Horizontal Logs Research Articles

WOODEN CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE BARROWS OF THE RAIKY CULTURE: GENESIS, ANALOGIES, SEMANTICS

Wooden constructions of various types were found in the barrow cremation burials of the Raiky culture of the 8th—10th centuries. People of this culture were the Slavic tribes of the Right Bank of the Dnieper, Volynia, and Dniester River regions. The burnt rectangular constructions made of horizontal logs (Mezhyrichky, Velyka Horbasha and Radastst in Polesie) were the most widespread. Burial chambers from the Don River basin (Borshevo culture) or Transylvania are usually cited as parallels. However, in terms of typology, wooden constructions spread over the territory of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and East Germany are much closer. They are considered as models of residential buildings — «houses of the dead».
 Circular fences made of burnt pillars are less common (Holovne and Mylanovichi in Volynia). It is believed that they were supposed to separate the World of the Living from the World of the Dead.
 Most of the barrows from the Chornivka (Bukovina) and Dobrostany (Roztocze) cemeteries had the pillar holes on the periphery. This element which has usually been overlooked by researchers is also widely known in West Slavic lands: modern Czech archaeologists even consider the burials of this type to be dominated in the territory of Bohemia. It is believed that burial urns were placed on the pillars because around them on the surface of the mound the burnt bones and fragments of ceramics were often recorded. Thus, the words of the Old Rus chronicler who described the burial of pagan Slavs «on a pillar by the roads» should be understood quite literally. The recording of such burials during archaeological excavations causes understandable difficulties.
 In general, in the area of the Raiky culture, there can be counted at least one and a half dozen mound burials with the remains of wooden structures. The homogeneity of constructions demonstrates the common worldviews that were widespread in the 8th—10th centuries among the Slavs from the Elba to the Dnieper.

Northern distributional extensions of Peropteryx leucoptera and Peropteryx pallidoptera (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) from Vichada, Colombia

The White-winged Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx leucoptera) and the Pale-winged Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx pallidoptera) are distinguished from the other emballonurid bats because they have white or translucent wings. Their distribution and biology are poorly known due to they are no captured in traditional bat inventories using mist nets. In this contribution, we extend the known distribution of P. leucoptera 260 km NE and P. pallidoptera 290 km NE. Our records are from three specimens collected in a mammal assessment at the riparian corridor of the river Meta in the Vichada department. This locality is the northern limit of the distributional range of both species. We highlight the need to continue the fieldwork on mammals inventories with specimen collections through the Colombian Llanos. We call attention to the importance of horizontal rotten logs as roost of P. leucoptera and other little known neotropical bats.

ГРАФІЧНА РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЯ ОБОРОННОГО ВАЛУ СЛОВ’ЯНСЬКОГО ГОРОДИЩА ІІІ У МІСТІ КОРОСТЕНЬ (ЗА АРХЕОЛОГІЧНИМИ ДАНИМИ)

ГРАФІЧНА РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЯ ОБОРОННОГО ВАЛУ СЛОВ’ЯНСЬКОГО ГОРОДИЩА ІІІ У МІСТІ КОРОСТЕНЬ (ЗА АРХЕОЛОГІЧНИМИ ДАНИМИ)

Permian Basin: Use of In-Situ Mechanical Rock Properties Improves Completions

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 191406, “Using In-Situ Mechanical Rock Properties To Target Landing Zones and Improve Completions in the Permian Basin,” by E.L. Scott, A.M. Hildick, and C. Glaser, Fracture ID, and E. Petre, Hunt Oil, prepared for the 2018 SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, Muscat, Oman, 16–18 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Optimizing horizontal well placement is not limited to identifying the most-favorable reservoir, but also involves identifying the ideal target window within that reservoir. Gathering drill-bit geomechanics data provides a lower-cost and lower-risk method to acquire mechanical rock properties in long horizontal wellbores. By integrating data sets with mechanical rock properties recorded while drilling, operators can have significantly higher confidence in choosing a target landing zone and improving completions. The complete paper presents two detailed case studies from the Permian Basin. Introduction In this paper, the authors combine the characterization of petrophysical and geomechanical properties into what they call a petromechanical work flow. Typically, petrophysical and geomechanical properties are characterized using data acquired by wireline logs. In vertical wells, wireline logs represent, traditionally, the least-intrusive manner of acquiring high-resolution data. With additional cost and rig time, cores of the formation rock can be exhumed to analyze its properties on surface. In horizontal wells, both wireline logs and conventional cores are costly and operationally challenging. Because of the economic and operational burden, operators typically avoid collecting geomechanical data in horizontal wells. Besides these traditional measurements, the novel technique of using drill-bit geomechanics can enable measurement of geomechanical properties while drilling. Compared with wireline logs and core analysis, this technique is less costly and has a lower risk in long horizontal wells. Drill-Bit Geomechanics Drill-bit geomechanics provides mechanical properties through continuous, high-resolution measurements of drilling-induced vibrations. Triaxial accelerometers, which sample at 1 kHz, record the vibrations while positioned directly behind the drill bit. Earthquake seismology models allow a transformation of the high-frequency, triaxial, drilling-induced vibrations into mechanical rock•properties. The drill-bit geomechanics method determines mechanical properties by using stress-strain relationships and isotropic stiffness coefficients. Additionally, the method describes anisotropy by solving for transversely isotropic (TI) interpretations of the rock matrix. Typically, a vertically transverse isotropic (VTI) matrix contains high shale content or other laminar bedding, while a horizontally transverse isotropic (HTI) matrix contains vertical bedding or fractures. In this paper, the authors define VTI anisotropy as bedding and HTI anisotropy as fracture intensity.

Wild Chimpanzees Rely on Cultural Knowledge to Solve an Experimental Honey Acquisition Task

Population and group-specific behavioral differences have been taken as evidence for animal cultures, a notion that remains controversial. Skeptics argue that ecological or genetic factors, rather than social learning, provide a more parsimonious explanation. Work with captive chimpanzees has addressed this criticism by showing that experimentally created traditions can be transmitted through social learning. Recent fieldwork further suggests that ecological and genetic factors are insufficient to explain the behavioral differences seen between communities, but the data are only observational. Here, we present the results of a field experiment that compared the performance of chimpanzees (P. t. schweinfurthii) from two Ugandan communities, Kanyawara and Sonso, on an identical task in the physical domain-extracting honey from holes drilled into horizontal logs. Kanyawara chimpanzees, who occasionally use sticks to acquire honey, spontaneously manufactured sticks to extract the experimentally provided honey. In contrast, Sonso chimpanzees, who possess a considerable leaf technology but no food-related stick use, relied on their fingers, but some also produced leaf sponges to access the honey. Our results indicate that, when genetic and environmental factors are controlled, wild chimpanzees rely on their cultural knowledge to solve a novel task.

The influence of silhouette color and orientation on arrival and emergence of Ips pine engravers and their predators in loblolly pine

Insects that rely upon aggressive bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) for generating appropriate habitats (natural enemies and associated species) must respond to a variety of stimuli used by bark beetles, including semiochemical and visual cues. In the southeastern US, Ips engraver beetles are non-aggressive bark beetles that exploit both standing and downed trees (vertically and horizontally oriented targets). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate whether changes in visual silhouettes (color and orientation) affected the colonization patterns of Ips engravers and their natural predators in loblolly pine logs. We found that the total number of Ips arriving at loblolly pine logs was significantly affected by color. About 48% fewer Ips were caught at logs painted white than those painted black, and 32% fewer than at unpainted. Of the predators arriving in sufficient numbers to evaluate, Medetera bistriata parent (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) and Platysoma spp. (Coleoptera: Histeridae) were significantly affected by color, with white logs catching fewer numbers in each case. Orientation of host logs (horizontal and vertical) affected both M. bistriata and Lonchea spp. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) but not Ips. Lonchea were significantly and consistently more attracted to horizontal logs. M. bistriata, on the other hand, were inconsistently more attracted to vertical logs, i.e., the interaction between season and orientation was as strong as the main effect for orientation. Thanasimus dubius (F) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and anthocorid bugs were not caught in sufficient numbers for valid analysis. Overall, these results are similar to those obtained by funnel trapping, suggesting that visual responses are robust across different environmental conditions. Further, our results suggest that color treatments could be used to manipulate behaviors of predators and prey somewhat independently. This may be important for research, to evaluate relationships at a range of densities, and management, to develop treatments that reduce losses of natural enemies when bark beetles are targeted.

Seasonal Abundance, Arrival and Emergence Patterns of Predaceous Hister Beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Associated with Ips Engraver Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Louisiana

The most common predaceous hister beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) found associated with Ips engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in southern Louisiana were Platysoma attenuata LeConte, P. cylindrica (Paykull), P. parallelum (Say), and Plegaderus transversus (Say). The seasonal abundance of histerids caught in flight traps coincided with Ips spp. activity in the area. Histerid adults were initially caught in sticky traps on Ips-infested loblolly pine logs 1 wk after Ips spp. attacks had begun. As a group, histerids emerged from logs in a bimodal pattern with the first peak occurring during Ips spp. emergence and a second 4 wks later. The abundance of P. parallelum and P. transversus indicates that they likely fed on bark beetles and organisms arriving later in the colonization sequence. Visual orientation appeared to play a role in attraction of histerids to logs colonized by bark beetles. Platysoma attenuata preferred vertically-positioned logs to horizontal logs, while P. parallelum was the opposite. These results suggest that some histerids may be visually attracted to horizontal silhouettes, such as pine trees that have been blown down or felled and often are infested by Ips spp. Other hister beetles may prefer vertical silhouettes, such as standing pines, which tend to be colonized by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann.

Shared Earth Models For Multi-disciplinary Teams-A Reality

Three significant areas of advance in horizontal well technology are in drilling, production and reservoir characterization. Both reservoir engineer and geologists are interested in reservoir description for better well placement and flow simulation. It is only through the co-operation of the earth scientists that includes the geologist, geophysicist, petrophysicist, geostatisticians, reservoir simulation engineers, drilling and production engineers etc. that optimized results can be achieved. The current challenge is development of models that propel forward the oil and gas technology by reducing, if not eliminating, the time it takes to react to new inforrilation. Also important is the advance in non-linear geostatistics that allows for risk assessment in horizontal well planning. Why Characterize Reservoirs? Advanced 3D reservoir modelling translates directly into better placements of vertical and horizontal wells. Other benefits of the reservoir characterization are risk reduction, revenue enhancement and better recoveries of the in-place volume. These can be categorized as pre-drill field studies. While-drilling characterization has all the advantages the pre-drill process provides, in addition to cost savings associated with potential reduction of drilling time. Real time reaction to the (ultimately variable) reservoirs has the opportunity to reduce risk and take advantage of additional data. Geologists are most familiar with the concept of variability at every scale of detail. In fact, very few geologists will take a picture of a core or outcrop without a scale such as a hammer or a person because it is nearly impossible to tell the size of the features otherwise. While the complex strata that we see in the form of vertical and horizontal logs, outcrops, cores, seismic x-sections etc., reveal a seemingly chaotic pattern, it can be mathematically shown that within distinct facies the characteristics of data has power law characteristics, otherwise known as fractal properties. Since most current interpolation methods such as kriging are linear and tend to average the results, we tend to lose the variability that is inherent with the data. The measured variability in fractal interpolation is added back into the model and that is why the characteristic of the fractal interpolation is better characterization of flow through solute transport, resulting in smoother history matching. Just as geological interpretations vary for each geologist or geophysicist, new technologies need to honour their interpretation and not to run wild to merely develop a 3D interpretation. Several processes are responsible for the intense interest and advances in 3D or 4D technologies. These include advances and understandings in:Multi-disciplinary co-operation barriers for field development studies are gradually coming down.Geostatistic methods are becoming more acceptable. These dous potential for solving some of the very difficult problems in cementing. The CEA99 project is a fundamental investigation of the inflatables while the objective of the PEA-91 project is to determine operational considerations for improvement of inflatables. Later that same month the CEA-90 project joined with the PEA-91 project to share data. All inflatable manufacturers were asked to submit information on all jobs conducted worldwide between 1994 and 1996.

Paleoclimatologic Analysis of a Late Jurassic Petrified Forest, Southeastern Mongolia

The Late Jurassic Suihent petrified forest is located in the Gobi desert of southeastern Mongolia (43?34'54 N, 108006'12E). The forest is represented by well-preserved silicified trees, including in situ stumps and preferentially oriented logs, all encased in a pyroclastic surge deposit. More than 72 upright stumps and 49 horizontal logs crop out in a belt approximately 100 m wide and 720 m long. The largest stump is 1.75 m in diameter and the longest log is 13 m in length. The orientation of the logs reflects that the pyroclastic flow originated northeast of the forest. Sanidine in the ash-flow tuff has been dated at 156 ? 0.76 Ma by 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Forty-two samples of silicified wood were collected from the site for detailed paleoclimatologic tree-ring analysis. Cell structure is excellently preserved in seventeen wood samples. Several features of the growth rings are notable and climatologically significant. These include narrow latewood, paucity of false rings, and low mean and annual sensitivity values. These characteristics indicate that growth was steady during the growing season, but ceased abruptly at the onset of unfavorable conditions, and that interannual growth was fairly consistent. Water supply was likely the limiting factor for growth. Thus, the Suihent petrified forest, which grew at a paleolatitude of 460N, provides strong evidence of a paleoclimate that was highly seasonal with a rapid cessation of the growing season. These results are consistent with the presence of a monsoonal climate in this region of central Asia during the Late Jurassic.

Evaluation of Fractal Models To Describe Reservoir Heterogeneity and Performance

Summary Our work uses fractals to characterize the spatial correlation structures of porosity and permeability of vertical and horizontal logs in a braided-fluvial sandstone reservoir. The data comprise cores and logs of adjacent vertical wells and logs of horizontal wells. Small-scale realizations of interwell heterogeneity were generated with successive random additions (SRA) technique for new observed fractal models. A deterministic description is also developed. Effects of fractal and deterministic reservoir heterogeneity on reservoir performance were studied for waterflood and water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection processes. The effects of scale up on spatial correlation of porosity was investigated. The fractal model of fractional Brownian motion (FBM) in the horizontal direction, having same intermittency exponent as for fractional Gaussian noise (FGN) in the vertical direction, is not supported by log observations in horizontal wells. Fractal character of core and log data of vertical wells is similar. The incremental WAG recovery response compared to waterflooding response is more sensitive to reservoir heterogeneity. Scale-up experiments indicate that spatial correlation structure of reservoir properties may be different at different scales. Results of this paper will be useful for evaluation of infill drilling, and design, selection, and optimization of an EOR process. The proposed techniques also provide a framework to quantify uncertainty in reservoir performance.

Transported trees from the 1982 Mount St. Helens sediment flows: Their use as paleocurrent indicators

Sediment flows resulting from the 1980 and 1982 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington, transported and oriented numerous stumps and logs. Counts taken soon after the 1982 eruption on unaltered portions of the sediment flow provide meaningful statistics for comparison with fossil wood deposits. Of the transported stump and log population, 4–13% was deposited as upright stumps and 78–94% as horizontal logs with a few diagonal and upside-down stumps. The horizontal logs were oriented parallel to the river channel, showing that trees can be good paleocurrent indicators. Features useful in differentiating transported stumps from in-situ ones are a wide root system (trunk/root ratio <1), short broken trunks, broken large roots, and a low percentage of upright stumps in relation to horizontal logs. The oriented horizontal logs, transported vertical stumps mixed with trees buried in place, and sedimentology of the flows aid in interpreting fossil wood deposits such as the Yellowstone “fossil forests”.

The Tipi Rings of the High Plains

AbstractStone circles known as tipi rings are a common feature of the Northern and Northwestern Plains of western North America. There are several types of stone circles: (1) a single course of stone in a simple circle; (2) more complex circles with several courses of stones; (3) circular walls made of piled-up stones; (4) corrals or forts of horizontal logs and stones; (5) stone circles of unusual size or with lines of rocks inside the circle. Studies of tipi-ring sites in Montana, Wyoming, and adjacent regions are summarized. The clusters of circles are usually found along main routes of travel and near water, fuel, and good hunting areas. Although many of these sites have been mapped, only a few of them have been excavated. Despite the paucity of cultural remains found in the excavations, the tipi-ring clusters are generally considered to be the archaeological remains of camps and villages of people who dwelt in conical, skin-covered lodges. The stones are believed to have been used to hold the skin lodge cover snug against the ground. Historical records, ethnographic observations, and the recollections of present-day Indian informants confirm these interpretations. Data from 136 recently studied tipi-ring sites along a 300-mile pipe-line from Greenriver, Wyoming, to Denver, Colorado, provide further archaeological demonstration of the domestic origin of the tipi rings. Only the very small or very large rings, or those with spokes or lines of rocks through them, such as the so-called medicine wheels, are considered to have served a ceremonial purpose.

The heliochromoscope

Insects that rely upon aggressive bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) for generating appropriate habitats (natural enemies and associated species) must respond to a variety of stimuli used by bark beetles, including semiochemical and visual cues. In the southeastern US, Ips engraver beetles are non-aggressive bark beetles that exploit both standing and downed trees (vertically and horizontally oriented targets). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate whether changes in visual silhouettes (color and orientation) affected the colonization patterns of Ips engravers and their natural predators in loblolly pine logs. We found that the total number of Ips arriving at loblolly pine logs was significantly affected by color. About 48% fewer Ips were caught at logs painted white than those painted black, and 32% fewer than at unpainted. Of the predators arriving in sufficient numbers to evaluate, Medetera bistriata parent (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) and Platysoma spp. (Coleoptera: Histeridae) were significantly affected by color, with white logs catching fewer numbers in each case. Orientation of host logs (horizontal and vertical) affected both M. bistriata and Lonchea spp. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) but not Ips. Lonchea were significantly and consistently more attracted to horizontal logs. M. bistriata, on the other hand, were inconsistently more attracted to vertical logs, i.e., the interaction between season and orientation was as strong as the main effect for orientation. Thanasimus dubius (F) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and anthocorid bugs were not caught in sufficient numbers for valid analysis. Overall, these results are similar to those obtained by funnel trapping, suggesting that visual responses are robust across different environmental conditions. Further, our results suggest that color treatments could be used to manipulate behaviors of predators and prey somewhat independently. This may be important for research, to evaluate relationships at a range of densities, and management, to develop treatments that reduce losses of natural enemies when bark beetles are targeted.