Horizontal Aggregation Research Articles

Sensitivity of Deep Convection and Cross‐Tropopause Water Transport to Microphysical Parameterizations in WRF

AbstractDeep convective storms can overshoot the tropopause, thus altering the composition of the stratosphere by vertically transporting tropospheric air. The transport of water vapor and ice particles into a sub‐saturated environment can hydrate the stratosphere, with implications for radiative forcing and ozone chemistry. Cloud‐resolved models, if employed at high spatial resolutions, are used to probe process‐level questions about cross‐tropopause deep convective hydration and its controls. There is considerable diversity in model representations of processes associated with water transport and transformation, and the choice of a microphysics scheme affects model skill in simulating deep convective events. This motivates our evaluation of state‐of‐the‐art, as well as widely used standard schemes, in a high spatial‐ and temporal‐resolution framework. Six bulk microphysics schemes were employed in a WRF‐LES setup, initialized with a sounding profile representative of a tropopause‐overshooting storm. We used an idealized framework to isolate the effect of microphysics on the dominant processes that control the reach of deep convection and stratospheric hydration. All schemes produced the highest reaching updrafts 8–12 hr into the simulation but the strength and persistence of updrafts varied across the schemes; maximum storm heights ranged 9.1–12.6 km across the schemes. Varying microphysics produced large differences in the vertical extent and horizontal aggregation of convection, and an order of magnitude spread in above‐tropopause water vapor concentrations.

A Hybrid Continuous-Time Dynamic Graph Representation Learning Model by Exploring Both Temporal and Repetitive Information

Recently, dynamic graph representation learning has attracted more and more attention from both academic and industrial communities due to its capabilities of capturing different real-world phenomena. For a dynamic graph represented as a sequence of timestamped events, there are two kinds of evolutionary essences: temporal and repetitive information. At present, the temporal information of interactions (e.g., timestamps) have been deeply explored. However, as another vital nature of dynamic graphs, the repetitive information of interactions between two nodes is neglected, which may lead to inaccurate node representation. To address this issue, we propose a novel continuous-time dynamic graph representation learning model, which consists of a node-level-memory based module, a historical high-order neighborhood based vertical aggregation module and a repetitive-topological information based horizontal aggregation module. In particular, to characterize the evolving pattern of the repetitive information of interactions between a pair of nodes, we put forward a repetitive-interaction based attention mechanism to integrate the two key attributes (i.e., the content and the number of interactions) of repetitive interactions at different moments, based on the insight that the repetitive behaviors of nodes are widespread and essential. We conduct extensive experiments including future link prediction tasks (for transductive and inductive learning) and dynamic node classification task, and results on three real-life dynamic graph datasets demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, for both observed nodes and new ones.

International Trade English Phrases and Grammar Translation

With the frequent occurrence of international trade communication, in order to improve the quality of communication, this paper proposes a study on the translation of international trade English phrases and grammar. First, with the help of a rectangular window function, the composition principle of international trade English phrases is determined. Then, the horizontal feature aggregation point method is introduced to build a mathematical model of the characteristic identification of the English phrases. Finally, the sparse matrix representation of the source phrase is constructed to complete the extraction and preprocessing of the English phrase features. The input English sentence is converted into the output sentence, the form and POS factors of the English semantic translation are extracted, and a lemma is introduced to obtain the surface form of international trade English language factors. According to the international trade grammar analysis method, this paper decomposes the translation model, decomposes English sentences into small phrases for translation, and completes the research on international trade English phrase and grammar translation. The experimental results show that this method has high accuracy in the feature extraction of international trade English phrases, and the error rate is low, which is feasible.

Horizontal and vertical Aggregation Bias of time series with empirical study

Aggregation bias is defined (Theil 1954) as the difference between the macro parameter and the average of the micro parameters. In this article, a new definition of time series aggregation is introduced. Imperially, a new definition of aggregation bias is introduced. Using the new definition, the time series are aggregated in two different methods, horizontal and vertical. Bias resulting from this aggregation is analyzed in both cases. Horizontal aggregation revealed unbiasedness in the slope and intercept of the trend of the series. Vertical aggregation revealed bias in estimating both parameters of the trend of the series depending on the length of the aggregation period. A new theorem is introduced to assess bias in both parameters. Proof of the Samar is annexed to the paper. An Empirical study containing data of a number of time series are analyzed in the frame of the new theorem. The data is the weekly income of some Egyptian farmers working on the same farm collected through an Egyptian agrarian year. Samar introduce rules to compute bias in the slope and the intercept of the trend of the series. It also shows the relation between the two biases. In addition, the effect of the length of aggregation period on the amount of bias is discussed.

Workload Optimization by Horizontal Aggregation in SQL for Data Mining Analysis

Preparing a data set for analysis is generally the most time consuming task in a data mining project, requiring many complex SQL queries, joining tables, and aggregating columns. Existing SQL aggregations have limitations to prepare data sets because they return one column per aggregated group. In general, a significant manual effort is required to build data sets, where a horizontal layout is required. We propose simple, yet powerful, methods to generate SQL code to return aggregated columns in a horizontal tabular layout, returning a set of numbers instead of one number per row. This new class of functions is called horizontal aggregations. Horizontal aggregations build data sets with a horizontal denormalized layout (e.g., point-dimension, observation variable, instance-feature), which is the standard layout required by most data mining algorithms. We propose three fundamental methods to evaluate horizontal aggregations: ? CASE: Exploiting the programming CASE construct; ? SPJ: Based on standard relational algebra operators (SPJ queries); ? PIVOT: Using the PIVOT operator, which is offered by some DBMSs. Experiments with large tables compare the proposed query evaluation methods. Our CASE method has similar speed to the PIVOT operator and it is much faster than the SPJ method. In general, the CASE and PIVOT methods exhibit linear scalability, whereas the SPJ method does not. For query optimization the distance computation and nearest cluster in the k-means are based on SQL. Workload balancing is the assignment of work to processors in a way that maximizes application performance. The process of load balancing can be generalized into four basic steps: 1. Monitoring processor load and state; 2. Exchanging workload and state information between processors; 3. Decision making; 4. Data migration. The decision phase is triggered when the load imbalance is detected to calculate optimal data redistribution. In the fourth and last phase, data migrates from overloaded processors to under-loaded ones.

Holistic assessment of intelligent technologies: Top management’s perceptions

Due to the beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution based mainly on intelligent technologies used in the production area, rational assessment of their functioning has become the subject of interest of many scientists. The main aim of the article is to present the method of intelligent technologies assessment and to determine the possibilities of its adaptation by manufacturing companies. The following methods and research approaches were used in the construction of the method: integrated method, controlling, desk research, observation of the functioning of intelligent technologies, questionnaire interview. The research procedure assumes the adoption of a three-stage assessment process (measure – module – dimension). The holistic approach adopted in the study is achieved through horizontal aggregation of obtained values of measures and modules. The method was verified for the assessment of an intelligent technological line operating in a large metallurgical company. The substantive analysis of the achieved results allowed to develop a list of recommended activities within modules that have not been assessed positively. It has also become possible to assess the implementation of strategic and operational goals realized through the use of intelligent technological line. The developed final assessment formula will help determine the effectiveness of the activities undertaken (comparative analysis).

The resources vertical aggregation model in the construction and installation works planning

The exchange of information between the global and local tasks occurs in the aggregated nomenclature, which reduces the bandwidth requirements of inter-layer communication channels. In the horizontal aggregation scheme, a global task is formed on the basis of non-aggregated information of local systems. The resources vertical aggregation model was obtained in the construction production planning, which differs by taking into account the restrictions on the number of teams used for the works functional dependencies.

Network Contracts in the Italian agri-food industry: Determinants and spatial patterns

Network contracts (NCs) have been recently introduced as industrial policy in Italy to promote competitiveness and innovation among small companies. This paper investigates the structure and the characteristics of NCs operating in the Italian agri-food system. For this purpose, a conceptual framework has been first drawn up to consider sectorial affinity and spatial proximity as factors influencing the development of networks of companies. Subsequently, data from Italian Business Register have been extracted and analysed using appropriate statistical tools, in particular local Moran spatial autocorrelation indexes. Results highlight the significant role played by agri-food companies in the NCs aknowkedged in Italy, expecially the ones established among a reduced numbers of companies. NCs involving agri-food companies are mostly characterised by local spatial correlation patterns and by horizontal aggregation among agricultural holdings, rather than by vertical structures along the food value chain. Results, however, show that several other networks involving agri-food companies can instead express more complex processes of re-organization and innovation of the food value chain. In short, the spread of agri-food NCs seems to be congruent with the Italian agrifood model in which territorial links play a significant role to face small scale limits.

The Labor Market Analysis in Lange’s 1938 Economica Article, Modigliani’s 1944 Econometrica Article, and Klein’s 1946 Book, the Keynesian Revolution, Are All Equivalent to Keynes’s Special Case of a Completely Elastic, Horizontal Aggregate Supply Curve for Labor Based on Rigid Money Wages (Ew =0) in Section III of Chapter 21 of the General Theory in 1936: Keynes’s General Case, That

The Labor Market Analysis in Lange’s 1938 Economica Article, Modigliani’s 1944 Econometrica Article, and Klein’s 1946 Book, the Keynesian Revolution, Are All Equivalent to Keynes’s Special Case of a Completely Elastic, Horizontal Aggregate Supply Curve for Labor Based on Rigid Money Wages (Ew =0) in Section III of Chapter 21 of the General Theory in 1936: Keynes’s General Case, That

On Keynes’s Two Simplifications of His Aggregate Supply Curve Analysis in Chapter 21 of the General Theory: O. Lange (1938) Overlooked Chapter 20 and the Two Simplifications on Pages 295–296 of the General Theory in Chapter 21

O Lange’s failure to read chapters 20 and 21 of the General Theory accounts for his failure to use Keynes already worked out simplifications for the case where the Aggregate Supply Curve was infinitely elastic or had a horizontal segment. Chapter 3 of the General Theory only presents an outline of what Keynes actually did later in the General Theory in chapters 20 and 21. No Aggregate Supply Curve was constructed in chapter 3 of the General Theory or even mentioned. Keynes gave general functional relationships for D and Z. Only in chapter 20 and the footnote on pp.55-56 does Keynes define what D and Z actually are, which is that D=pO and Z=P wN, where p is an expected price and P is expected profit. Keynes’s introduction of the aggregate supply curve occurs in chapter 6 on pages 55-56 in footnote two. The chapter in which his aggregate supply curve is fully analyzed is in chapter 20. Keynes then presents two simplifications of his aggregate supply curve in chapter 21. These simplifications specify a horizontal range of his aggregate supply curve that was completely elastic. However, Keynes never assumed that his aggregate supply curve was horizontal. He allowed for various simplifications to be made after he had presented his complete D-Z theory in chapter 20.A number of economists, such as Lawrence Klein and Franco Modigliani, have incorrectly followed Lange’s analysis, who failed to make it clear to the readers of his 1938 Economica article, that what was involved was actually two simplifications made by Keynes to Keynes’s chapter 20 analysis. Keynes never assumed a completely elastic or horizontal aggregate supply curve anywhere in the General Theory or his post General Theory writings.

Value relevance of proportionate consolidation versus the equity method: Evidence from Hong Kong

Whether proportionate consolidation (PC) or the equity method (EM) provides more informative financial statements is a controversial issue. This study uses data from listed companies in Hong Kong to investigate the value relevance of the EM compared with PC during 2005–2008 when the local word-for-word equivalent HKAS 31 offered the same options. The results of this study provide evidence that PC does not offer higher value relevance than the EM. PC’s horizontal aggregation of a portion of the operations, assets and liabilities of the jointly controlled entities with those of the venturer is less informative to investors than the EM’s vertical aggregation.

Contemporary analysis of practicing otolaryngologists

To investigate contemporary issues facing practicing otolaryngologists including workforce dynamics, ancillary service modeling, otolaryngic allergy integration, ambulatory surgery center utilization, and relevant certificate of need legislation. A cross-sectional survey analysis of academic and private practicing otolaryngologists in North and South Carolina in 2016. A cross-sectional survey was e-mailed to 510 practicing otolaryngologists in North and South Carolina. A 21.3% survey response rate was achieved. Otolaryngology workforce was defined by horizontal aggregation of otolaryngologists into larger group models, with fewer solo practitioners being replaced by younger otolaryngologists or employing otolaryngology extenders. Excluding academic practice, few otolaryngologists have chosen direct hospital employment as a career option, although otolaryngologists with fewer years of practice are pursuing that option with greater frequency. Ancillary services showed audiology and hearing aid services being the most common, followed by otolaryngic allergy, point-of-service computed tomography, and ultrasound. Although otolaryngologists tend to avoid vertical integration, ambulatory surgery center (ASC) ownership trends favor a joint venture model with a hospital system partner. Most otolaryngologists favor changes to certificate of need legislation to improve patient access to these lower-cost facilities, regardless of whether they currently utilize or have access to an ASC. Otolaryngology is uniquely positioned to adapt and respond to current paradigm shifts within ambulatory medicine. Further analysis is needed to prepare current and future otolaryngologists for the demands and opportunities these challenges pose as patient-centered care models and consumer dynamics shape future patient expectations and utilization of healthcare. 5. Laryngoscope, 2490-2499, 2018.

Institutional quality and agglomeration of fast food multinationals in Latin American cities

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the location decision of multinationals across major cities in Latin America. Based on agglomeration economics and institutional theory, the paper explores whether institutional quality of a city can temper the attraction of agglomeration factors.Design/method/approachThe paper analyzes the geographic dispersion of three global fast-food franchise networks in 45 Latin American cities. The explanatory variables are horizontal aggregation of other multinationals and the institutional quality of a city. The direct and indirect impacts of horizontal agglomeration are explored through negative binomial regression with controls for city population and economic power [gross domestic product (GDP)].FindingsThe key finding is that location choice of fast-food networks is driven principally by market conditions and to a lesser extent by horizontal agglomeration. The institutional quality of a city has a positive influence on the agglomeration of fast-food networks. A city with strong institutional quality makes this relation stronger.Research limitationsOther multinational and national fast-food franchises are not included in the paper. Future studies should include a greater number of global and local fast-food franchisers.Practical implicationsThe positive reinforcements of agglomeration and strong institution are important for the investment location decision of fast-food multinationals. The institutional quality of the city should be an important consideration in the location decision as it expands regionally and within a country. Smaller cities may not offer the agglomeration advantages of the large metropolitan areas, but their good institutional quality may reduce the business costs for multinationals.Social implicationsLarge cities in Latin America tend to reap the benefits of agglomeration. As a result, smaller secondary cities struggle to be relevant in generating economic activity and attracting private investments. One strategy to achieve relevance is to build strong and transparent institutions and a solid business environment.Originality/valueThe inclusion of institutional quality at the city level as moderation of the agglomeration factors influencing the location decision of a multinational is original. This paper contributes to our understanding of the importance of regional cities in attracting the investment of multinational firms.

A Survey on Preparing Data Sets for Data Mining Analysis using Horizontal Aggregations in SQL

A Survey on Preparing Data Sets for Data Mining Analysis using Horizontal Aggregations in SQL

Blending liquid into a flowing dry granular material

We study experimentally the growth dynamics of a horizontal wet granular aggregate produced by accretion when a dry granular jet impacts a wet substrate. The tomographic imaging demonstrates that the wet aggregate is fully saturated and its cohesion is related to the capillary suction due to the pressure drop at the liquid/air interface. We highlight that the accretion process is characterized by two different growth dynamics depending on the hydrostatic depression in the material. At low depression, the growth dynamics exibits a “diffusive” regime whereas the dynamics becomes linear for higher depressions. A competition between the viscous displacement of the fluid into the granular material and the sticking dynamics is proposed to understand the transition in the growth velocity.

Characteristic Features of REE and Pb–Zn–Ag Mineralizations in the Na Son Deposit, Northeastern Vietnam

AbstractThe Na Son deposit is a small‐scale Pb–ZnPb–Zn–Ag deposit in northeast Vietnam and consists of biotite–chlorite schist, reddish altered rocks, quartz veins and syenite. The biotite–chlorite schist is intruded by syenite. Reddish altered rocks occur as an alteration halo between the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and the biotite–chlorite schist. Allanite occurs in the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and in the proximal reddish altered rocks. Rare earth element (REE) fluorocarbonate minerals occur along fractures or at rim of allanite crystals. The later horizontal aggregates of sulfide veins and veinlets cut the earlier reddish altered rocks. The earlier Pb–Zn veins consist of a large amount of galena and lesser amounts of sphalerite, pyrite and molybdenite. The later Cu veins cutting the Pb–Zn veins include chalcopyrite and lesser amounts of tetrahedrite and pyrite.The occurrences of two‐phase H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions in quartz from biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and REE‐bearing fluorocarbonate minerals in allanite suggest the presence of CO2 and F in the hydrothermal fluid. The oxygen isotopic ratios of the reddish altered rocks, biotite–chlorite schist, and syenite range from +13.9 to +14.9 ‰, +11.5 to +13.3 ‰, and +10.1 to +11.6 ‰, respectively. Assuming an isotopic equilibrium between quartz (+14.6 to +15.8 ‰) and biotite (+8.6 ‰) in the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz vein, formation temperature was estimated to be 400°C. At 400°C, δ18O values of the hydrothermal fluid in equilibrium with quartz and biotite range from +10.5 to +11.7 ‰. These δ18O values are consistent with fluid that is derived from metamorphism. Assuming an isotopic equilibrium between galena (+1.5 to +1.7 ‰) and chalcopyrite (+3.4 ‰), the formation temperature was estimated to be approximately 300°C. The formation temperature of the Na Son deposit decreased with the progress of mineralization.Based on the geological data, occurrence of REE‐bearing minerals and oxygen isotopic ratios, the REE mineralization is thought to result from interaction between biotite–chlorite schist and REE‐, CO2‐ and F‐bearing metamorphic fluid at 400°C under a rock‐dominant condition.

Which strategic orientation for systemic integration? A study on the organic olive oil industry

In the agro-food industry, a hard constraint to farms development is the business dimension: the strategy of horizontal aggregation among producers could represent a way to overcome this problem. A condition for the effectiveness of the systemic firms integration is the inter-firms consonance. The paper aims at verifying the consonance among farms for their systemic integration feasibility assessment. Few studies on the topic can be found in the academic literature. For this purpose, an exploratory survey in the organic olive oil industry, based on multiple case studies, is presented: data are collected through a web-based survey submitted to a population of 200 firms and analysed by comparing their market positioning with their strategic orientation. The understanding of the systemic integration enhancing factors in the agro-food supply chain, such as the strategic orientation, can help farms in formulating and implementing the strategy of horizontal aggregation among producers, called producers organisation (PO).

Aggregate distribution influence on the indirect tensile test of asphalt mixtures using the discrete element method

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of horizontal aggregate distribution, i.e. aggregate distribution in horizontal cross sections, on the indirect tensile (IDT) test of asphalt mixtures. An index of aggregate homogeneity, used to evaluate the aggregate distribution in a two-dimensional (2D) cross section, was comprehensively described; the horizontal aggregate distribution was evaluated by the index. A microstructure-based discrete element model for predicting the IDT test results was established by a discrete element program called particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). Based on this model and by loading horizontal cross sections of asphalt mixtures along different directions, the effects of horizontal aggregate distribution on the splitting strength and maximum horizontal stress with regard to an IDT test were numerically simulated by means of the discrete element method; the obtained results were verified by performing an actual IDT test. Results reveal that the splitting strengths and maximum horizontal stresses in the IDT test exhibit anisotropy. Furthermore, it is revealed that there is an insignificant correlation between the horizontal aggregate distributions and the average splitting strengths and average maximum horizontal stresses, as well as a significant correlation between the horizontal aggregate distributions and the variations in the splitting strengths and maximum horizontal stresses.

Preparing Data Sets by Using Horizontal Aggregations in SQL for Data Mining Analysis

Preparing Data Sets by Using Horizontal Aggregations in SQL for Data Mining Analysis

Database Transformation to Build Dataset for Generation of Decision Tree and Extended ER Model

In Data mining project most of the time consuming task is to prepare a required data set for data mining analysis because in general the relational database has collection of tables and views that must be joined, aggregated and transformed in order to build the required data set. As result, most of the complex SQL queries are written multiple times independently from each other and in a disorganized manner. Therefore, the database grows with many tables and views that are not present as entities in the ER model. Similarly existing SQL aggregations having some limitations to prepare normalized data sets because they return only one column per aggregated group. To address this issue, we propose simple methods to generate SQL code to return aggregated columns in a horizontal tabular layout, where every row corresponds to an observation and every column is associated to a one variable. This new class of functions is called horizontal aggregations. Horizontal aggregations is extension of standard SQL aggregation for building data sets with a horizontal denormalized layout, which is input for most of the data mining algorithms. By providing these standard normalized data-set as an input to the Decision tree generation algorithm for generating Decision tree, similarly we can generate extended ER model.