Horizontal Relationships Research Articles

A Social Network Analysis of Traditional Labrets and Horizontal Relationships in the Salish Sea Region of Northwestern North America

AbstractIn the Salish Sea region, labret adornment with lip plugs signify particular identities, and they are interpreted as emblematic of both membership in horizontal relationships and achieved status for traditional cultures associated with labret wearing on the Northwest Coast (NWC) of North America. Labrets are part of a shared symbolic language in the region, one that we argue facilitated access to beneficial horizontal relationships (e.g., Angelbeck and Grier 2012; Rorabaugh and Shantry 2017). We employ social network analysis (SNA) to examine labrets from 31 dated site components in the Salish Sea region spanning between 3500 and 1500 cal BP. Following this period, the more widely distributed practice of cranial modification as a social marker of status developed in the region. The SNA of labret data shows an elaboration and expansion of antecedent social networks prior to the practice of cranial modification. Understandings of status on the NWC work backward from direct contact with Indigenous societies. Labret wearing begins at the Middle-Late Holocene transition, setting an earlier stage for the horizontal social relationships seen in the ethnohistoric period. These findings are consistent with the practice as signifying restricted group membership based on affinal ties and achieved social status.

Everydayness of Peace and War

The article examines everydayness as an integrative sphere of society, which is dominant for a person since it is at the micro level that an individual forms his or her social reality. Dialectical relationships between the individual and the general can be traced in everydayness, a semantic content is formed, which makes it possible to understand what happens every day in the everyday life of a person. Therefore, everyday life acts as one of the mechanisms of formation of values, socialization and a source of formation of social capital at the micro-, meso-, and macro levels.
 On the basis of empirical data, it is shown that social capital accumulates in the everyday sphere, which is strong and can withstand external aggressive manifestations, such as Russia’s war against Ukraine. Ukrainian society can withstand full-scale military aggression due to solidarity ties, dense network communications, and social trust at the level of horizontal relationships. In this way, everyday life has a latent effect on the functioning of social institutions at the level of the city and the state which are the field of implementation of people's everyday routines.

Translating team-member exchange relationships to school outcomes: the mediating role of leader-member exchange

PurposeRelying on the principles of the social exchange theory, the current study is aimed at investigating the impact of team-member exchange relationships (TMX) among school management team (SMT) members on school outcomes (organizational citizenship behavior [OCB], job satisfaction and innovation) via the mediating role of leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships between principals and SMTs.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from multiple sources in 86 elementary and junior high schools to avoid one-source bias: 86 principals, 357 SMT members and 683 schoolteachers who were not members of the management teams.FindingsThe results revealed a positive relationship between TMX and teachers' job satisfaction and OCB, but no significant link between TMX and innovation. LMX partially mediated the relationship between TMX and OCB and between TMX and teachers' job satisfaction. Full mediation was found in TMX-innovation relationship.Practical implicationsThe findings carry a message for school principals and policymakers regarding the importance of developing and maintaining high-quality horizontal and vertical exchange relationships among the SMT members for their positive influence on school outcomes.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine the link between TMX and LMX as a team phenomenon, and specifically in the educational setting. The finding that there is a positive link between the two constructs may imply that SMTs contribute to school success not only directly by exhibiting high-quality TMX but also indirectly through the high-quality LMX.

An Assessment of Factors Affecting Employee Performance in Zambian Local Authorities: A Case Study of Lukulu Town Council

Organizational performance through employee performance has been a major global concern of companies and as such various organizations have shifted focus on engineering their employee management processes. The purpose of the study was to assess factors affecting employee performance in Zambian municipalities. The study was guided by three objectives which were; to establish effects of employee motivation on employee performance; to find out the effect of working conditions on employee performance, and to establish the effect of management style on employee performance. A mixed method approach was used with questionnaire and scheduled interviews as data collection tools. A census was used to derive the total sample size of 93 employees. Stratified sampling technique was utilized where 93 respondents were administered with questionnaires while 11 respondents were selected for qualitative data collection through interviews. The study utilized a descriptive approach to quantitative data analysis through the use of SPSS while qualitative data was themed for content analysis. The study response was 97%. The results revealed that majority of the employees at 83% stated that they did not receive enough morale to achieve their tasks which depicted lack of motivation through performance management strategies and feedback. Similarly, 70% stated that they lacked a proper environment, tools, personal protective clothing, and equipment to undertake their tasks effectively and efficiently. Further, 75% stated that there was no key consultation and feedback with regards to tasks and grievances, which are a critical component for motivation and effective performance of roles and responsibilities. Employees felt discriminated which is contrary to the aspirations of the Equity Theory. The study concluded that despite setting clear organizational goals, management lacked proper merit based performance management strategies interlaced with motivation techniques, the creation of a conducive working environment through provision of requisite tools for effective performance and proper establishment of both vertical and horizontal work relationships between superiors and subordinates for effective communication. Therefore, the study strongly recommends the establishment of reward based performance management systems with measurable key performance indicators to accord feedback to the employees along with the need to invest in employee health and safety through provision of well-ventilated office space, personal protective equipment and other working tools. There must be deliberately established systems of top-bottom communication to create a sense of belonging and promote inclusiveness in decision making for employees at production level through necessary key consultations and performance feedback.

THE UNITY OF COMMUNITY IN CEMETERY: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ISLAMIC BURIAL RITUALS IN ACEH, INDONESIA

Our study portrays burial rituals practiced by Aceh Province, Indonesia, as this ethnic group has distinctive traditions for burying deceased members of society due to the intertwining of cultures and religions in Aceh. The intertwining of the Islamic tenet with the local cultures has constructed the burial rituals in Aceh differently from any Islamic community in Indonesia. To discover the ritual’s distinction as this study’s focus, we explored three aspects of the rituals: processes, meanings, and implications. We integrated a qualitative approach through an ethnographic study by observing three burial rituals and interviewing 45 informants across the province. As a result, the processes covered initial meetings, grave cleansing, ceremonious announcement, feast, and pilgrimage. Regarding the ritual’s meanings, we revealed that the Acehnese people practiced the burial rituals to expect God’s blessing and forgiveness for the deceased, represent gratitude and homage toward the left family, affirm the local customs, and consolidate kinship relations. A for the implication, the series of rituals in burying a dead person in Aceh serves as a way to establish a vertical relationship from people to God, along with a horizontal relationship, from person to person, which contains local wisdom representing the identity of Aceh. The urgency of burial rituals reflects communities’ harmony and adherence to cultural and religious beliefs regardless of any condition.

Ecosystem pipelines: Collective action in entrepreneurial ecosystems

Entrepreneurial ecosystems comprise a range of different actors, structures and processes that support entrepreneurs in starting and growing their ventures. They are governed through collective action, which helps ecosystem actors achieve common goals that otherwise would be beyond the scope of their individual abilities. However, we have a limited understanding of the key mechanisms through which they organise their interactions. This article explores how ecosystem actors engage in collective action based on a case study of the Scottish entrepreneurial ecosystem. The main contribution is the introduction of a novel ecosystem governance mechanism coined ‘ecosystem pipelines’, which are logical pathways between ecosystem actors through which entrepreneurs can access support and resources as they progress their ventures. This article highlights that entrepreneurial ecosystems are purpose-driven networks based on horizontal relationship building among actors – as opposed to top-down or bottom-up organising – in pursuit of a common purpose to promote entrepreneurship.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ В УМОВАХ BANI-СВІТУ

Today, rapid changes have become the norm for domestic enterprises. They encourage them to search for new effective management tools and change the management paradigm in general. Under these circumstances, managing the development of an enterprise is an extremely challenging task for managers at all levels of management, as only those enterprises that are able to adapt their management system to new challenges and opportunities to improve performance will be able to survive. The modification of the basic elements of the management process is closely of the fundamental change in the defining parameters of the environment and the formation of new realities of business. The BANI world order requires the management of enterprises to develop new management models that would ensure rapid adaptation to new circumstances. The BANI world is an extremely unstable world order in which changes are chaotic under the influence of global systemic changes, and technology development is occurring at an extremely rapid pace. In order to survive in the BANI world, a business entity needs to adapt and reorient quickly, be flexible and anti-fragile, think non-linearly, and form emotional supports, including developing empathy and emotional intelligence. In this regard, the modern management paradigm should be based on a systemic and situational approach to management and managerial art. The main principles of effective work of a modern manager in the BANI world are: flexibility and adaptability; innovation; risk-orientation; dynamism; efficiency; complexity; stress resistance; care for the interests of society and environmental protection; impartiality of thinking. The most effective tools for ensuring the effective functioning of enterprises in the BANI world order are the Agile-approach, design thinking technology, and value approach. Changing business conditions require modern managers to have not only traditional "hard skills" and "soft skills" but also "meta skills". The main qualities required of a modern manager are adaptability; critical and creative thinking; empathy; high emotional and social intelligence; creativity; ability to build horizontal relationships with employees; and the ability to make informed management decisions in the face of limited information.

Unique roles of adolescents' friends and fathers in predicting verbal aggression in future adult romantic relationships.

This 20-year prospective study examined verbal aggression and intense conflict within the family of origin and between adolescents and their close friends as predictors of future verbal aggression in adult romantic relationships. A diverse community sample of 154 individuals was assessed repeatedly from age 13 to 34 years using self-, parent, peer, and romantic partner reports. As hypothesized, verbal aggression in adult romantic relationships was best predicted by both paternal verbal aggression toward mothers and by intense conflict within adolescent close friendships, with each factor contributing unique variance to explaining adult romantic verbal aggression. These factors also interacted, such that paternal verbal aggression was predictive of future romantic verbal aggression only in the context of co-occurring intense conflict between an adolescent and their closest friend. Predictions remained robust even after accounting for levels of parental abusive behavior toward the adolescent, levels of physical violence between parents, and the overall quality of the adolescent's close friendship. Results indicate the critical importance of exposure to aggression and conflict within key horizontal relationships in adolescence. Implications for early identification of risk as well as for potential preventive interventions are discussed.

Exploring the supervisors’ writing experiences and their effects on undergraduate thesis supervisory practices: A comparison of Japanese and Swedish contexts

This study explored the effects of the writing experiences of supervisors on undergraduate English language thesis supervision, specifically focusing on the Japanese and Swedish tertiary contexts where English medium instruction (EMI) is delivered to students whose first language is not English. Employing a Collaborative Autoethnographic (CAE) approach, three teacher-researchers working at universities in Japan and Sweden jointly co-constructed their narratives about their own literacy practices in the historical development of their writing and current thesis supervision. Findings demonstrated limited influences of the teachers’ personal experiences on their practices, with social and educational norms in each country emerging as more significant factors. Particularly, the teacher-centeredness and exam-orientation were observed by the Japan-based supervisors to affect Japanese students, whereas the more horizontal relationship between students and teachers in Swedish education was reported as impacting university students’ autonomy in thesis writing. We concluded that in both tertiary EMI contexts, local embedded educational norms largely influenced teachers' supervisory practices.

Exploring Solidarity in Action: Key Methodological Features for Collaborative Research in Physical Education

Purpose: This paper delves into the approach of solidarity in action as a collaborative research methodology in the field of physical education, based on Freire’s concepts of solidarity and circle of culture. In a landscape marked by competitiveness and hierarchy, this paper emphasizes the importance of mutual understanding, empathy, and collective struggle for social change in academia. Results: The paper explores a case study of an international project and highlights three key features: (a) intentionality in group creation, (b) levels of collaboration and horizontal relationships, and (c) democratic facilitation. These features stress the importance of collective action, open dialogue, and shared responsibility. Solidarity in action emerges as a methodology designed to cultivate communities, promote critical engagement, and address social injustices. Conclusion: By integrating solidarity in action into research, the paper advocates for a more inclusive, equitable, and culturally sensitive approach in physical education, highlighting the potential for positive change in academia.

The impact of using WhatsApp on the team’s communication, employee performance and data confidentiality

This research aims to explore the ways in which the use of WhatsApp for diagonal and lateral communication can improve the achievement of tasks, to what extent it can keep data and information trustworthy and confidential, and in what ways WhatsApp improves the communication of suggestions, instructions, and complaints. The study uses a quantitative research strategy with one independent variable, which is WhatsApp usage in the workplace, and three dependent variables, which are team member communication, employee performance, and confidentiality. To test the proposed research model, the authors conduct an online questionnaire in the United Arab Emirates. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze the quantitative data collected through the questionnaires. The study shows that the use of WhatsApp for communication is positively associated with leader-member exchange (LMX) and team-member exchange (TMX). Both LMX and TMX have a positive correlation with employee performance. WhatsApp is a trusted method to transfer information between team members and between managers and employees. The study also asserts that the use of WhatsApp is an effective tool to improve productivity and performance, and it makes task completion faster. It appears that the study has a limited literature review and lacks previous research on the variables related to data confidentiality and improving team performance. In this case, the study seems to be lacking a thorough examination of prior research related to data confidentiality and its impact on team performance. WhatsApp is a widely used messaging application that offers end-to-end encryption to its users, and this encryption provides a certain level of security and privacy. WhatsApp usage has a positive impact on team performance and productivity. The study presents a concrete understanding of how vertical and horizontal relationships connect the impact of WhatsApp communication on employee performance. The study recommends the use of WhatsApp in the workplace as a safe tool to boost performance and improve productivity and satisfaction.

Interpretation of Zakat Perspectitive of the Hadith Ahkam Fii Al-Muamalah

Zakat is an obligation to all muslims who are capable or have reached an nisab in it’s possession. Zakat was essentially a vertical and horizontal relationship. In a horizontal relationship, zakat’s purpose is not just conserving the poor, but has a more permanent purpose of raising poverty, the purpose in this article to discuss the question of the zakat study, referring to the prophet’s hadiths, As for the approach in this article using a qualitative approach through library study (library research) which is the method for data collection by understanding and studying theories from various literature ranging from books and journals relating to the subject. The result of this article was that zakat was obligatory to religious believers who had a set minimum of property (nishab) and had a one-year period. In addition to consecrate property, zakat was viewed as an obligation to the owner of the treasure to impose the rights of others on the property obtained.

Моделирование работы технологической цепи с вертикальными и горизонтальными взаимосвязями участников и учетом спроса

The subject of the article is the study of production structures consisting of a set of independent firms (enterprises interacting with each other through the supply of products through horizontal and vertical links in a single production and technological chain. It is assumed that firms at different levels of the chain not only supply components up, but also sell them on the market, organizing interaction with wholesale buyers. The mechanism of interaction takes into account economic interests, the demand for the company’s products in the market and reflects the situation of equilibrium. The scientific novelty of the study is the deepening of the methodological basis for describing the interaction of participants in the technological chain using matrix modeling based on the principles of constructing matrices of intersectoral balance. Such characteristics of firms and the system as a whole as: final product, gross product, resource volumes are considered. On the basis of the obtained final formulas, the dependences of the economic characteristics of the activity of firms and the system as a whole on the decrease (increase) in prices for resources, on changes in demand are established. The proposed approach to determining the final product of the system seems to be quite reasonable: firstly, the output volumes of the system are linked through the interaction of the manufacturer and seller, taking into account market demand, and, secondly, the volume of sales reflects the economic interests of the parties. The ratio “the price of products on the market – the volume of supply” becomes justified on the part of the demand function (the end consumer), the seller and the manufacturer of products. Such an optimization approach to determining the results of interaction promptly takes into account changes in the market environment and adjusts the performance indicators of participants in the direction of their consistency, which makes it possible to increase the stability of the system. It is established that when the market situation worsens as a result of rising prices for factors of production or a reduction in effective demand, there is a percentage decrease in final output in value terms, but the rate of its reduction is lower. The case of a decrease in demand has a more negative impact on the economy of the firm and the entire system. Thus, the growth rates of the economy and the well-being of the population are determined by the efficiency of complex hierarchical structures with horizontal and vertical relationships.

Multispecies Families in Latin American Law

A recent attitudinal change towards animals has led many people to recognize their family structures as multispecies families, that is, a family composed of human members and animals of other species, united by affective ties, and solidarity, in a horizontal relationship, and even where there is mutual recognition. This social phenomenon requires that the legal concept of family, which today more than ever accepts the plurality of family structures, also includes multispecies families. The protection of multispecies families is necessary and possible if one considers that in Latin America today, a post-positivist legal system prevails that is aimed at protecting fundamental rights and freedoms. This legal system allows for a broad interpretation of rights such as the right to free development of personality and the right to family integrity, rights that already serve as foundational for the recognition and protection of multispecies families in Latin America.

How Digital Hybridization Creates New Performance Practices

In this paper, we examine a new set of hybrid ludic practices utilizing cross-media narration that emerged with the rise of the Internet commonly called Alternate Reality Games. However, we propose to coin the term Alternate Virtuality Games (or AVG) as a way to distinguish these digital practices from their real-life counterpart. Viral online AVGs like This House Has People in It (Resnick, 2016) or Ben Drowned (Jadusable, 2010) are emblematic of a horizontal relationship between work and spectator, as well as performance outside of art institutions. The immersiveness of AVGs is unbound by the space and time of a specific happening, and is rather experienced by a multitude of agents at different times and places. This characteristic of being an extra-individual experience as well as being independent from institutions also places AVGs within liminal experiences such as studied by anthropologist Victor Turner.As such, we analyze these hybrid games as a mean for the 21st century spectator to overturn societal status quo through newfound agency. These performing agents get into a subjective state where they can experience and criticize our relationship to digital devices in a society of information and control, without being subjected to it.

Boosting innovativeness in organic farming: the role of external relational capital

PurposeFollowing the contextual approach to intellectual capital, this study analyzed the specific types of external relational capital that foster product/service, process and managerial innovativeness in organic farming as key drivers of sustainable food production.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data from 358 organically certified Spanish farmers were analyzed using structural equation modeling based on partial least squares. A total of three models, one for each type of innovativeness, were developed to analyze the impact of external relational capital. These models took into account four specific types of relational capital: vertical relationships, horizontal relationships, relationships with government institutions and relationships with knowledge-intensive institutions.FindingsAlthough relational capital and innovativeness are clearly underdeveloped, knowledge generated through and embedded in external relationships plays a substantial role in promoting innovativeness in organic farming. Moreover, depending on the type of innovation to be developed, the type of external relational capital that is relevant differs.Practical implicationsThis study's findings indicate that organic farmers prioritize process innovation over product/service and managerial innovation. For the latter categories, building relationships with customers, consumers and government institutions is key. Policymakers should encourage farmer-engaging socialization spaces that emphasize family farms and their knowledge contribution.Originality/valuePast studies have examined the overall degree of association between external relational capital and innovation, often overlooking the nuances of contextual factors. In contrast, this research delves into the unique contributions of knowledge sourced from various external relationships, focusing specifically on how these relationships influence different types of innovation within the specific context of organic farming.

The Concept of Public Trust-Based Leadership – An Outline

Abstract Objective The issue of trust in leading public organisations continues to inspire growing confidence among management researchers and practitioners. The characteristics and organisational behaviour of leaders are analysed from various angles. The subject of the research is one of the newer approaches, namely trustbased leadership (TBL). The aim of this paper is to identify characteristics and the roles of public trust-based leadership (PTBL). This is the type of leadership that most fully incorporates trust as the basis of organisational behaviour in vertical and horizontal relationships and consequently as organisational cooperation. Methodology The primary methods used in this article are a critical review of research on organisational trust, leadership and public trust contained in the academic literature and in surveys of trust in leadership conducted in recent years by consultancies and made available on line. Findings The study confirmed that an inalienable role of leaders is to shape their own organisational credibility in both internal and external relations. Achieving a high level of this credibility allows to earn trust. Value Added Demonstrating that a key differentiator of the trust-based leadership concept is that TBL is centring trust-based relationships throughout the entire organisation. Recommendations Further research on trust-based public leadership should support its presence in contemporary organisations.

CELEBRATING THE SACRAMENT OF MARRIAGE DURING FAMILY LIFE. A CATHOLIC-DOGMATIC PERSPECTIVE

This paper presents the question of the dynamics of the sacrament of marriage arising from the wedding vows according to the rite celebrated in the Catholic liturgy. The aim of the paper is to explain what it means to celebrate the sacrament of marriage every day, not only on the wedding day. The theme is developed based on the concept of ritual as a phenomenon involving the activities of introducing a person to a new state of life in society. According to researchers, ritual perpetuates certain values in culture and human consciousness. In the light of theological sources, in Christian rituals, marriage is a theological reality. This means that the sacrament of marriage involves the rite of a man and a woman making four promises concerning their future life together and including their relationship with God. These pledges are a promise of fidelity, love, honesty and accompanying the other person for the rest of their lives, which means ‘dialogue of life’. Sacramentality, on the other hand, signifies a guarantee of access to God’s grace, which is necessary to build a family community according to the Gospel. The sacrament of marriage appears here as a Christian ritual celebrated that commemorates every moment of life together, with references to the grace given by God. Looking at the sacrament of marriage as a ritual makes it possible to see two dimensions of the dynamics of the marital relationship: a horizontal relationship, involving the dialogue between the spouses, and a vertical relationship, involving the dialogue of the spouses with God. Viewed in this way, Christian marriage is a reality unfolding in the individual lives of persons, as well as socially and ecclesiastically.

Inter-firm relations and resource-based performance: a contingent relational view of small-scale farmers in Zambia

PurposeEffective and flexible organizational models have become an avenue for driving smallholder competitiveness in the agricultural sector. However, little is understood about the processes by which resource-constrained actors deploy their organizational networks to generate and retain value in rapidly changing agrifood environments. This study examines the moderating effects of business contingencies on the interplay between organizational relationships and the resource-based performance of small-scale farmers in a developing country.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose a novel conceptual framework grounded in the relational view, netchain and contingency theories. Cross-sectional data obtained from 330 maize farmers in rural Zambia were analyzed using variance-based structural equation modeling, which involves mediation-moderation analysis.FindingsThe results show that all relational networks – vertical, horizontal and lateral – positively mediate the effects farm resources and social capital have on farmers' performance. However, these effects change depending on the predominant agency situations. Specifically, asymmetric power from customers and reputable competitors weakens the positive effect of closer horizontal relationships on business performance, while the positive effect of tighter informal vertical relationships on farmers' performance weakens under conditions of high affective trust. Moreover, the gender-based multigroup analyses highlight variations in the contingent relational view of men- and women-headed households.Research limitations/implicationsThe study relies on cross-sectional data from one agribusiness sector in Zambia, thus generalizations should be cautious.Originality/valueThe uniqueness of this study lies in the proposed theoretical framework and new empirical insights, which extend the scope of the relational view to small-scale farming households in developing countries.

Reflections of Prophetic Values on Strengthening Da'wah in the Digitalisation Era

Da'wah is an effort to spread religious teachings and strengthen the faith and practice of the people. Therefore, in da'wah, it is essential to reflect on prophetic values so that da'wah can be delivered correctly and by religious teachings. This study reflects on prophetic values to strengthen da'wah in the digitalisation era. This study is qualitative research in the form of library research with normative-philosophical research type with a conceptual research category that uses a descriptive-analytical research approach. Therefore, the results of the study state that strengthening da'wah in the digitalisation era can take advantage of technology to expand its reach and increase its effectiveness of da'wah. However, in using technology, it is also necessary to reflect prophetic values to avoid deviating from religious teachings. The existence of prophetic values such as humanisation, liberation and transcendence that are integrated to ground Islamic values in the lives of Muslims can be the basis for realising da'wah activities that uphold the values of benefit for human social life. Therefore, Islamic da'wah activities are projected to instil Islamic da'wah values that can synergistically empower human and natural resources because it not only aims to strengthen the vertical dimension of tawhid but also includes horizontal relationships with fellow humans and all creatures.