Horizontal Comparison Research Articles

Research on surface defect detection and fault diagnosis of mechanical gear based on R‐CNN

AbstractGears are the basic units in modern power systems. The detection and diagnosis of surface defects and faults in gears are conducive to improving product quality, ensuring the safety of mechanical equipment, and reducing maintenance costs. However, the accuracy of manual and traditional automated target detection algorithms is not satisfactory. Therefore, this research uses the R‐CNN algorithm for gear detection, improves its non‐maximum suppression algorithm and multi‐task loss function, and obtains the improved Faster R‐CNN algorithm. The test was carried out on the built data set. The actual measurement shows that the recall rate of the improved Faster R‐CNN is up to 0.951 and the lowest is 0.816. Its AP value is as low as 0.677 and as high as 0.858, and the mAP value is 0.843. Horizontal comparison, the comparison results show that the mAP of Faster R‐CNN is 0.80 1, second only to R‐CNN among the tested algorithms, and 8.83% higher than the original Faster R‐CNN. Under the condition of AP@0.5:0.95, among all the tested algorithms, its AR index is the highest at 54.3, and the detection speed is 18 FPS/s. Although the detection speed has decreased, the detection and recognition accuracy has been significantly improved, which provides feasibility for the R‐CNN series of algorithms new optimization directions. The research provides a better automatic detection method for product quality inspection in gear manufacturing industry.

Dynamic multicriteria group decision-making method with automatic reliability and weight calculation

With the increasing complexity of socioeconomic environments, multicriteria group decision-making (MCGDM) has attracted increasing attention from researchers. Experts’ weight and reliability are crucial to MCGDM and have an important influence on decision-making accuracy. In reality, an expert’s weight and reliability might vary with the influence of factors such as changes in expert psychology and the collection of additional information. Thus, this study proposes a dynamic MCGDM method with automatic reliability and weight calculation. First, we introduce a generalized combination rule into MCGDM and propose methods for automatically determining experts’ weight and reliability by mining evidence. Here, experts’ weight can be calculated according to the entropy of evidence, while experts’ reliability can be calculated according to evidence distance from the perspectives of horizontal comparison and longitudinal comparison. Then, the consensus-reaching process is taken into account in MCGDM; experts are allowed to modify and change their judgments, and experts’ weight and reliability can be automatically updated in each round of interaction. Finally, we provide an illustrative example and make some comparisons to demonstrate the applicability and advantages of the proposed method.

Global efficiency estimation of complex networks and regional technological and economic development based on fractal network model

Abstract To accelerate the construction of transportation infrastructure, vigorously develop the transportation industry, drive economic development, and stimulate the growth of the national economy, the author puts forward the research on the relationship between highway traffic networks and regional economic development based on the fractal network model. Taking the road traffic network of 17 prefecture-level cities in A province as the research object, the fractal dimension of each grade of the road network is calculated with fractal technology, and the weight dimension model for measuring the comprehensive road network is constructed. The empirical results show that the fractal dimension of the regional road network is affected by the size of the road network, and then the prefecture-level cities are zoned, the correlation analysis is made on the road network weight dimension, trunk line fractal dimension and comprehensive economic index of various regions. The study found that the fractal dimension of the road network in each city was positively correlated with the comprehensive economic index, indicating that the more uniform the road network coverage, the more complex the traffic network, the better the economic development of the region. In order to further explore the coordination between highway construction and economic development in each city, the fractal dimension of 17 prefecture-level cities is calculated by introducing the fractal model of highway scale and economic output, it is found that the economic development of 6 cities including 1 city is ahead of the highway scale, 4 cities including 4 are the same, and the economic development of 7 cities including 2 cities lags behind the highway construction scale. Although the weight dimension does not represent there present your state of all classes of highways in a spatial form, it is based on the spatial fractal of all classes of highways, the weight value of the road capacity is integrated, which can highlight the advantages in the horizontal comparison with the fractal situation of the comprehensive road network in the same level areas.

The Influence of Sino-US Trade Friction on U.S. Soybean Export

With the increasingly close trade between China and the United States, a large number of soybeans grown in the United States were exported to the Chinese market, and the trade volume gradually increased. After decades of expansion, Sino-US agricultural trade has entered a competitive situation. And agricultural trade frictions between the two countries have intensified since 2018 when China imposed a 25 percent tariff on soybeans imported from the United States. Taking export volume of U.S. soybean as the research object, through horizontal and longitudinal comparison, supplemented by data analysis, this paper studies the plight of US soybean export caused by the trade war. The consequences of trade frictions include lower incomes for farmers, economic and political deterioration in farm states, loss of market advantage for United States processed soybeans for a short time. In order to alleviate the above difficulties, it is necessary to improve the emergency mechanism, expand the export destination of soybeans, and develop trade with other agricultural products in China, which can also provide reference for export risk control and agricultural product structure improvement.

The development of green finance under the goal of carbon neutrality: A review from China’s perspective

Extreme environmental and climate problems have been ravaging the world, causing serious economic losses and hindering human development, so that carbon neutrality has become a global undertaking related to the survival of human civilization. To ensure climate change mitigation and carbon emission reduction, this paper finds that green finance as an important and efficient tool has become a legislative priority for many countries and have been embedded in the path to achieve carbon neutrality. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the evolution and development of global green finance, this paper reviews and summarizes the development of green finance in China through literature analysis and horizontal comparison, and explores concrete recommendations and feasible tools that can be tailored to China’s carbon neutrality goal and stage of development. It is concluded that China needs to improve the green finance operation mechanism and flexible policy framework, to formulate a more accurate timetable and roadmap, to strengthen the modernization of the governance system and governance capacity and to promote the global green finance cooperation.

Blended Teaching for Signal and System Course Based on Internet-Engineering Education

Aiming at the teaching difficulties of signal and system course, adapting to the new situation of the information age and the engineering education of outcome-based education (OBE), adhering to the traditional classroom teaching and making full use of the network teaching platform and internet technology, a blended teaching mode of internet-engineering education (BTM-IEE) is proposed. In this mode, we adhered to the educational concept of OBE, formulated teaching objectives, optimized teaching content, and built matching teaching resources. In three teaching stages: before class, in class and after class, online-offline blended teaching was effectively organized and implemented by using internet technology, network teaching platform, independently developed a comprehensive experimental system, remote virtual experiment platform, QQ group, etc. In order to ensure a good cycle of teaching quality, a multi-dimensional evaluation system is constructed. A variety of application examples and questionnaire data showed that BTM-IEE can achieve a deep integration of in class-out of class and online-offline, improve students’ engineering application ability, autonomous learning ability, cooperation, communication ability, and cultivate innovative thinking. The horizontal and vertical comparison between the traditional and the improved teaching mode shows that the BTM-IEE can improve the teaching effect, the excellent rate is significantly increased, and the failure rate is significantly reduced. This mode provides a reference for the improvement of the teaching quality of professional courses and has important practical significance.

Dynamics of soil microbiome throughout the cultivation life cycle of morel (Morchella sextelata).

Although Morchella sextelata (morel) is a well-known, edible, and medicinal fungus widely cultivated in China, the dynamics and roles of its soil microbiome during cultivation are unclear. Using rhizosphere soil samples collected throughout the M. sextelata cultivation life cycle, we conducted a high-throughput metagenomic sequencing analysis, with an emphasis on variations in soil microbial composition, characteristic biomarkers, and ecological functions. We found that microbial relative abundance, alpha diversity, and structure varied significantly among fungal growth stages. A total of 47 stage-associated biomarkers were identified through a linear discriminant analysis of effect size. In addition, horizontal comparison of soil microbiomes exhibiting successful and failed primordium formation further confirmed primordium-associated microbes with possible key roles in primordium formation. A microbial function analysis revealed that nutrient metabolism-related pathways were enriched during mycelium and fruiting body stages, whereas the signal transduction pathway was enriched during the primordium stage. This result indicates that diverse microbes are required at different growth stages of M. sextelata. Our research has revealed the dynamic scenario of the soil microbiome throughout the cultivation life cycle of M. sextelata. The high-resolution microbial profiles uncovered in the present study provide novel insights that should contribute to the improvement of morel cultivation using microbial inoculants.

Multi-dimensional safety risk assessment on coal mines under the profitability dilemma

China is a major coal producer, with huge differences in coal production and safety situations between the South and the North. Taking province A as an example, its coal enterprises have low output, poor efficiency, backward equipment, and low-quality personnel. The output accounts for 0.08% of the country, and the number of deaths accounts for 2.2% of the country, the safety situation of coal enterprises in province A is severe. In order to study the safety risk situation of coal mines under difficult conditions, this paper screens 98 factor indexes including multiple subjects such as enterprise managers, front-line workers, government supervisors, external environment, work quality, stress factors, economic factors, and other dimensions. For different data, the indicator weights were calculated using triangular fuzzy number, entropy weight method, CRITIC method, and three rough set methods in a total of six methods. The comprehensive weights of the indicators were obtained using the proposed new comprehensive weight method. The current situation of safety work of four coal mining enterprises and three levels of government supervision departments was evaluated, and the evaluation results were compared with other existing data to verify the reliability of the evaluation system. The horizontal comparison of the evaluation results indicates the main problems of each subject; the longitudinal comparison points out the problems that need to be solved with the assistance of higher-level enterprises and the central government, and corresponding suggestions for coal mining enterprises and government departments are put forward to reduce the safety risks of troubled coal mining enterprises.

The Impact of Different Terrains in The Greater Bay Area on The Local Economy

In recent years, the state has deployed regional economic zones such as Xiong'an New Area, Shanghai Metropolitan Cluster and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Bay Area, etc. In order to study the economic radiation effect of the central cities on the surrounding areas, this paper finds the GDP, industrial output value and population density of 11 administrative regions in the Bay Area, and conducts a horizontal comparison to classify their development status into three levels according to the economic data of each city. This is the result of the rapid development of the central cities in the region, which is presumed to be due to the weakening of the economic radiation effect of the central cities as the distance increases. We then study the economic linkage between the central cities and other cities, the radiation mode, and so on, and find that the expansion of capital and the transfer of industry in close proximity are the main reasons. This paper analyzes the principle of economic radiation from the Greater Bay Area, and suggests that the peripheral cities in the region should break the transportation barriers with the central cities, change the mode of sending labor force, and actively introduce industries.

THE “GOOD DOCTOR” PERFORMANCE OF RADIOLOGICAL ANNOTATION: MEASURING PELVIC TILT AS AN EXAMPLE

Human error is usually evaluated using statistical descriptions during radiographic annotation. The technological advances popularized the “non-human” landmarking techniques, such as deep learning, in which the error is presented in a confidence format that is not comparable to that of the human method. The region-based landmark definition makes an arbitrary “ground truth” point impossible. The differences in patients’ anatomies, radiograph qualities, and scales make the horizontal comparison difficult. There is a demand to quantify the manual landmarking error in a probability format.Taking the measurement of pelvic tilt (PT) as an example, this study recruited 115 sagittal pelvic radiographs for the measurement of two PTs. We proposed a method to unify the scale of images that allows horizontal comparisons of landmarks and calculated the maximum possible error using a density vector. Traditional descriptive statistics were also applied.All measurements showed excellent reliabilities (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.9). Eighty-four measurements (6.09%) were qualified as wrong landmarks that failed to label the correct locations. Directional bias (systematic error) was identified due to cognitive differences between observers. By removing wrong labels and rotated pelves, the analysis quantified the error density as a “good doctor” performance and found 6.77°-11.76° maximum PT disagreement with 95% data points.The landmarks with excellent reliability still have a chance (at least 6.09% in our case) of making wrong landmark decisions. Identifying skeletal contours is at least 24.64% more accurate than estimating landmark locations. The landmark at a clear skeletal contour is more likely to generate systematic errors. Due to landmark ambiguity, a very careful surgeon measuring PT could make a maximum 11.76° random difference in 95% of cases, serving as a “good doctor benchmark” to qualify good landmarking techniques.

Insights into Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia via Cu-Based Bimetallic Catalysts

Cu-based bimetallic catalysts have been studied in the electrocatalytic nitrate (NO3–) reduction reaction (NO3–RR) for a long time. However, few studies have focused on horizontal comparison of CuNi, CuCo, and CuFe (abbreviated as CuM) bimetallic catalysts in electrocatalytic NO3–RR for ammonia synthesis. Herein, we prepare the three series of Cu-based bimetallic catalysts, with different atom ratios of Cu/M (Cu/M = 7/3, 5/5, or 3/7) and ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) as support (denoted as CuM/OMC). The characterization results reveal that the metallic particles of Cu and M components possess an intimate relationship on the CuM/OMC catalysts. The electrocatalytic NO3–RR performance uncovers that the optimal NH3 yield rates of CuM/OMC catalysts at −0.8 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) follow this order: Cu5Fe5/OMC > Cu5Co5/OMC > Cu7Ni3/OMC > Cu/OMC > Fe/OMC > Co/OMC > Ni/OMC > OMC. The bimetallic CuM/OMC catalysts exhibit higher NH3 yield rates than the monometallic catalysts. This is attributed to strong synergistic effects between the Cu and M components. We expect that these insights can stimulate new developments of bimetallic catalysts in electrocatalysis.

On Interpolative Meshless Analysis of Orthotropic Elasticity

As one possible alternative to the finite element method, the interpolation characteristic is a key property that meshless shape functions aspire to. Meanwhile, the interpolation meshless method can directly impose essential boundary conditions, which is undoubtedly an advantage over other meshless methods. In this paper, the establishment, implementation, and horizontal comparison of interpolative meshless analyses of orthotropic elasticity were studied. In addition, the radial point interpolation method, the improved interpolative element-free Galerkin method and the interpolative element-free Galerkin method based on the non-singular weight function were applied to solve orthotropic beams and ring problems. Meanwhile, the direct method is used to apply the displacement boundary conditions for orthotropic elastic problems. Finally, a detailed convergence study of the numerical parameters and horizontal comparison of numerical accuracy and efficiency were carried out. The results indicate that the three kinds of interpolative meshless methods showed good numerical accuracy in modelling orthotropic elastic problems, and the accuracy of the radial point interpolation method is the highest.

Hydrogen energy in BRICS-US: A whirl succeeding fuel treasure

Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere have grown rapidly (by 50% since the 1750 industrial revolution) due to natural processes, the use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other factors. Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming, which causes climate change and extreme weather events. Because of technological advancement and use, the world's energy consumption has skyrocketed. The novelty of the study as it focuses on the present state of carbon emissions (in terms of sectors and fuel) as a result of current hydrogen production projects, applications, cost, and delivery, as well as government policy and structural changes in the BRICS-US (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and the United States) relationship throughout time. A conceptual model has been established for multi-dimensional debate for logical comparison analysis in institution-economic-technology-behavior (IETB). This paper has three main findings. First, in terms of horizontal comparison, each country has its advantages but distinct underlying driving causes. Second, in terms of vertical comparison, each country's hydrogen energy development is still in the quantitative stage, with the qualitative inflection point still to be reached. Third, in terms of a strategic goal, producing hydrogen energy benefits the energy transition from a primary mission aspect. However, studies have revealed that China is the leader in CO2 emissions, followed by the US. China is the largest producer and consumer of hydrogen (24 million tonnes). Even though the world's largest green hydrogen plant is being developed in California (United States) (11,000 kg of green hydrogen per day and 3.8 million kilograms per year). This study highlights potential future development despite existing challenges and opens doors for enlightening the core researchers for establishing programs in transition (emerging and frontier) economies to strengthen state energy, efficiency, and conservation policies.

Study on Key Technical Route and Construction Mode of Low-Carbon Park

The potential for energy conservation and emission reduction in parks is enormous, promoting the popularization of low-carbon parks is a necessary means to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of energy consumption and achieve China’s ‘dual carbon’ goals. This article summarizes and extracts four main technical routes for building low-carbon parks through research on low-carbon parks and building cases at home and abroad: energy conservation and low-carbon construction of architectural noumenon, proactive energy conservation and operational carbon reduction, internal development of renewable energy, and external green energy input. Horizontal comparison and qualitative analysis of the four technical routes adopted in each typical case, summarizing and proposing eight models and typical application scenarios for building low-carbon parks, providing a theoretical basis and implementation suggestions for low-carbon development of the park.

Research on measurement and disequilibrium of manufacturing digital transformation: Based on the text mining data of A-share listed companies

<abstract> <p>Quantitative analysis of digital transformation is an important part of relevant research in the digital field. Based on the annual report data of China's manufacturing listed companies from 2011 to 2019, this study applies cloud computing to the mining and analysis of text data, and uses the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency method under machine learning to measure the digital transformation index value of manufacturing enterprises. The results show that: (1) On the whole, the current pace of digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises continues to accelerate, and the digital transformation of manufacturing has gradually spread from the eastern coastal areas to the central and western inland areas. (2) In horizontal comparison, among the five types of "ABCDE" digital modules constructed, artificial intelligence develops the fastest, cloud computing index value is second, and block chain value is the smallest. In vertical comparison, the leading provinces such as Beijing, Guangdong, and Shanghai have certain stability and a solid leading position, and there are occasional highlights in the central and western provinces. (3) In terms of polarization distribution, the digitalization of the manufacturing industry has obvious multi-peak patterns, showing the phenomenon of multi-polarization of digital services. The eastern region has both aggregate advantages and equilibrium disadvantages. (4) In terms of industry differences, the level of digital transformation in the high-end manufacturing industry is significantly higher than that in the mid-end and low-end industries. On the ownership attributes of enterprise digital transformation, private enterprises are the highest, followed by foreign-funded enterprises, and state-owned enterprises are the lowest. This research provides theoretical enlightenment and factual reference for manufacturing enterprises to carry out digital activities.</p> </abstract>

INFLUÊNCIA DO TREINO DO CORE ABDOMINAL SOBRE O CONTROLE DA ESTABILIDADE NOS JOGADORES DE TÊNIS DE MESA

ABSTRACT Introduction In recent years, there have been a number of reforms in table tennis, trends in technology development, and demands on the part of athletes to improve their competitive ability and prevent injuries. Objective Evaluate the effect of abdominal core strength training on ball control stability in table tennis players. Methods By random sampling and grouping method, the national top-level table tennis players were divided into an experimental group and a control group (17 boys in each group and seven girls in each group); the experiment lasted for one week, during which the athletes in the experimental group performed abdominal core strength training, while the athletes in the control group performed regular training. Results There was no significant difference in the longitudinal comparison of the control group before and after the experiment (P>0.05), and there was a very significant difference in the horizontal comparison between the two groups after the experiment (P<0.01). Conclusion Abdominal core strength training has a positive effect on improving the technical stability of table tennis players. Core strength can improve the athlete’s attack speed and recovery. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Construction of High-Quality Development Evaluation System for Listed Companies in Retail Industry in Era of Digital Economy

The investment of innovation capital of retail enterprises is increasing year by year, while there is a mismatch between the level of innovation capital investment and the quantity and quality of innovation talents. At this stage, it is particularly critical to continuously improve the social value of the retail industry in order to accelerate the sharing of development level. How to evaluate the high-quality development of retail listed companies more reasonably and effectively has become an urgent issue. Therefore, taking 75 retail listed companies as the research objects, this paper uses entropy weight method to evaluate the high-quality development of retail listed companies, and constructs the high-quality development evaluation system of retail listed companies in the digital economy era, and the results show that: the overall development quality level of retail enterprises in China is low, and in 2018-2021, the efficiency growth level of retail enterprises is low, the average closeness of the sub-goals of high-quality development of retail enterprises is social sharing, benefit growth, and innovative development, and the average closeness is 0.22, 0.24, and 0.05, respectively. There are serious imbalances in the development of the sub-goals. This paper Through horizontal comparison of the high-quality development of retail industry, this paper finds the common characteristics from the perspective of the industry and provides references for the high-quality development of retail listed companies.

Speed and Madness: An Interpretation of architectural Form based on Futuristic theory

Futurism as a word to describe the general trend of modern design, the desire to create a kind of prophetic architecture.Futurism is not a style, but an open way of building;It has been reinterpreted by different generations of architects over the decades, but often with striking shapes, dynamic lines, strong contrast and the use of advanced materials.Through horizontal comparison of architectural works with significant futuristic features in different regions, this paper makes a formal interpretation of architectural works from the perspective of futurism theory to explore the influence of futurism on the formation of architectural forms.

프랑스 입법영향분석의 발전과 사례

The present paper attempts to deal with the effects of a given legislation in practical as well as academic perspectives, commonly called as legislative impact analysis, or legislative assessment as in case of pilot works in Korea. Yet the law and practice in this particular area differs from nation to nation, as the case of France exemplifies in this article.
 It is to be noted that various works on the works relating to the legislative impacts were largely incorporated in an act of the National Assembly in March 2021. That is the Framework Act on Administration which targets the current laws and regulations if necessary to improve the legal system in the administrative field, obviously including the subject matter. On the other hand, France has been conducting legislative evaluation in a reserved manner by stipulating the subject in a broad way, that is in the revised constitution in 2008.
 Thus the writer proposes in the present paper to focus on the following two points : First, considering French legislation, legislative procedures, and the relationship between the government and the National Assembly, attempts were made to pinpoint the characteristics and meaning of the impact analysis system and the possible significance. The French impact analysis is limited to the government-submitted legislation.
 Therefore it is characterized by the fact that it is prepared directly by the relevant department of the Government that submitted the bill. Criticism has always been targeted for lack of fairness. However, the impact analysis system should be understood not only in the form of government but also in the context of legal system and legislative procedures. In other words, horizontal comparison of the two systems, France and Korea for that matter, is difficult because it has a structural difference from the post-legislative impact analysis, as specified in the Framework Act on Administration in case of Korea.
 Second, among the points raised in the discussions on the French impact analysis, frequently pointed areas concern the so-called “Youth Impact Clause” introduced in 2016. In addition to the existing impact analysis method, special attentions were given to young people, and to the basis of the legislative analysis. At the beginning of the implementation of the Youth Impact Assessment System, the Ministry of Youth Affairs did not put forward active an opinion as expected. Above all, the issue was preempted rather by the general observation, such as “today’s youth-future generation” than the specific and technical points in legislation.

Landscape Discussion of Oil Rents and Primary Government Expenditure Budget

Purpose: This study compares Malaysia’s oil rent dynamics and primary government approved budget (PGEB) with other major oil-exporting countries. This study reviews the annual time series data from 2005 to 2020 of oil rents and PGEB. Methodology: The outcomes derived from meta-analysis approach are presented in graphical comparisons of oil rents and PGEB of Malaysia with other oil exporters. A horizontal comparison was also carried out. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Brazil, and the Russian Federation were selected as relevant oil exporters. Findings: Referring to the historical graphical presentation, the oil market fluctuations were linearly aligned to the budget figure among oil exporters. The study results portray historical connections between oil rents and PGEB in the context of Malaysia and other oil exporters, which may be beneficial to policymakers and practitioners in their decision-making process. Practical Implications: The findings that display the historical connections of Malaysian oil rents and PGEB with other oil exporters serve as a guideline to policymakers and practitioners. Originality/Value: In addition to the Malaysian setting, the scenario of other oil exporters amplifies the dynamics of oil rents on PGEB formulation. Keywords: Oil rents, primary government, approved budget, crude oil, Malaysian economy.