Horizontal Face Research Articles

Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Patients Up to 3 Years of Age Who Have Esotropic Duane Retraction Syndrome

ABSTRACTPurpose: To report the results of botulinum toxin (BOTOX®, Allergan) type A (BTA) bilateral injection in the treatment of Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) type 1 in patients aged up to 3 years.Methods: We studied the results of BTA bilateral injection in eight consecutive patients with DRS type 1 and esotropia in primary gaze. Average follow-up was 74 ± 71 months. The main variables analyzed were horizontal and vertical deviation and face turn. Patients were anesthetized with nitrous oxide (N2O). A mean dosage of 5.6 ± 1.8 IU (range 2.5–7.5 IU) of botulinum toxin diluted in 0.9% saline solution was injected under electromyography control in each medial rectus muscle.Results: Seven patients had one affected eye and one patient had bilateral involvement. The mean preoperative esotropia was 32 ± 10 prism diopters (PD). Three patients (37.5%) had also a vertical deviation. All patients had face turn ranging between 15° and 45° before BTA injection. In the last follow-up, 4 patients were orthotropic (50%), 1 (12.5%) had 3 PD exotropia and 3 (37.5%) had esotropia averaging 25 PD mean. The 3 esotropic patients needed surgical correction. Vertical strabismus improved in 3 patients achieving complete resolution in one of these patients. Two patients, without vertical strabismus before the BTA injection, developed a 5-PD vertical deviation, one of them required surgery. Face turn improved in all patients.Conclusion: Botulinum toxin injection is an alternative treatment for patients with DRS type 1 presents esotropia and face turn in children up to 3 years of age.

Sensitivity to Information Conveyed by Horizontal Contours is Correlated with Face Identification Accuracy

We measured thresholds in a 1-of-10 face identification task in which stimuli were embedded in orientation-filtered Gaussian noise. For upright faces, the threshold elevation produced by the masking noise varied as a function of noise orientation: significantly greater masking was obtained with horizontal noise than with vertical noise. However, the orientation selectivity of masking was significantly less with inverted faces. The performance of an ideal observer was qualitatively similar to human observers viewing upright faces: the masking function exhibited a peak for horizontally oriented noise although the selectivity of masking was greater than what was observed in human observers. These results imply that significantly more information about facial identity was conveyed by horizontal contours than by vertical contours, and that human observers use this information more efficiently to identify upright faces than inverted faces. We also found a significant positive correlation between selectivity for horizontal information and face identification accuracy for upright, but not inverted faces. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between horizontal tuning and the size of the face inversion effect. These results demonstrate that the use of information conveyed by horizontal contours is associated with face identification accuracy and the magnitude of the face inversion effect.

Finding the Relationship between RQD and Fracture Frequency in the Different Ok Tedilithologies

Rock Quality Designation, RQD, is based on core recovery procedure which, in turn, is based indirectly on the number of fractures and amount of softening or alteration in the rock mass as observed in the rock cores. Many researches have been conducted to relate RQD and rock mass fracture. Along with many other parameters, RQD and fractures contribute greatly to the classification of a rock mass, which affect practical engineering practice and design such as pit slopes in mining. Setbacks in accurate judgement of the strength of the different rock types at one of the major open pit mine in Papua New Guinea was observed. Series of practical examinations using RQD data and scan line mapping of fractures has been conducted in four main section of the pit slope. Variation of RQD with scan line mapping of structures was observed to be as high as 24% in the horizontal bench face. In addition, the range of possible variation of RQD with scan line length was analyzed with four different models including two new models introduced in this case study for the first time. It is shown that at least 4 m of scan line length is required to maintain a reliable value for the RQD in the models.

Shock-capturing non-hydrostatic model for fully dispersive surface wave processes

This paper describes NHWAVE, a shock-capturing non-hydrostatic model for simulating wave refraction, diffraction, shoaling, breaking and landslide-generated tsunami in finite water depth. The governing equations are the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in conservative form, written in surface and terrain-following form using a σ coordinate. In order to apply a Godunov-type scheme, the velocities are defined at cell centers. The dynamic pressure is defined at vertically facing cell faces so that the pressure boundary condition at free surface can be precisely imposed. The HLL Riemann approximation is employed to estimate fluxes at horizontal cell faces. The nonlinear Strong Stability-Preserving (SSP) Runge–Kutta scheme is used to obtain second-order accuracy in time. The model is validated using seven test cases based on analytical solutions and experimental data. The computed results show that the model can well predict wave propagation over submerged bar, wave refraction and diffraction over an elliptical shoal as well as wave breaking, run-up and longshore current on a plane beach using relatively few (three to five) vertical layers. The model is also shown to provide accurate reproduction of a generated tsunami wave resulting from a solid translating bottom feature.

Cross-shelf variation in the structure of molluscan assemblages on shallow, rocky reefs in subtropical, eastern Australia

Despite the fact that molluscs are one of the most widespread and conspicuous of all marine invertebrates, comparatively little is known about their ecology, especially with respect to biological interactions that drive community processes. We consequently assessed patterns of subtidal mollusc assemblages on subtropical rocky reefs in the Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP), eastern Australia. Shelled molluscs (specifically shelled gastropods and bivalves) were targeted to test if: (1) mollusc assemblages change with increasing distance from shore; (2) reef orientation (vertical and horizontal reef faces) influences assemblage structure; (3) sessile benthic communities influence the composition of mollusc assemblages. Multivariate analyses of community patterns indicated strong cross-shelf patterns. However, no significant differences were found for summary community variables (species richness, total abundance). Inshore sites were dominated by large herbivores (especially turbinids) and prey-specific ranellids. Mid-shelf assemblages comprised a mix of taxa that occurred in both inshore and offshore assemblages and were thus transitional between these shelf positions. Offshore assemblages were distinctly different to reefs closer to shore and were characterised primarily by the presence of sedentary (Vermetidae and Chamidae), and tropically-affiliated taxa. Relationships with reef orientations were found to be inconsistent and correlations with sessile benthos were relatively weak. The overall patterns are similar to those found for corals and fish in the region and most likely reflect the increasing influence of the East Australian Current offshore.

Scrambling horizontal face structure: Behavioral and electrophysiogical evidence for a tuning of visual face processing to horizontal information

Scrambling horizontal face structure: Behavioral and electrophysiogical evidence for a tuning of visual face processing to horizontal information

Influences of the Air Layer with Irregular Shape to the Absorbing Constructions

Air layer with irregular shape in sound absorbing structure is formed by different structure mode of materials. With building multiform interior space by materials and structure mode, it makes the shape of air layer between the facing and the structure of building to be irregular shape.According to related study of absorbing structure, it shows less information about the influence of air layer with irregular shape. The factors of sound absorption of absorbing structure were focused on absorbing structure which facing paralleled structure of building in past research. For searching the influence of sound absorption of absorbing structure caused by the air layer with irregular shape, the subject in this study is set as the air layer with irregular shape which facing tilts with single-axis. The factors of air layer with irregular shape are the angle between tilting facing and horizontal face, the length of span of tilting facing, and if the setting is that the air layer is divided into several parts not to be interlinked. By these factors the sound absorption characteristics of air layer with irregular shape are shown.In the other point of effects of absorption coefficient causing by setting of air cavity, both panel and perforated panel structure the influences are influenced mainly at low frequency, especially at 200 Hz. Whether the air cavity is set or not, the panel structure reveals less influences and the absorption coefficient reduces as increasing of span at low frequencies.

Secondary or New Compensatory Head Posture after Anderson-Kestenbaum Surgery

To report clinical findings and surgical management of 4 patients with congenital nystagmus who presented with a new or reversal of their original horizontal compensatory head posture (CHP) after Anderson-Kestenbaum (A-K) surgery. Retrospective chart review. All 4 patients demonstrated a 40°-45° horizontal face turn at the time of their initial surgery and 3 underwent 20% and one 30% augmented A-K surgery to correct the CHP. The new CHP or reversal of the original CHP was observed at a mean of 4 years (range 1-9 years) after the initial surgery. The reversed CHPs measured 20°, 40°, 20°, and 20°, respectively. These new or residual CHPs were surgically managed in 3 patients and an acceptable head position was achieved in all patients. This series of patients points out the occurrence of secondary null points and reversed CHP after surgical correction of initial CHP.

Combining local face image features for identity verification

With an aim of extracting robust facial features under pose variations, this paper presents two directional projections corresponding to extraction of vertical and horizontal local face image features. The matching scores computed from both horizontal and vertical features are subsequently fused at score level via an extreme learning machine that optimizes the total error rate for performance enhancement. In order to benchmark the performance, both the feature extraction and fusion results are compared with that of popular face recognition methods such as principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis in terms of equal error rate and CPU time. Our empirical experiments using four data sets show encouraging results under considerable horizontal pose variations.

Towards an empirical relationship between root length density and root number in windbreak-grown cadaghi (Corymbia torelliana) trees

Because windbreaks are planted for sustainable agriculture but may lower crop yields near them due to competition, suitable competi- tion mitigation methods must be applied at the windbreak-crop interface to increase crop yields. Effective underground competition management requires information on important root variables such as preferential root growth direction and root length density (RLD, root length per unit volume of soil). This study examined root isotropy (i.e., uniformity in all directions) in windbreak- grown cadaghi (Corymbia torelliana) trees in south Florida and developed an empirical relationship between RLD and number of roots (N) per unit of surface of soil exiting the trench face. Numbers of roots exiting the frontal face parallel to the windbreak (NX), vertical face perpendicular to the frontal face (NY), and basal horizontal face (NZ) of 10 x 10 x 10 cm soil cubes were counted. Cadaghi roots were anisotropic and had horizontal growth preference. Average root numbers were ranked NX>NY>NZ. Both NX and the average root number exiting X, Y and Z faces of the soil cube (NAVG) were significant variables for estimating RLD. The coefficients of NX and NAVG were 1.1 and 3.1. These results should be helpful to manage underground competition effectively at the windbreak-crop interface to improve crop yields.

Water table response to a tidal agitation in a coastal aquifer: The Meyer–Polubarinova-Kochina theory revisited

The linear potential model of Meyer and Polubarinova-Kochina (MPK) solves Laplace’s equation in a quadrant, the vertical face of which is subject to a harmonic variation of hydraulic head induced by a tide. On the horizontal face of the quadrant a linear combination of the partial derivatives of the head with respect to time and with respect to the vertical Cartesian coordinate are linearly related. The fields of pore pressure (head) and Darcian velocity, trajectories of marked particles, the oscillating phreatic surface and its upper envelope are obtained. Hydrograph in a piezometer located 60 m from the shore line in a thick unconfined coastal aquifer (Oman) is interpreted by the analytical results of the model using the detected groundwater amplitude attenuated as compared with the tide amplitude. MPK method provides a potentially superior description to the Dupuit–Forchheimer method for tidally driven phreatic systems.

Fine root isotropy in Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Towards the prediction of root length densities from root counts on trench walls

The objectives of the study were to assess changes in fine root anisotropy and specific root lengths throughout the development of Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden) plantations and to establish a predictive model of root length density (RLD) from root intercept counts on trench walls. Fine root densities (<1 mm in diameter) were studied in 6-, 12-, 22-, 28-, 54-, 68- and 72-month-old E. grandis plantations established on deep Ferralsols in southern Brazil. Fine root intercepts were counted on 3 faces of 90–198 soil cubes (1 dm3 in volume) in each stand and fine root lengths (L) were measured inside 576 soil cubes, sampled between the depths of 10 cm and 290 cm. The number of fine root intercepts was counted on one vertical face perpendicular to the planting row (Nt), one vertical face parallel to the planting row (Nl) and one horizontal face (Nh), for each soil cube sampled. An overall isotropy of fine roots was shown by paired Student’s t-tests between the numbers of fine roots intersecting each face of soil cubes at most stand ages and soil depths. Specific root lengths decreased with stand age in the upper soil layers and tended to increase in deep soil layers at the end of the rotation. A linear regression established between Nt and L for all the soil cubes sampled accounted for 36% of the variability of L. Such a regression computed for mean Nt and L values at each sampling depth and stand age explained only 55% of the variability, as a result of large differences in the relationship between L and Nt depending on stand productivity. The equation RLD = 1.89*LAI*Nt, where LAI was the stand leaf area index (m2 m−2) and Nt was expressed as the number of root intercepts per cm2, made it possible to predict accurately (R2 = 0.84) and without bias the mean RLDs (cm cm−3) per depth in each stand, for the whole data set of 576 soil cubes sampled between 2 years of age and the end of the rotation.

Estimation of effective thermal conductivity enhancement using foam in heat exchangers based on a new analytical model

Thermal performance of open-cell metal foam has been investigated under low Reynolds number by comparing the heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity for the flow through a packed channel of high porosity metal foam to that of an open channel. In the case of Al-Air at porosity 0.971, the ratio of heat transfer coefficients is estimated to be 18.5 when the thermal conductivity ratio of foam matrix to fluid conductivity is 130. This demonstrates that the useusing of foam in the structure of conventional air coolers increases effective thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient and thermal performance considerably. To overcome the drawbacks of previous models, a new model to describe the effective thermal conductivity of foam was developed. The model estimates effective thermal conductivity based on a non-isotropic tetrakaidecahedron unit-cell and is not confined only to isotropic cases as in previous models. Effective thermal conductivity is a function of foam geometrical characteristics, including ligament length (L), length of the sides of horizontal square faces (b), inclination angle that defines the orientation of the hexagonal faces with respect to the rise direction (θ), porosity, size, shape of metal lump at ligament intersections and heat transfer direction. Changing dimensionless foam ligament radius or height (d) from 0.1655 to 0.2126 for Reticulated vitreous foam -air (RVC-aAir) at θ=π/4 and dimensionless spherical node diameter (e) equal to 0.339, raises effective thermal conductivity by 31%. Moreover, increasing θ from π/4 to 0.4π for RVC-aAir at d=0.1655 and e=0.339 enhances effective thermal conductivity by 33%.

DOES THE COMPRESSION OR THE EXPANSION OF A SIMPLE TOPOLOGY POTENTIAL MAGNETIC FIELD LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CURRENT SHEETS?

Janse & Low have most recently addressed the following question. Consider a cylindrical domain containing a simple topology potential magnetic field threading its lower and upper horizontal faces, and a perfectly conducting plasma. Suppose that this domain is made to slowly contract or expand in the vertical direction, so driving the field into a quasi-static evolution through a series of force-free configurations. Then are these configurations smooth, or do they contain current sheets (CSs)? We reexamine here their three-step argument leading to the conclusion that CSs form most generally. We prove analytically that the field has to evolve through “topologically untwisted” and “nonpotential” configurations, thus confirming the first two steps. However, we find the third step—leading to the conclusion that a smooth untwisted force-free field is necessarily potential—to be very disputable.

Container boundary effects in shaking table tests on reinforced soil wall models

This paper studies the seismic response of reinforced soil retaining walls through shaking table tests. The effect of the container boundary on the behaviour of model retaining walls subjected to dynamic base excitation is examined. Two types of containers, a rigid container made of a perspex sheet and a flexible laminar container were used in the tests. Model tests on wrap-faced and rigid-faced reinforced soil walls and unreinforced rigid-faced walls are discussed in detail, including their construction, instrumentation and results of dynamic tests on a shaking table. Horizontal face displacements and accelerations are analyzed to examine the influence of the container boundary on the performance of the walls. From the results, it is observed that the flexible boundary laminar container allows more displacement and larger accelerations compared to the rigid perspex container. Since the soil in a rigid wall container cannot deform as it would in the field and a strain dissimilarity results between the model and the prototype, the response of model walls tested in the flexible container is believed to be more reliable than that of walls tested in the rigid container.

Seismic behaviour of rigid-faced reinforced soil retaining wall models: reinforcement effect

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of shaking table tests on models of rigid-faced reinforced soil retaining walls in which reinforcement materials of different tensile strength were used. The construction of the model retaining walls in a laminar box mounted on a shaking table, the instrumentation and the results from the shaking table tests are described in detail and the effects of the reinforcement parameters on the acceleration response at different elevations of the retaining wall, horizontal soil pressures and face deformations are presented. It was observed from these tests that the horizontal face displacement response of the rigid-faced retaining walls was significantly affected by the inclusion of reinforcement and even low-strength polymer reinforcement was found to be efficient in significantly reducing the deformation of the face. The acceleration amplifications were, however, observed to be less influenced by the reinforcement parameters. The results obtained from this study are helpful in understanding the relative performance of reinforced soil retaining walls under the different test conditions used in the experiments.

Run and cutting power of a conical-camber disk under creep feed grinding of a horizontal face

The specific features of creep feed grinding of a flat horizontal face with a conical-camber disk are shown. A mathematical model of the volume run under grinding at the stages of penetration and exit is developed. Simplified models of the volume run, the cutting power, and the instantaneous cutting power in the form of polynomials of various orders are proposed. The effect of the grinding depth on the kinematic parameters is studied.

Developing Flow Region and Pressure Fluctuations on Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillways

The hydrodynamic pressure field is important for the design and safety of steeply sloping stepped spillways, which are typically designed for considerably lower maximum specific discharges than smooth spillways. The hydraulic performance of stepped spillways at high velocities may compromise its use due to major concern with safety against cavitation damage. Hydraulic model investigations were conducted in different large-size stepped chutes to characterize the nonaerated flow region which is potentially prone to cavitation damage and the pressure field acting on the step faces. The clear water depths and energy dissipation in the developing flow region are described in terms of integral measures of the turbulent boundary layer. Expressions for the location of and the flow depth at the inception point of air entrainment are derived. Pressure distributions on the horizontal and vertical faces of the step along the spillway are presented. Measurements indicated a different behavior of the pressure field in the aerated and nonaerated flow region. The mean and fluctuating pressure coefficients along the spillway are approximated by a regression function. The vertical face near the outer step edge close to the inception point of air entrainment is identified as a critical region for predicting cavitation inception in flow over stepped spillways. From the analysis of the pressure fluctuations in that region a maximum velocity of 15 m/s is proposed as a criterion to avoid extreme negative pressures in typical prototype steeply sloping stepped spillways, eventually leading to the occurrence of cavitation in the nonaerated flow.

Ether-à-gogo-related gene (erg1) potassium channels shape the dark response of horizontal cells in the mammalian retina

Postsynaptic to photoreceptors, horizontal cells face prolonged exposure to glutamate in the dark. Therefore, efficient hyperpolarizing mechanisms are crucial to keep horizontal cells within an operating range and to reduce glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Combining electrophysiology, single-cell reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry, we found that horizontal cell bodies but not their axon terminals express the ether-à-gogo-related gene isoform 1 (erg1) K(+) channel. Erg1-mediated outward currents displayed voltage-dependent activation and C-type inactivation. Recovery from inactivation involved a transient open state. Gating of erg1 channels kept the voltage response to glutamate brief and at physiological amplitudes. With erg1 channels blocked, the response of horizontal cells to the onset of darkness was significantly enhanced. These results indicate a functional dichotomy between horizontal cell bodies and axon terminals in the processing of photoreceptor signals. The dark response thus reflects a finely tuned balance determined by the successive gating of ionotropic glutamate receptors and erg1 channels.

Hydraulic Characteristics of Gabion-Stepped Weirs

Experimental studies on the hydraulics of flow through and over gabion-stepped weirs are presented. Two flow components were observed, i.e., base flow through the void between filled stones and overflow on the gabions. The energy loss ratios in the gabion-stepped weirs are greater than those in the corresponding horizontal stepped weirs by approximately 7, 10, and 14% for weir slopes of 30, 45, and 60°, respectively. As a result, the velocity at the outlet is lower. Stone size and shape have little influence on the energy loss and flow velocity as compared to the increasing effect of the weir slope. The pressure acting on the step face for the gabion-stepped weirs is less than that of the horizontal steps owing to the cushioning effect generated by filled stones. To reduce pressure on a step face at a fixed discharge for different weir slopes, the void ratio of the filled stones should be low to allow a small amount of base flow. The pressure distribution pattern on the horizontal face of a step is provided.