Horizontal Rope Research Articles

Assessment of the effect of solid herbal extract of primula veris l on the physical performance of rats after chronic alcohol intoxication

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of solid herbal extract of Primula Veris L. and comparison drugs phenotropil and mildronate on the physical performance of female rats after chronic alcohol intoxication (CAI). CAI was modeled by replacing drinking water for 6 months with a 10 % solution of ethyl alcohol with sucrose (50 g/l). At the age of 16 months, the “Rotarod performance test”, “The horizontal rope walking test” and “Forced swim test with weight load” were performed. After CAI, rats show a deterioration in coordination and motor activity, a decrease in muscle strength and aerobic-anaerobic endurance. Solid herbal extract of Primula Veris L., phenotropil and mildronate contributed to an increase in the physical performance of animals after CAI.

Structural design of the acrylic vessel for the Jinping Neutrino Experiment

The Jinping neutrino experiment is designed to have multiple purposes in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. Following the acrylic vessel design requirements proposal, a structural scheme has been developed and optimized. Subsequently, the stability of the acrylic shell structure is calculated using finite element analysis, as well as the load-bearing capacities under various working conditions. Further, the effects of temperature changes, rope failures, and Young's modulus of the ropes on the static behavior of the structure are analyzed. The results indicated that the stress level and structural displacement of the structure scheme satisfy the design requirements, as well as the stability of the vessel under compression. The acrylic vessel is safe in the given working conditions. Temperature is not a controlling factor in structural design. The structural scheme ensures basic safety if one vertical rope, two vertical ropes, or one horizontal rope fails.

Large-scale mariculture of the sponge Haliclona simulans on floating rafts in Zhao'an Bay, Fujian Province, China

Marine sponges are an important source of bioactive products and biomaterials. However, there is a bottleneck of biomass supply for sponge utilization. To overcome this bottleneck, mariculture was considered to be the most viable solution. Mariculture of the marine sponge Haliclona simulans was conducted on floating rafts in Zhao'an Bay, Fujian Province, China. The explants were suspended 0.5–2 m below the water surface to grow naturally using the mesh method. Two independent trials with different scales were performed in this study. In a small-scale trial with 30 sponge explants, with daily maintenance, the survival rate of H. simulans was 93.3% over 224 days. To determine whether harvesting twice yearly yields greater output than annual harvesting, the 30 H. simulans were randomly divided into two equivalent groups. The annual harvest group (1 harvest per year, 1PY) was harvested in 224 days, and the twice harvest groups (2 harvest per year, 2PY) were harvested at 92 days and 224 days, with approximately 30% of the biomass was retained during the first harvest to allow regrowth. The results showed that the total biomass accumulation rate was 629.27 ± 256.74% for the 1PY group and 1014.73 ± 252.56% for the 2PY group. The biomass accumulation rate of 2PY was approximately 61.26% higher than that of 1PY. To obtain more accurate yield data under industry scale, a large-scale mariculture was independently conducted with about 7500 explants and covered a sea area about 500 m2, in which each area of 0.2 m2 was occupied by a horizontal rope, and each rope held 3 vertically suspended explants. Lost or dead explants were replanted during routine maintenance. A total of 330 kg wet weight biomass was obtained from the first harvest after 92 days of cultivation, and 272 kg wet weight biomass was obtained from the second harvest after 224 days. A total of 45.05 kg dry weight sponge was obtained after drying. This finding indicates that under our mariculture methods and harvesting strategy, the yield of H. simulans can reach approximately 900 kg dry weight biomass per hectare per year. This research provides valuable data for large-scale sponge production and new methods for the industrial development of sponge products.

Dynamic Behavior of the Net of a Pile–Net-Gapped Enclosure Aquaculture Facility

A pile–net enclosure aquaculture facility, deployed in inshore waters, is a sustainable and ecological aquaculture pattern for rearing fish and other aquatic animals of economic value in China. It is essential to study the maximum force on and deformation of the net system of a pile–net enclosure facility to prevent its failure, since successful aquaculture is highly dependent on the longevity of the net system. In this study, a pile-net enclosure aquaculture facility with a gapped pile-net configuration was numerically investigated based on the lumped mass model. A Newton’s second-law-based motion equation was solved using Euler’s method. Finally, MATLAB was used to visualize the results. The results highlight that the force of a net system significantly increases with ocean loads, and the load of the entire net is mainly from the top half of the net. Moreover, the maximum force of the vertical rope occurs at the connection of the top channel steel. The maximum force of the horizontal rope and net twine occur in the rope near the still-water level and at the connection of the top channel steel, respectively. Thus, the net at those positions should be reinforced to prevent its failure.

Digital twin for rapid damage detection of a fixed net panel in the sea

The fishing net is the most important component of aquaculture net cages. Once damaged, it can cause substantial economic losses and ecological problems to the aquaculture industry. To avoid these subsequent issues caused by the damage to the fishing net, seeking a computerized, labor-saving approach and detecting damage in real time becomes the primary task of this paper. Inspired by recent development of the artificial neural networks and machine learning, this study proposes a fast and accurate approach for fishing net damage detection based on digital twin. Firstly, time-domain numerical simulations of the fishing net are conducted in a series of wave and current conditions to develop the artificial neural network-based digital twin. Then, the significant wave height, the spectral peak period, and tensions of vertical and horizontal ropes are used as input variables during the artificial neural network training; the intact and damaged states of the fishing net are considered outputs. Alongside this, the back-propagation learning algorithm is used for training to maximize damage detection performance. The results highlight that the digital twin model can effectively identify the fishing net damage using the sensor data, and the accuracy of the damage detection reaches above 93%. When the damage occurs at different net positions, the prediction accuracies of the artificial neural network model for training and testing sets are 93.97% and 93.00%, respectively. Regarding different wave-current directions, the prediction accuracies of the artificial neural network model are 99.87 % and 99.34 % for training and testing sets. Moreover, the developed digital twin can accurately detect the damage of the net even sea conditions and sensor data are not included in the training. The digital twin model proposed in the present study can potentially be used for damage detection in other aquaculture components and structures.

Measuring Calves' Usage of Multiple Environmental Enrichment Objects Provided Simultaneously.

This study aims to assess calf usage of five potential enrichment devices provided simultaneously. We used 25 weaned Holstein-Friesian calves housed in groups of five (five replicates), and their behavior was recorded continuously with video cameras. This longitudinal observational study used a pen equipped with a mechanical and fixed brush, cowhide, and horizontal and vertical ropes. Data collected included how many visits each object received per day, the type of object usage, and the duration of the visits. Calves used all five objects at least once, and they used items more during the daytime than at night. Brushes were used mainly for grooming (e.g., rubbing or scratching), while ropes and cowhide for oral interactions (e.g., licking, chewing, and biting), most likely to lack oral stimulations that would naturally be satisfied by suckling and grazing at this age. The objects most frequently used were the mechanical brush and the horizontal rope, and they received the highest number of visits (214.9 and 154.9 bouts/day, respectively). The least chosen object was the stationary brush, which had the lowest number of visits (62.9 bouts/day). The provision of multiple enrichment objects for weaned calves should be considered as they may add complexity and novelty to barren environments.

Bridges with multiple structural systems: The example of Trilj Bridge reconstruction in Croatia

Development of multiple structural systems for bridges is useful in the design of new bridges and rehabilitation of existing bridges. This paper briefly presents some existing bridges with multiple structural systems and succinctly discusses design ideas for bridges with such systems. As an example of a bridge with multiple structural systems, the paper presents the reconstruction of a pedestrian suspension bridge in the City of Trilj, Croatia. The new bridge’s load-bearing structure is composed of several structural systems. Namely, the reconstructed bridge is a combination of suspension, cable-stayed and stress-ribbon bridge, which is laterally restrained with horizontal tensioned ropes. Numerical analysis was conducted on the renovated bridge. The results have shown an acceptable levels of stresses and deflections verifying the structural safety of the restored bridge. It is believed that this example of the bridge renovation may be useful in the design of new and strengthening of existing similar bridges.

Study on Characteristics of the Rope Grab Mechanism of a New Rope Climbing Robot

According to the design requirements of the horizontal rope rescue, a new rope climbing robot system based on the working mechanism of the cam type ascender is designed. This robot system is capable of free reciprocating movement on the preset horizontal ropeway and two-way self-locking at any position of the rope. This paper analyzes the design principle and structural characteristics of the two-way locking clamper, and designs the general structure of the robot system. Force analysis of grabbing process, development of the prototype and experiments are also done. The results show that the rope grab mechanism has advantages of small size, simple structure, reliable clamping and strong climbing ability. Moreover, this mechanism has good grabbing characteristics because of no relative slippage on the grabbing interface of the rope.

Teorijska analiza i određivanje parametara kretanja kod zipline-a

This paper provides the analysis of the influence parameters, the procedure for modeling of zipline system, as well as the procedure for determining the motion parameters. The calculation itself is based on the catenary theory, which was specific developed for the calculations of ropeways and cable cranes, or for so-called transport systems with the "horizontal rope". The results are obtained as an illustration of the conducted analysis based on the theoretical setting for the relevant model that are made with the help of computer simulations concrete conditions of zipline whose installation was planned on Fruška Gora. The size of certain parameters (weight, rolling resistance, air resistance, wind, rope tension, etc.) were varied in the simulations for different cases of zipline usage. The results and conclusions can serve as a starting point for the design of such systems.

CHANGES IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CHIMPANZEES GOING UP AND DOWN THE TOWER AT SAPPORO MARUYAMA ZOO

Nowadays, zoos are expected to provide facilities that place importance on the living environment of the animals, which should belong in their natural habitats. In a wild rainforest where chimpanzee's live, understories surround tall trees exceeding 20m in height. Chimpanzees, which are semi-arboreal animals, use them when transferring themselves between the treetop and the ground. At the outdoor chimpanzee facility in the Sapporo Maruyama Zoo, ropes, logs, imitation trees were additionally installed as understory substitutes around the tower, that was introduced for environmental enrichment. The objective of this research is to measure the changes in the behavior of the chimpanzees going up and down the tower caused by the additional elements, reveal its causes, and determine what spatial elements around the base of the tower are effective in guiding the animals up the tower. We conducted a behavioral study focusing on the elements used by the chimpanzees during arboreal locomotion on the tower at Sapporo Maruyama Zoo. We separated the tower from its form and its materials into its components, and measured how frequently the tower elements had been used, position of going up and down the tower and trigger elements according to their age. As a result, it was discovered that the imitation tree side platforms, logs and gently inclined ropes that were additionally installed around the tower, were highly influential as they were used by the chimpanzees as an opportunity to move up and down the tower. In particular, by placing a side platform on the left side of the base of the tower, it made it easier to go up and down the tower, increased going up and down the tower from the left, and increased the number of movements by the adults. The logs with gentle inclinations subtending less than 40° with the ground were mainly used for the ascents. Also, the ropes inclined at approximately 25° allowed the intersecting ropes to be used in combination and the usage of the ropes as a whole was increased. Direct climbing of the column ceased, as other handholds were now available in the surrounding area. Moreover, the two ropes connecting the exit from the room to the tower were frequently used as a means of aerial movement instead of using the ground. For the Adult group, there was no change in the basic behavior of climbing the tower by using mainly the columns and the composite materials (beams, piers and decks). However, they began to use the side platforms and logs en route to the column. Also, the object they grasped for support in the beginning changed from the thick pipes to the horizontal ropes. In contrast, the Young group showed a major change in the element usage itself, where they used to descend to the ground via the columns, but now they have changed to jumping off the horizontal ropes using its momentum. From the above, the following four spatial elements around the base of the tower were found to be effective in guiding the animals up the tower: 1. Placing a solid footing by the base of the tower. It should be positioned such that the distance between the footing and the objects on the tower that can be grasped is less than the height of the chimpanzee. 2. Install a slip-resistant diagonal members inclined at less than 40° to the ground with handholds, such as logs with bark. 3. Place ropes arranged so that they intersect with each other. The inclination of the horizontal ropes should be no more than 25°. 4. Install an aerial path to the tower without coming down to the ground.

Model-Based Design and Evaluation of a Brachiating Monkey Robot with an Active Waist

We report on the model-based development of a monkey robot that is capable of performing continuous brachiation locomotion on swingable rod, as the intermediate step toward studying brachiation on the soft rope or on horizontal ropes with both ends fixed. The work is different from other previous works where the model or the robot swings on fixed bars. The model, which is composed of two rigid links, was inspired by the dynamic motion of primates. The model further served as the design guideline for a robot that has five degree of freedoms: two on each arm for rod changing and one on the waist to initiate a swing motion. The model was quantitatively formulated, and its dynamic behavior was analyzed in simulation. Further, a two-stage controller was developed within the simulation environment, where the first stage used the natural dynamics of a two-link pendulum-like model, and the second stage used the angular velocity feedback to regulate the waist motion. Finally, the robot was empirically built and evaluated. The experimental results confirm that the robot can perform model-like swing behavior and continuous brachiation locomotion on rods.

Pattern of injuries amongst armed forces personnel received during military activities

Introduction: Armed Forces personnel suffer from various patterns of injuries during their military training activities which may lead to considerable mortality & morbidity. The high incidence of injuries places a substantial burden on the health care delivery system. Successful treatment outcome and modifications can reduce the operational, fiscal, and health impact of these problems. Objective: To find out the types, causes and morbidity pattern of common injuries received by the members of Bangladesh Armed Forces during their military activities. Methods: This is a descriptive retrospective study carried out to explore the injuries amongst Bangladesh Armed Forces personnel due to military duties. The study population (193) included all injured indoor cases treated in Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Dhaka during the period of January 2009 to December 2009. Data was collected by reviewing the case sheets of patients and analyzed with the help of SPSS Version 11.5. Results: Numbers of Injured subjects amongst the Army personnel were 132(68.4%) followed by 34(17.6%) in Navy and 27(14%) in Air Force. Among them 82(42.5%) belonged to fighting group, 50(25.9%) supporting and 61(31.6%) service group. Knee injury constituted the highest number of patients i.e. 43(22%), followed by 43 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 33(17%) Armand 25(13%) foot injuries. About one fourth, 53(27.5%) cases sustained injury in sports ground followed by 50(25.9%) in operation area and 28(14.5%) in training ground. Physical training events PT/Drill caused maximum injury 7(3.6%) followed by crossing 6ft wall 5(2.6%), horizontal rope 4(2.1%). Maximum duration of hospital stay among the cases were 1-2 weeks in 65(33.7%) followed by 3-4 weeks in 56(29%) and 1-3 months in 41(21.2%) cases. Eighty two (42.5%) injured cases suffered for 3 to 6 months followed by 43(24.4%) for 6 months to1 year. Out of all cases 72(37.3%) were recommended for medical category C, 2(1%) for category B, 11(5%) were Medically Boarded Out (MBO). Conclusion: The study revealed that musculoskeletal injuries especially in knee, foot, shoulder, forearm, ankle, lower leg and patella are prevalent in armed forces personnel. The high incidence of injuries places a substantial burden on the health care delivery system and leads to many lost training days. Careful study and analysis in this regard definitely will explore new dimension to prevent and combat this preventable health burden. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21825 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013

Growth performance of Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica in Atlantic Canada: Effect of the culture gear

Size groups of Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (20–30mm, 30–40mm, 40–50mm, and 50–60mm) were individually labeled, randomly assigned to two types of floating culture gears (horizontal ropes and Vexar bags) and deployed at various locations in northern New Brunswick, Canada. Results indicated that the rope-grown oysters substantially outperformed those deployed in floating bags; after one growing season, shell growth was 60% higher and weight gain was nearly double. More than 95% of the variance in shell or weight growth could be explained by the culture gear. The difference in oyster performance between the two culture gears was greater at certain sites, or a significant culture gear by site effect. In particular, it appeared that growth in the floating bags was relatively depressed at the more dynamic sites with higher wave action. Based on the rope-grown oyster performance, we would suggest that the environmental conditions at the various locations tested in this study would support similar levels of commercial oyster production. The prediction would be quite different, however, if the site productivity assessment were based on performance data from floating oyster bags.

Offshore cultivation methods affects blade features of the edible seaweed Saccharina latissima in a bay of Galicia, Northwest Spain

Variation in blade morphology of Saccharina latissima may be of importance for its commercial cultivation. Blade features were compared between offshore cultivation on horizontal ropes versus hanging ropes during its reproduction period (early autumn and early spring of the following year). Cultivation experiments were conducted in February 2002 in a sheltered coastal area of a bay of Galicia (Northwest Spain). Significant differences were found between methods in blade area, which in turn affected blade biomass. However, the differences were only significant during the reproduction period in early spring. The cultivation method also significantly affected the “substantiality value”, which is an index that expresses the blade quality for human consumption. The observed variations in morphological features of S. latissima blades likely were caused by the different hydrodynamics of the two cultivation methods.

In Situ Aquaculture Methods for Dysidea avara (Demospongiae, Porifera) in the Northwestern Mediterranean

Marine sponges produce secondary metabolites that can be used as a natural source for the design of new drugs and cosmetics. There is, however, a supply problem with these natural substances for research and eventual commercialisation of the products. In situ sponge aquaculture is nowadays one of the most reliable methods to supply pharmaceutical companies with sufficient quantities of the target compound. In this study, we focus on the aquaculture of the sponge Dysidea avara (Schmidt, 1862), which produces avarol, a sterol with interesting pharmaceutical attributes. The soft consistency of this species makes the traditional culture method based on holding explants on ropes unsuitable. We have tested alternative culture methods for D. avara and optimized the underwater structures to hold the sponges to be used in aquaculture. Explants of this sponge were mounted on horizontal ropes, inside small cages or glued to substrates. Culture efficiency was evaluated by determination of sponge survival, growth rates, and bioactivity (as an indication of production of the target metabolite). While the cage method was the best method for explant survival, the glue method was the best one for explant growth and the rope method for bioactivity.

Harmonic and anharmonic behaviour of a simple oscillator

We consider a simple oscillator that exhibits harmonic and anharmonic regimes and analyse its behaviour over the complete range of possible amplitudes. The oscillator consists of a mass m fixed at the midpoint of a horizontal rope. For zero initial rope tension and small amplitude the period of oscillation, τ, varies as τ ∼ m1/6. For small initial tension the oscillator crosses over from harmonic to anharmonic and finally back to harmonic behaviour with increasing amplitude. The change in period and the amplitude of the Fourier components of the waveform (position versus time) during these crossovers are examined and the regions of harmonic and anharmonic behaviour are mapped out. For large enough initial tension the oscillator shows no crossovers and the oscillations are harmonic over the complete range of possible amplitudes. Finally we consider small amplitude two-dimensional motion of this mass in a vertical plane and show the condition that the path be closed only depends on the ratio of initial tension in the rope and spring constant of the rope.

Numerical analysis of the performance of wire mesh and cable net rockfall protection systems

Wire mesh and cable net systems have long been used to control rockfall on actively eroding slopes. The design of these systems has been primarily based on empirical methods, engineering judgment, and experience; their performance has been mixed. There is a general consensus among specialists that in wire mesh systems that have functioned well some elements may be over-designed or even unnecessary. On the contrary, system failures under a variety of loading conditions have occurred within the last few decades, indicating that certain design elements may in fact be under-designed for their desired application. This study presents the results of finite element analyses conducted to examine the performance of the individual elements as well as the overall stability of the wire mesh systems. The load–displacement behaviors of widely used fabrics were determined in the laboratory. The friction between the mesh and rock can be a major contributor to the stability of the wire mesh and cable net systems. The interface friction is controlled by macro and micro roughness of the surface. Interface friction is a difficult parameter to quantify in practice. Guidelines are provided to estimate this parameter from observed slope irregularity and surface roughness based on finite element analyses. The top horizontal rope is an essential element in the design of wire mesh and cable mesh systems. The study also shows that the inclusion of interior horizontal support ropes does not reduce the stress within the mesh, and accordingly, provides no mechanical benefit. Results show that the use of vertical ropes eliminates stress concentration around the anchor support and reduces stresses on the top horizontal rope provided that they are clamped to the mesh at closed intervals.

Combining an Autologous Peripheral Nervous System “Bridge” and Matrix Modification by Chondroitinase Allows Robust, Functional Regeneration beyond a Hemisection Lesion of the Adult Rat Spinal Cord

Chondroitinase-ABC (ChABC) was applied to a cervical level 5 (C5) dorsal quadrant aspiration cavity of the adult rat spinal cord to degrade the local accumulation of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. The intent was to enhance the extension of regenerated axons from the distal end of a peripheral nerve (PN) graft back into the C5 spinal cord, having bypassed a hemisection lesion at C3. ChABC-treated rats showed (1) gradual improvement in the range of forelimb swing during locomotion, with some animals progressing to the point of raising their forelimb above the nose, (2) an enhanced ability to use the forelimb in a cylinder test, and (3) improvements in balance and weight bearing on a horizontal rope. Transection of the PN graft, which cuts through regenerated axons, greatly diminished these functional improvements. Axonal regrowth from the PN graft correlated well with the behavioral assessments. Thus, many more axons extended for much longer distances into the cord after ChABC treatment and bridge insertion compared with the control groups, in which axons regenerated into the PN graft but growth back into the spinal cord was extremely limited. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that modulation of extracellular matrix components after spinal cord injury promotes significant axonal regeneration beyond the distal end of a PN bridge back into the spinal cord and that regenerating axons can mediate the return of useful function of the affected limb.

Progesterone restores retrograde labeling of cervical motoneurons in Wobbler mouse motoneuron disease

The Wobbler mouse, a mutant characterized by motoneuron degeneration in the cervical spinal cord, has been used to test the efficacy of novel treatments for human motoneuron diseases (HMD). Previous reports have shown that slow axonal transport is impaired in Wobblers and other models of HMD. Since progesterone (PROG) corrects some morphological, molecular, and functional abnormalities of Wobbler mice, we studied if steroid exposure for 8 weeks restored retrograde axonal transport by measuring motoneuron labeling after injection of fluorogold into the limb muscles. The dye was injected into forelimb biceps bracchii and flexor or into the rearlimb gastrocnemius muscles; 6 days later, the number of fluorescent motoneurons and the total number of cresyl violet stained motoneurons were counted in the cervical (C5–T1) or lumbar (L3–L5) spinal cord regions. A pronounced reduction (− 42.2%) of the percent of fluorescent motoneurons in Wobbler mice cervical cord was noted, which was significantly corrected after PROG treatment. In contrast, labeling of lumbar motoneurons was not reduced in Wobbler mice and was not affected by PROG treatment. In no case PROG showed an effect in control mice. Concomitantly, PROG slightly but significantly increased biceps weight of Wobbler mice. Behaviorally, PROG-treated Wobblers performed better on a motor test (hanging time from a horizontal rope) compared to untreated counterparts. We postulate a dual role for PROG in the Wobbler mouse, in part by prevention of motoneuron degeneration and also by enhancement of axonal transport. The latter mechanism could improve the traffic of neurotrophic factors from the forelimb muscles into the ailing motoneurons, improving neuromuscular function in this murine model of HMD.

Quantitative assessment of forelimb motor function after cervical spinal cord injury in rats: Relationship to the corticospinal tract

Approximately 50% of human spinal cord injuries (SCI) are at the cervical level, resulting in impairments in motor function of the upper extremity. Even modest recovery of upper extremity function could have an enormous impact on quality of life for quadriplegics. Thus, there is a critical need to develop experimental models for cervical SCI and techniques to assess deficits and recovery of forelimb motor function. Here, we analyze forelimb and forepaw motor function in rats after a lateral hemisection at C5 and assessed the relationship between the functional impairments and the extent of damage to one descending motor system, the corticospinal tract (CST). Female Sprague–Dawley rats were trained on various behavioral tasks that require the forelimb, including a task that measures gripping ability by the hand (as measured by a grip strength meter, GSM), a food reaching task, and horizontal rope walking. After 8 weeks of post-injury testing, the distribution of the CST was evaluated by injecting BDA into the sensorimotor cortex either ipsi- or contralateral to the cervical lesion. Complete unilateral hemisection injuries eliminated the ability to grip and caused severe impairments in food retrieval by the forepaw ipsilateral to the lesion. There was no indication of recovery in either task. In cases in which hemisections spared white matter near the midline, there was some recovery of forelimb motor function over time. Assessment of rope climbing ability revealed permanent impairments in forelimb use and deficits in hindlimb use and trunk stability. Sensory testing using a dynamic plantar aesthesiometer revealed that there was no increase in touch sensitivity in the affected forelimb. For the cases in which both histological and behavioral data were available, spared forelimb motor function was greatest in rats in which there was sparing of the dorsal CST.