Horizontal Portion Research Articles

Centrifuge modeling of levees with geocomposite chimney drain subjected to flooding

The objective of present study is to evaluate the performance of a levee subjected to flooding and seepage through centrifuge model tests. For this, six model tests were conducted on a 240 mm high levee model at 30g in a 4.5 m radius large beam centrifuge. A custom-developed simulator is employed to induce identical flood rates on the upstream side of models. Further, using (a) geocomposite (GC) and (b) sand-sandwiched geocomposite (SSGC) as internal chimney drain, the suitability of GC material for dissipation of pore-water pressure (PWP) is also studied. The results of the centrifuge tests are discussed in terms of the development of upstream flood function, PWP within the levee body, and the surface settlements at the levee's crest. Further, the influence of an internal chimney drain, the material used for its construction, and its type and composition on the seepage response of the levee are discussed. It is observed that a GC-based chimney drain with sand cushioning on both sides in the horizontal portion of the chimney drain performs well. Further, digital image analysis of SEM micrographs of exhumed GC after centrifuge tests and the analyzed PWP data during sustained flooding-induced seepage is found to corroborate well.

A Review Study on Belt Wall in Non-Regular Buildings in Various India Earthquake Zones

To reinforce a building's central walls and external columns and boost its stability against overturning, outriggers are robust horizontal frameworks like beams and frames. While cantilevers have been an attribute of buildings for more than fifty years, their performance has been enhanced by innovative design concepts. The structural system known as the foundation system is made up of horizontal cantilever portions that are fastened to the structure's external columns and interior core. The system's lateral stiffness and central moment arm are both enhanced by this link. By joining the core and the building supports, the stabilizer lowers the back moments inside the core and transfers moments from the core to the exterior supports. Steel, concrete, and composite materials are just a few of the elements that can be used to make stabilization systems. Usually the core is positioned on one side of the building and the stabilizers expand on the opposite side, or the stabilizers expand on one side of the central core. To stop lateral movement, the perimeter of the building is attached together and expanded by column-connecting walls. Wall-mounted stabilizers are more efficient than wall-free ones. The center wall cannot freely rotate on the external columns due to the stabilizing arm. The location of outriggers and tie rods, the quantity of outriggers, the form of the structure, the type of core (steel or concrete), and the height from floor to ceiling are just a few of the elements that might impact how well outriggers and straps function in the structure. Several studies were selected for this review study with the purpose of analyzing the impact of belt walls on irregular structures. Obtain a thorough analysis of the types of irregular buildings and how earthquakes affect these constructions. Earthquake zones are used in India to categorize the degree of seismic loading. Keywords: Belt Wall, earthquake zone, Irregularities of Building, Storey displacement, bending moment etc.

Evaluating the Performance of a Combined Vertical Wall–Horizontal Roof Solar Chimney for the Natural Ventilation of Buildings

The natural ventilation of buildings can be achieved effectively with solar chimneys, which are classified into wall, roof, and combined wall–roof configurations. Among the combined systems investigated in the literature, vertical wall–horizontal roof solar chimneys have not been evaluated thoroughly. This study investigates the performance of a combined vertical wall–horizontal roof solar chimney numerically. A two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is employed to examine the flow and thermal characteristics under various influencing factors relating to the chimney’s geometry, the flow resistance caused by the bend connecting the vertical and horizontal portions, the reverse flow at the outlet, and the location of the heat source. Compared to a vertical wall chimney at the same cavity height, the combined system always had a lower flow rate but had a higher thermal efficiency at some length-to-total-height ratios. Heating the upper walls induced higher flow rates but lower thermal efficiency. Particularly, the effect of the bend on the flow rate was more important than that of the reverse flow at the outlet. These results imply that a combined chimney is preferred over a vertical one for heating applications, wherein the combined chimney should have transparent upper walls.

Factors related to vessel displacement due to stent retriever retraction: An in vitro study

BackgroundThrombectomy with a stent retriever (SR) may lead to intracranial hemorrhage due to vessel displacement. We aimed to explore factors related to vessel displacement using an in vitro vessel model. MethodsA vessel model mimicking two-dimensional left internal carotid angiography findings was used in this study. Six SR types (Solitaire 3 × 40, 4 × 40, and 6 × 40; Embotrap 5 × 37; Trevo 4 × 41; and Tron 4 × 40) were fully deployed in the M2 ascending, M2 bend, or M1 horizontal portion. Subsequently, the SR was retracted, and the vessel displacement, maximum SR retraction force, and angle of the M2 bend portion were measured. A total of 180 SR retraction experiments were conducted using 6 SR types at 3 deployment positions with 10 repetitions each. ResultsThe mean maximum distance of vessel displacement for Embotrap Ⅲ 5 × 37 (6.4 ± 3.5 mm, n = 30) was significantly longer than that for the other five SR types (p = 0.029 for Solitaire 6 × 40 and p < 0.001 for the others, respectively). Vessel displacement was significantly longer in the M2 ascending portion group (5.4 ± 3.0 mm, n = 60) than in the M2 bend portion group (3.3 ± 1.6 mm, n = 60) (p < 0.001) and it was significantly longer in the M2 bend portion group than in the M1 horizontal portion group (1.1 ± 0.7 mm, n = 60) (p < 0.001). A positive correlation existed between the mean maximum SR retraction force or mean angle of the M2 bend portion due to SR retraction (i.e., vessel straightening) and the mean maximum distance of vessel displacement (r = 0.90, p < 0.001; r = 0.90, p < 0.001, respectively). ConclusionsVessel displacement varied with the SR type, size, and deployment position. Moreover, vessel displacement correlated with the SR retraction force or vessel straightening of the M2 bend portion.

Detection of Hyperdense Arterial Sign in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Dual-Energy Computed Tomography: Optimal Combination with X-ray Energy and Slice Thickness.

The hyperdense artery sign (HAS) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is considered an important marker of a thrombus on computed tomography (CT). An advantage of scanning with dual-energy CT (DECT) is its ability to reconstruct CT images with various energies using the virtual monochromatic imaging (VMI) technique. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal combination of X-ray energy and slice thickness to detect HASs on DECT. A total of 32 patients with confirmed occlusion of the horizontal (M1) portion of the middle cerebral artery were included in this study. Modified contrast-to-noise ratio (modified CNR) analysis was used as a method for evaluating HASs in AIS. A region of interest (ROI) was set as an HAS, the M1 portion, and an approximately 2 cm diameter ROI was set as the background including the HAS and measured. CT images with X-ray energies from 40 to 190 keV, with increments of 10 keV, were reconstructed based on VMI with 1, 2, and 3 mm slice thicknesses. The top five combinations of X-ray energy and slice thickness in descending order of the mean HAS-modified CNR were as follows: Rank 1, 60 keV-1 mm; Rank 2, 70 keV-1 mm; Rank 3, 60 keV-2 mm; Rank 4, 80 keV-2 mm; Rank 5, 60 keV-3 mm. Our study showed that the optimal combination to detect an HAS was 60 keV and a 1 mm slice thickness on DECT.

Retrospective analysis of augmentation procedures with umbrella screws, a novel tenting technique: a consecutive case series in 279 patients.

The consecutive case series accesses the results and experiences of ridge augmentation using an umbrella screw tenting technique. In total, 279 patients were treated between 26 May 2015 and 16 June 2021, including horizontal and vertical ridge defects. Sex, age, smoking behavior, jaw, graft material, soft tissue thickness, extent of horizontal/vertical augmentation, resorption rate, and occurrence of early/late exposure were evaluated. Bone gain was determined by resorption at the screw head. Only cases without premature screw removal were evaluated metrically (n = 201). All other augmentations were evaluated according to whether implantation was possible with or without further augmentation (n = 27). A target performance index was calculated, which should enable evidence-based comparability of different augmentation methods in future. In total, 54 wound dehiscences (39 early, 15 late exposures) occurred, which corresponds to 24.08% of the augmented sites; 42 umbrella screws were removed prematurely. In all cases an implantation was possible at the desired position afterwards. Cases with a vertical augmentation component showed a higher prevalence of exposure (early, P = .000; late, P = .024). The extent of the vertical augmentation was only relevant for early exposure (P = .048). Mean bone gain of 4.23 ± 1.69 mm horizontally and 4.11 ± 1.99 mm vertically could be achieved. Regression analysis showed that there was no limit in horizontal/vertical direction. Mean percentage target performance index was 75.90 ± 20.54 for vertical and 82.25 ± 16.67 for horizontal portions. The umbrella technique is an effective augmentation method, which can be applied to any defect morphology.

Abstract 196: Navigation Orientation of the Angled Tip of the Zoom 71 catheter around the Carotid Siphon

Introduction Aspiration thrombectomy has been one of the mainstays of treatment in stroke interventions. The Zoom71 (Z71) aspiration catheter is unique with its angled tip. This study describes the orientation of the angled tip as its navigated around the carotid siphon and its association with trackability. Methods Prospectively collected cases involving large vessel occlusions of the anterior circulation which were intervened upon using the Zoom71 aspiration catheter were retrospectively analyzed. 71 passes, among 50 patients, among 7 operators, were analyzed with respect to Zoom71 catheter tip orientation with respect to the following corners: “Corner 1”‐ posterior vertical to horizontal portion of cavernous segment, “Corner 2”‐ ophthalmic turn, and “Corner 3”‐ ICA terminus to M1. The catheter tip orientation Was described as “UP” vs “DOWN” with respect to the inner curve of each corner. We also took note of whether the tip was “caught up” in the aforementioned corners during navigation. Results There was no preferential angled tip orientation of the Z71 as its navigated around the carotid siphon: Corner 1 (posterior vertical to horizontal cavernous), 51% (N=36) UP vs 44% (N=31) DOWN, p= 0.54; Corner 2 (ophthalmic), 46.5%(N=33) UP vs 53.5% (N=38) DOWN, p= 0.55; Corner 3 (terminus to M1) 43.7% (N=31) UP vs 46.5% (N=33) DOWN, p=0.63. It was not caught up in Corner 1. It got caught up in Corner 2 in 15.5% (N=11) of passes. The UP orientation at Corner 2‐ with Z71 angled tip pointing towards the ophthalmic (away from the inner curve), was associated with getting caught in 21% (7/33) of passes vs 10.5% (4/38) for the DOWN orientation though this was not statistically significant, p= 0.22. It got caught up in Corner 3 in 4.7% (N=3/64) of passes. The UP orientation at Corner 3 was associated with getting caught in 6.5% (2/31) of passes vs 3% (1/33) for the DOWN orientation, p=0.52. Usage of Z88 as guide catheter may be associated with Z71 getting caught up less in Corner 2 compared to other guide Catheters, 9.3% (4/43) for Z88 vs 25% (7/28) for “Others”, p= 0.07. This also applied to corner 3, 0% for Z88 vs 11.1% (3/24) for “Others”, p=0.038. Conclusion There is no preferential orientation of the angled tip of the Z71 as it navigates around the carotid siphon. The DOWN orientation may allow for better trackability around the ophthalmic turn. Usage of Z88 as guide catheter may help with Z71 trackability around the siphon.

Directional sources and distributed acoustic sensing deployments for near-surface characterization

Active near-surface surveys using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) have been practically limited to 2D inline acquisitions followed by Rayleigh-wave dispersion analysis. In this study, we analyze different acquisition setups and the subsurface properties that can be estimated from them. First, we find a surface survey dedicated to Love-wave acquisition. We use a horizontal source and common-receiver sorting of the DAS data for a pure Love-wave velocity dispersion analysis yielding an S-wave velocity profile. Common-receiver sorting has the added benefit of practically eliminating the effect of the gauge length. Next, downhole DAS is used in a vertical seismic profile-type survey to recover a 1D P-wave velocity through checkshot analysis. Finally, we find that the horizontal portion of a fiber deployed in a deviated borehole records high-frequency data from surface sources. We use first arrivals for diving-wave tomography, yielding a 2D P-wave velocity model above and below the fiber. We validate the inversion results of all acquisitions through a comparison with geophone-derived velocity models. We conclude that source orientation plays a crucial role and should be considered during survey planning in conjunction with DAS directivity. As anticipated, fiber coupling can strongly influence the signal-to-noise ratio and needs to be adequately planned. In vertical boreholes, infilling offers a viable solution for deployment in existing wells. For deviated boreholes, installation inside the casing yields suboptimal coupling, but more adequate deployment protocols may yield high-frequency data useful for velocity model building and imaging. From a practical point of view, the acquisitions that we describe are difficult to justify due to their operational costs and limitations. Nonetheless, they highlight the potential of DAS in going beyond traditional analysis.

Enhancement effect of T-shaped fins on phase change material melting in a horizontal shell-and-tube storage unit

Enhancing the melting performance of phase change material (PCM) has always been an important issue in thermal energy storage. T-shaped fin has the potential to enhance melting as it has much larger heat transfer surface away from heat source compared to traditional longitudinal plate fin. However, its enhancement performance remains unexamined. This study examined the effect of T-shaped fins on PCM melting in a horizontal shell-and-tube storage unit. The melting enhancement performance of four T-shaped fins was compared with that of eight longitudinal plate fins which have the same total fin volume with T-shaped fins. The results showed that T-shaped fins can significantly enhance the melting process by shortening the complete melting time and improving the melting uniformity regardless of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature. Compared to longitudinal plate fins, horizontally and vertically arranged T-shaped fins save 34.5% melting time, while the T-shaped fins having a 45° angle with horizontal direction save only 8% melting time. The lengths of the vertical and horizontal portions were further optimized to improve the melting performance. It is found T-shaped fins with a length ratio of vertical to horizontal portion greater than 1.0 can better enhance the melting performance, and a length ratio of 1.33 saves 47.1% melting time compared to the longitudinal plate fins.

Malposition of the Resorbable Sheet in Medial Orbital Wall Fractures: Frequency and Techniques for Prevention.

The aim of this report is to discuss malposition of the resorbable sheet in medial orbital wall fractures and how to prevent this problem. After making an incision through the skin and orbicularis oculi muscle, a skin-muscle flap was elevated just superficial to the orbital septum, extending to the arcus marginalis. Dissection was extended just below the anterior lacrimal crest to increase the exposure. Fracture site in medial orbital wall was visualized. A resorbable sheet (poly- l -lactide, d -lactide sheet, 0.5-mm thickness) was trimmed and molded in an L shape, with the vertical portion used to cover the medial wall defect and the horizontal portion for stability in the orbital floor. An extended part, measuring roughly 1cm, was bent across on the infraorbital rim, and this part was fixed with absorbable screws to prevent the sheet from crumpling. After the molded plate was put in position, the periosteum and skin were closed. From 2011 to 2021, the authors operated on 152 orbital floor or medial wall fractures. Among 152 patients who underwent surgery to reconstruct orbital floor or medial wall fracture, of whom 27 patients had both floor and medial wall fractures, the authors experienced 2 cases of medial orbital wall fractures where the resorbable sheet was malpositioned, requiring reoperation. To prevent malposition of the sheet in medial wall reconstruction, the inferomedial angle of the vertical portion and the horizontal portion of the sheet should be about 135°. Before fixing the sheet on the bony part, a complete tension-free forced-duction test is mandatory.

Preserve the reserve: The novel way

Abstract Aims: To assess the outcome of a novel approach for thermal punctocanalicular cautery in severe dry eye patients. Materials and Methods: After tear function tests, eligible patients with severe dry eyes recalcitrant to maximal medical therapy underwent permanent punctocanalicular occlusion by thermal punctocanalicular cauterization at a tertiary eye hospital between January 2013 and February 2018. The epithelium of the punctum, the vertical portion and the horizontal portion of the canaliculus was cauterized with long hairline tip of Ellman thermal punctal cautery. Change in Schirmer’s 1, tear film breakup time (TBUT) and fluorescein staining of the corneal epithelium at last follow up were primary outcome measures. Results: Our study included 85 eyes of 47 patients with a mean age of 42.6 ± 17.6 years of which 31 (66%) were women. The average follow up was 68 ± 74 weeks and 85.88% of puncta remained occluded till last follow up. The Schirmer’s 1 improved from 3.2 ± 2.3 mm to 4.3 ± 2.1 mm (P &lt; 0.001), the TBUT improved from 3.3 ± 1.6 s to 4.8 ± 1.5 s (P &lt; 0.001) and average fluorescein stain score reduced from 14.08 ± 2.5 to 7.68 ± 1.71 (P &lt; 0.001). The frequency of using lubricants also reduced significantly from 10 ± 3 times per day to 6.7 ± 2.1 times per day (P &lt; 0.001). No postoperative complication in the form of epiphora or punctal cellulitis were observed. Conclusions: Thermal punctocanalicular cautery is a novel, simple, repeatable, noninvasive and highly effective method for severe dry eye cases. Majority patients showed permanent punctal canalicular occlusion with improvement in tear film function. Frequency of instillation of lubricants needed decreased which can indirectly reduce the economic burden for the patients.

Сases of lacrimal system affection after Coronavirus infection

In the present article, cases of lacrimal apparatus conditions emerging after a new Coronavirus infection COVID-19. The aim of the study is to determine the causes of epiphora in patients after Coronavirus infection.&#x0D; 26 patients (30 eyes) were examined, aged from 28 to 70 years, complaining of tearing, which emerged for the first time ever not earlier than 514 days from the onset of the laboratory-confirmed Coronavirus infection COVID-19, which had a mild or a moderately severe course and was accompanied by anosmia.&#x0D; In patients, following conditions of the lacrimal system were revealed: in 22 patients, there were pathological changes of the horizontal portion of lacrimal pathways; in 6 people dry eye syndrome was diagnosed: in 3 people, it was of mild severity, manifested by hyperlacrimia, 3 people had moderate severity of the dry eye syndrome. As concomitant, following signs were revealed: in 7 patients rhinologic conditions were present, in 2 people neurologic signs.&#x0D; In the examined group of patients with epiphora, we found that in 1.53 month after Coronavirus infection COVID-19 with anosmia, as a common sign of the disease in more than a half of cases, a development of pathological changes of the horizontal portion of lacrimal pathways was revealed.

The Gaia AVU–GSR parallel solver: Preliminary studies of a LSQR-based application in perspective of exascale systems

The Gaia Astrometric Verification Unit–Global Sphere Reconstruction (AVU–GSR) Parallel Solver aims to find the astrometric parameters for ∼108 stars in the Milky Way, the attitude and the instrumental specifications of the Gaia satellite, and the global parameter γ of the post Newtonian formalism. The code iteratively solves a system of linear equations, A×x=b, where the coefficient matrix A is large (∼1011×108 elements) and sparse. To solve this system of equations, the code exploits a hybrid implementation of the iterative PC-LSQR algorithm, where the computation related to different horizontal portions of the coefficient matrix is assigned to separate MPI processes. In the original code, each matrix portion is further parallelized over the OpenMP threads. To further improve the code performance, we ported the application to the GPU, replacing the OpenMP parallelization language with OpenACC. In this port, ∼95% of the data is copied from the host to the device at the beginning of the entire cycle of iterations, making the code compute bound rather than data-transfer bound. The OpenACC code presents a speedup of ∼1.5 over the OpenMP version but further optimizations are in progress to obtain higher gains. The code runs on multiple GPUs and it was tested on the CINECA supercomputer Marconi100, in anticipation of a port to the pre-exascale system Leonardo, that will be installed at CINECA in 2022.

Cross-sectional Imaging of the Duodenum: Spectrum of Disease.

Cross-sectional Imaging of the Duodenum: Spectrum of Disease.

Exposition of Artificial Blood Vessel in the Horizontal Portion of the Duodenum

Exposition of Artificial Blood Vessel in the Horizontal Portion of the Duodenum

Studies of thermal stratification stresses and its impact on fatigue design of NPP piping

Thermal stratification is identified as one of the causes of failure in many nuclear power plant piping. It causes high circumferential temperature gradient in horizontal pipe portions and results in high thermal stresses. In general, most of the piping design codes do not consider these stresses. This paper presents a detail study of thermal stratification stresses and its impact on fatigue life of horizontal portions of NPP piping. The finite element evaluations of thermal stratification stresses are carried out for different constraint conditions at pipe end and for several idealizations of circumferential temperature variation. Simplified equations are developed for calculation of thermal-stratification induced thermal axial and tangential stresses. The thermal stresses evaluated using these developed formulas are compared with the FEM and the test data available in literature. A case study was carried out on a thermally stratified typical NPP surge line. Here the thermal stresses and their impact on fatigue damage was evaluated.

Combined endoscopic endonasal and transorbital multiportal approach for complex skull base lesions involving multiple compartments.

This study defines the specific areas that connect the surgical corridors of the endoscopic endonasal (EEA) and transorbital approach (TOA) to identify adequate clinical applications and perspectives of this combined multiportal approach. Consecutive patients who underwent combined EEA and TOA procedures for various pathologies involving multiple compartments of the skull base were enrolled. A total of eight patients (2 chondrosarcomas, 2 meningiomas, 2 schwannomas, 1 glioma, and 1 traumatic optic neuropathy) were included between August 2016 and April 2021. The cavernous sinus (CS) was targeted as the connection area of the combined approach in four patients with tumors infiltrating the middle cranial fossa (MCF) and central skull base through the CS. For two patients with MCF tumors extending into the infratemporal fossa (ITF), the horizontal portion of the greater sphenoid wing and the foramen ovale were utilized as the connection area. In the remaining 2 patients, connection was achieved through the optic canal (OC). Gross total and near total resection was achieved in 5 patients with tumors, and circumferential removal of bone composing the OC was performed in one patient with traumatic compressive optic neuropathy. Postoperative complications included one cardiac arrest due to underlying cardiovascular disease and one case of oculomotor nerve palsy. The combined EEA and TOA procedure is a useful strategy for complex lesions involving multiple compartments of the skull base. Herein, we identified the specific areas connecting the two surgical approaches, allowing a common path for EEA and TOA procedures.

Characterization of Liquid Sloshing in U-Shaped Container with Submerged Cylinder to be Used as Dampers for Structural Vibration Control

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of a submerged cylinder on the sloshing responses in a partially filled U-shaped container. The movable cylinder is placed at the horizontal portion of a...

高度貧血を契機に診断されたステントグラフト内挿術後腹部大動脈瘤：十二指腸瘻の1例(Secondary aorto–duodenal fistula following endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair diagnosed by severe anemia)

要旨腹部大動脈ステントグラフト（EVAR）は腹部大動脈瘤（AAA）に対する主な治療として位置づけられ，とくに開腹歴をもつ症例群に対する加療として，低侵襲性の観点で積極的に施行されている。EVAR後に発生するエンドリークは，治療にも関わらず瘤径拡大の主原因であり，周囲臓器との瘻孔や瘤破裂の発生などEVAR関連合併症が発生しうる。EVAR後の大動脈腸管瘻（AEF）の発生は非常に稀であるが，致命的な合併症として知られる。我々は，大腸癌で開腹歴をもつ70歳代女性の拡大傾向のある嚢状AAA対してEVARを施行したが，瘤拡大が持続し十二指腸に穿破した症例を経験した。EVAR術後6か月，16か月後にそれぞれエンドリークによる瘤径拡大に対する追加加療を行ったが，瘤径の制御が困難であった。術後20か月後に高度貧血に対する精査のために施行された上部消化管内視鏡検査の結果，AAAが十二指腸水平脚と交通し出血している所見を認め，AEFの診断となり緊急手術を行った。周術期死亡率の高い本症において，手術侵襲が大きくなることが予想される症例に対して，ステントグラフトを抜去せず瘤縫縮術を選択した1例を報告した。EVAR後の瘤拡大関連イベントに救急医が関わるケースが増えてくることが予想され，AEFの合併を念頭に置くべきである。

Using vertical phase differences to better resolve 3D gravity wave structure

Abstract. Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) are a critically important dynamical mechanism in the terrestrial atmosphere, with significant effects on weather and climate. They are geographically ubiquitous in the middle and upper atmosphere, and thus, satellite observations are key to characterising their properties and spatial distribution. Nadir-viewing satellite instruments characterise the short horizontal wavelength portion of the GW spectrum, which is important for momentum transport; however, these nadir-sensing instruments have coarse vertical resolutions. This restricts our ability to characterise the 3D structure of these waves accurately, with important implications for our quantitative understanding of how these waves travel and how they drive the atmospheric circulation when they break. Here, we describe, implement and test a new spectral analysis method to address this problem. This method is optimised for the characterisation of waves in any three-dimensional data set where one dimension is of coarse resolution relative to variations in the wave field, a description which applies to GW-sensing nadir-sounding satellite instruments but which is also applicable in other areas of science. We show that our new “2D + 1 ST” method provides significant benefits relative to existing spectrally isotropic methods for characterising such waves. In particular, it is much more able to detect regional and height variations in observed vertical wavelength and able to properly characterise extremely vertically long waves that extend beyond the data volume.