horizontal rows of tubes. Past international research on heat transfer in dense fluidized beds has focused on stationary (stirred tank) systems, and there is little to no information available on the impact of longitudinal or helical fins. Previous pilot plant scale experiments at TU Wien led to the conclusion that the currently available correlations for predicting the heat transfer coefficient between the tube surface and the surrounding fluidized bed are insufficient for the horizontal sand flow imposed by the sandTES technology. Therefore, several smaller test rigs were designed in this study to investigate the influence of different tube arrangements and flow conditions on the external convective heat transfer coefficient and possible improvements by using finned tubes. It could be shown that helically finned tubes in a transversal arrangement, where the horizontal sand flow is perpendicular to the tube axes, allows an increase in the heat transfer coefficient per tube length (i.e., the virtual heat transfer coefficient) by a factor of 3.5 to about 1250 W/m2K at ambient temperature. Based on the literature, this heat transfer coefficient is expected to increase at higher temperatures. The new design criteria allow the design of compact, low-cost heat exchangers for thermal energy storage applications, in particular electro-thermal energy storage.

Morphological description and phylogenetic position of a new cryptic species in the Simulium asakoae species-group, Simulium (Gomphostilbia) mokroense, from Western Thailand

Adult females and males reared from pupae of Simulium sp. from Tak Province and those of S. chiangdaoense Takaoka & Srisuka from four localities in Chiang Mai and Lampang Provinces, northern Thailand, were molecularly and morphologically compared. Simulium sp. is morphologically almost indistinguishable from S. chiangdaoense except the hair tuft at the base of the radius of the adult female and male, which is composed of yellow and dark hairs (in place of yellow hairs only). Molecular analysis using COI gene sequences shows that S. sp. formed a distinct clade and was separated from S. chiangdaoense by a genetic distance of 1.56–2.44%. Based on the results of morphological and molecular analyzes, S. sp. is described as a new species, S. mokroense, from females, males, pupae and mature larvae. It is also found that S. chiangdaoense is genetically diverse, with five lineages, and is morphologically variable in the number of male upper-eye (large) facets, which are in 13 to 17 vertical columns and 14 to 17 horizontal rows on each side. This is a first case, in which the difference in the color of the wing tuft hairs is a clue leading to the discovery of a new cryptic species close to S. chiangdaoense.