Price Of Honey Research Articles

Análisis FODA de la apicultura en la península de Yucatán

The objective of this work is to identify and analyze through a participatory diagnosis the main strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of beekeeping in the Yucatan Peninsula. Three participatory workshops were held with beekeepers in the states of Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo. The study was based on the SWOT analysis procedure as a diagnostic tool. The analysis indicated that the main strengths of beekeeping in the Yucatan Peninsula are the experience, organization of the producers and the biodiversity that the beekeeping flora provides to the Apis mellifera bees to produce honey. The weaknesses were the lack of good practice, lack of knowledge in administration and location of their apiaries. In the area of opportunities, government support, cooperatives and access to new markets stood out. Finally, the threats were climate change (droughts, hurricanes), the use of pesticides, beehive pests and fluctuating honey prices. This diagnosis is of great importance to propose improvement proposals for the strengthening of beekeeping activity in the Yucatan Peninsula. Keywords: beekeeping, SWOT, producers, Yucatán Peninsula.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE BOTANICAL ORIGIN AND DETERMINATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF HONEY SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM THE SARY-CHELEK BIOSPHERE RESERVE OF KYRGYZSTAN

Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve is one of the richest rare flora and animal reserves in Kyrgyzstan. The natural environment of the Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve is exceptionally favourable to high-quality honey production. Botanical authenticity is the main factor influencing honey prices, as it has a direct impact on the quality of honey. Producing monofloral honey in a natural landscape is challenging because, throughout the beekeeping season, multiple melliferous plants bloom at the same time. The article describes for the first time the botanical origin and physicochemical characteristics of honey collected in this biosphere reserve and also determines the influence of the dominant honey plant on organoleptic, physicochemical, and food safety indicators. Pollen grains of 50 taxa of nectar sources and about 10 taxa of pollen sources were identified. There were unique plant pollens in the samples; nine of the samples were monofloral honey—three of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), four of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and two of eremurus (Eremurus fuscus O.Fedtsch), and eight samples were polyfloral honey. High diastase activity was found in samples of thyme honey (41.1 ± 2.9 Gothe) and in samples of sage honey (31.3 ± 2.2 Gothe). The physicochemical and food safety parameters of the honey samples comply with the established norms and international standards.

#Buzz: Exploring public interest in pollinators, bees, and honey using online media data

Pollinators play an important role in agriculture, food security, and ecosystems. They are facing serious population declines in the US as well as around the world, leading to concerns regarding natural fertilization, reduced crop yields, and economic threats to farmers and/or related agricultural businesses. Governments and non-governmental organizations have introduced policies and programs to conserve pollinators and increase public awareness of pollinator decline. This study focuses on online and social media content about pollinators as a proxy for public interest, measured by volume and sentiment of media. Additionally, we evaluate potential links between public interest and the reaction of markets of pollinator-derived products, namely honey. Volume and sentiment of online media surrounding pollinators was quantified for the years 2017 – 2021. Search results show mentions mostly driven by pleasant mentions of bees, honey, honeybee costumes, and butterfly migration rather than topics related to the pollination-related threats, causes, polices, and/or programs. Wholesale and retail prices of honey have been less variable than mentions over time, suggesting no apparent relationship between volume of online media activities surrounding pollinators (including bees) and honey prices. The low volume of mentions about threats towards pollinators may suggest a low level of public awareness of the topic and yield concerns for the effectiveness of polices for protecting pollinators and/or concern for economics of beekeepers, even with the active legislations of the US federal and states government for promoting pollinators health.

Factors affecting the choice of marketing channel by beekeepers in Türkiye

This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the marketing channel choices of beekeepers in the sale of strained honey. The primary data was collected with questionnaires conducted with 162 bee breeders in Türkiye. When beekeeper characteristics by marketing channel selections were compared, it was determined that breeder's education status, income other than beekeeping, the status of getting support, payment method, satisfaction with the marketing channel, way of determining the price, the source of information, and credit usage status were the variables influential in choosing a marketing channel. As a result of comparing the group selling strained honey through the direct channel and the group selling it through the indirect channel, significant differences were found between the groups in terms of beekeeper's age, the share of beekeeping in annual income, the number of hives, the share of strained honey in beekeeping income, and the selling price of honey. Providing training for beekeepers, ensuring their access to market information, improving infrastructure conditions, and encouraging the production of bee products and cooperative membership will increase their income.

PERANCANGAN DAN ANALISIS PENGARUH KEMASAN MADU HUTAN KECAMATAN LUNYUK BESERTA ATRIBUT PENDUKUNGNYA TERHADAP MINAT BELI KONSUMEN

Apis dorsata forest honey is one of the superior products from Lunyuk District, Sumbawa. Not a few Sumbawa people believe that forest honey products from this area have better quality than other areas in Sumbawa Regency. Unfortunately, so far, people in Lunyuk District still manage these products conventionally, including the packaging, which mostly still uses used mineral water bottles or other plastic bottles attached with labels that are easily damaged. This study aims to design forest honey product packaging in Lunyuk District which has a role to increase market opportunities for honey producers in the region. In addition, for consumers, packaging is very useful to get information related to the honey product. The method used in this research is to use a questionnaire that applies a preference scale to 150 respondents consisting of educators and lecturers at the Sumbawa University of Technology. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. The results showed that the price of honey, the design and size of the forest honey packaging that had been prepared, as well as other supporting attributes of the packaging had a significant effect on buying interest in forest honey in Lunyuk District. In addition, the independent variable (X) can explain 42.5% of the dependent variance (Y) where the remaining 57.5% is influenced by other variables not explained in this study.

Factors Influencing the Price of Honey; A Case of Mvomero District

Tanzania is Africa's second largest honey producer, trailing only Ethiopia. It helps to increase both foreign earnings and employment in the country. Despite the positive effects of honey on society, there is still a lack of focus on the factors influencing the market price of honey. The current study intends to look into related factors affecting the price determination of honey in Mvomero district. Specifically, the study aims to assess how the cost, quality and demand of honey affect the market price of honey. The study adopted a cross sectional research design whereby data were collected once from 100 respondents who are honey value chain actors (harvesters, traders and processors) in Mvomero district. Quantitative data retrieved from the questionnaires were analyzed by using SPSS version 20 in which descriptive and binary logistic regression were determined. Results showed that factors such as cost and demand were statistically significant associated with market price of honey in the study area. Furthermore, the quality positively influenced the honey price but not statistically significant in the study area. The study concluded that some explanatory variables include; demand and cost of honey significantly influence the market price of honey along the value chain (p < 0.05). But the quality of honey was not statistically different (p>0.05). The study recommends that majority of beekeepers are capable, but due to a lack of funding and equipment, they are forced to use outdated technology for producing, harvesting, and marketing their products. It is important to encourage both governmental and non-governmental institutions to support the actors.

Be(e)ha(i)viour(e): assessment of honey consumption in Europe

PurposeHoney is a product that has been consumed for thousands of years owing to honey's nutritional value and unique properties. This survey aimed to assess factors affecting consumer behaviour for honey in countries of the Balkans and Western Europe, on a comparative basis.Design/methodology/approachThe high importance of honey consumption along with findings from previous surveys on consumer behaviour are included in the introduction chapter. Based on these, and focussing on the fundamental consumer behaviour theories (stimulus-organism-response (SOR) model, theory of planned behaviour (TPB), and health belief model (HBM)), a questionnaire was designed and answered by 2,113 individuals from the Balkans and Western Europe, of which 2,088 were honey consumers. Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis was used to interpret the results.FindingsAccording to the analysis, both Western Europeans and Balkans consume honey weekly, whilst only a few consume honey daily. A crucial difference between the two samples is that Western Europeans consider honey to be an expensive product, whilst Balkans considers honey's price acceptable. In general, men consume more honey than women, and households with children purchase honey more often and in more significant quantities. In conclusion, the main reason affecting European honey consumption is the health impact, which is related to therapeutic properties and high nutritional value of honey.Originality/valuePCA results clarified the factors affecting honey consumption, whilst at the same time, consumer profiles of Balkan and Western European consumers were outlined and compared with each other, outlining a more detailed description of honey consumption in Europe.

Implementasi Pemupukan NPK pada Budidaya Labu Madu Hibrida

One type of pumpkin that is still rarely cultivated by the Indonesian people is the honey gourd, while the honey gourd is rich in benefits that are good for health and the honey gourd has high economic value because it is still rarely cultivated. In addition, the relatively higher price of honey compared to other yellows makes this pumpkin a sufficient source of income for farmers. One of the efforts to meet the demand for honey pumpkin yields is to use the right dose of NPK fertilizer on honey pumpkin plants. The study used a randomized block design (RAK) with 6 doses of fertilization treatment, repeated 4 times. So the total experiment is 24 plants. The treatments used were R0 without chemical fertilizer, R1 at 20% dose of chemical fertilizer, R2 40% dose of chemical fertilizer, R3 60% dose of chemical fertilizer, R4 80% dose of chemical fertilizer and R5 100% dose of chemical fertilizer. The results showed that the fertilizer dose of 20% (R1) gave the best effect on the finished fruit to harvest and fruit weight. The dose of fertilization has no effect on the growth and size of plant organs.

Status and Prospective of Beekeeping in Bhutan: A Review

Beekeeping is an ancient tradition in Bhutan. The country is divided into six agro-ecological zones and about 70.5% of the total land is covered with natural forest. Total six honey bee species are found. Three of them are kept in traditional and modern hives for honey production. Among the four regions, east central region produces the maximum honey followed by west central, western and eastern regions. The honey price per kg is Nu.5,000 ( US $ 63.5 ) to 7,000 (US $ 88.9) for Trigona honey, Nu.550 (US $ 6.9 ) to 1,410 (US $ 17.9) for A. cerana honey and Nu.700 (US $ 8.9 ) to 1,000 (US $ 12.7) for A. mellifera honey respectively. Currently, the estimated number of three species of honey bee colonies in Bhutan is 18,000 including traditional and modern hives. As domestic honey production cannot meet the growing market demand of the honey, Bhutan imports the quantity equal to its annual production from India to meet the domestic market demand. Beekeeping sector development was mainly constrained by the lack of a laboratory facilities and absence of breeding station for bee selection and breeding. Further, pests and predators, agro-chemical use and the negative impact of climate change are hindering beekeeping sector development. To address these problems, government and non-government organizations including private sectors are collectively putting their efforts to improve the sector.

INTERVENTION AND FORECAST MODELS FOR THE PRICE PAID TO PRODUCER OF BEE (Apis mellifera L.) HONEY IN MEXICO

Bee (Apis mellifera L) honey is one of the oldest foods that humans have used. Since ancient times, it has been used as a healthy product due to its sweetening and healing properties. In 2020, Mexico produced 54 121 tons (Mg), which ranked the country as the tenth largest producer in the world. The hypothesis was that current honey prices can be explained by previous prices and that they influence the increase in the population of hives and the production of honey in Mexico. To test this hypothesis, the objective of this research was to develop a forecast model for the annual average prices of honey in Mexico (AAPH). The data comprised the 1966 to 2019 prices and the Box-Jenkins methodology of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), with and without intervention, was used. The parameters of the models were estimated with the maximum likelihood method of the SAS® software, while the structural change was calculated with the corresponding library (strucchange) of the R software. A model based on the AAPH series was adapted for the 1966−2019 period and validated with data from 2018 and 2019. The series presents five periods of trend structural changes of AAPH: 1966−1985; 1986−1995; 1996−2003; 2004−2008; and 2009−2019. The best estimated model without intervention was ARIMA (1, 1, 1) and the best model with intervention was ARIMA (1, 1, 0), which indicates that the prices of previous years can explain the AAPH. The predictions had a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 8.16 % for the model without intervention and 4.02 % for the model with intervention. Both estimated models suggested that the AAPH have an upward trend in the medium term. The ARIMA model with intervention provided a more accurate estimation of the AAPH and information to plan and make decisions for the next five years.

DNA-Based Method for Traceability and Authentication of Apis cerana and A. dorsata Honey (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Using the NADH dehydrogenase 2 Gene.

Honey is a widely used natural product and the price of honey from Apis cerana (ACH) and A. dorsata (ADH) is several times more expensive than the one from A. mellifera (AMH), thus there are increasing fraud issues reported in the market by mislabeling or mixing honeys with different entomological origins. In this study, three species-specific primers, targeting the NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) region of honeybee mitochondrial DNA, were designed and tested to distinguish the entomological origin of ACH, ADH, and AMH. Molecular analysis showed that each primer set can specifically detect the ND2 region from the targeted honeybee DNA, but not from the others. The amplicon size for A. cerana, A. dorsata and A. mellifera were 224, 302, and 377 bp, respectively. Importantly, each primer set also specifically produced amplicons with expected size from the DNA prepared from honey samples with different entomological origins. The PCR adulteration test allowed detection of 1% of AMH in the mixture with either ACH or ADH. Furthermore, real-time PCR and melting curve analysis indicated the possible discrimination of origin of honey samples. Therefore, we provide the newly developed PCR-based method that can be used to determine the entomological origin of the three kinds of honey.

Value Chain Analysis of Honey in Bangladesh: Production Practices and Livelihood Perspective

The study was designed to develop honey value chain through analyzing the production practices and stakeholders’ activities as mediated by livelihood strategies. A total of 84 stakeholders were interviewed for data collection. The study depicts that assemble and set up the wooden box with artificial wooden beehives near the fields was the main procedure for honey production. Apis melifera is the major honey bee reared by the beekeepers and the average number of boxes is 50, harvested honey per box per year is around 35 kg. Profitability analysis shows that honey production was profitable and the benefit-cost ratio is 1.83. Estimates of logit model indicates that age of household head, educational level, farm size, farm income and non-farm income were the significant factors that influence beekeepers’ decision for adoption. The study identified six actors in honey value chain and among the actors; processors added the highest value of total value addition. Engagement in different activities of beekeeping had a great impact on their livelihood. SWOT analysis indicates favorable environment as strength, inadequate market infrastructure as weakness, high demand for honey as opportunities, and dominancy of the middlemen as threat, respectively. Lack of credit, lower price of honey as well as lack of storage facilities was the main problems faced by the stakeholders. To overcome the problems moreover to make this business more profitable, the study recommended to form contract based cooperative groups, establish proper storage facilities and provide necessary training by the government and non-government organizations. SAARC J. Agric., 19(2): 301-315 (2021)

Different flavours of honey, their properties and health benefits

Honey is a sweet, natural, viscous product made by honey bees of the genus Apis (Apidae). It not only gives us honey but also play a very important role in our environment, i.e., pollination. They produce honey by collecting the nectar from different flowers of various plants. Most of the nectar is collected by the bees from the plant families like, fabaceae, asteraceae and myrtaceae. Taste, composition (such as nutrients and bioactive compounds), quality, and quantity of nectar are mostly determined by the blooms of various plant families from which the nectar is derived. Honey comes in a range of flavours and is prepared to meet a number of health and beauty needs. Honey vary in color and flavour depending on which nectar source (flowers) the honey bees visit. Twenty flavours of honey as well as their origins have been discussed. The price of honey varied between Rs. 300 to Rs. 6184 500 g−1, the minimum price (Rs. 300 500 g−1) was noticed in multifloral honey, while maximum price (Rs. 6184 500 g−1) was observed in honey from manuka.

Analysis of Molecular Stability on Waste Extracts of Trigona spp. Bees Haves. Ethanolically

One of the local honey of South Sulawesi is Trigona honey which comes from Trigona spp. There are three types of trigona bees in South Sulawesi with each colony consisting of 300-80,000 individuals. Trigona bees are found nesting in hollow places such as logs, tree holes, and cracks in the walls of houses. The nest entrance is made of plant resin mixed with soil and mud, with different shapes and colors depending on the species. This type of bee produces a lot of propolis compared to honey and the price of honey produced is much higher because it has a chemical content (health benefits) that is much better than ordinary honey from the Apis mellifera group. This study was designed by extracting in ethanolic process at a concentration of 70%. The choice of concentration was based on previous research with an extraction temperature of 60 °C. The treatment of this research is to vary the time, namely 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes as a setting for the extraction time. Each treatment will be carried out in duplicate. This shows that in the honeycomb waste Trigona spp. contains terpenoids which are classified as antioxidants. Therefore, beehive waste Trigona spp. potential to be used as a source of antioxidants. In addition, several compounds are also relatively large antibacterial and anti-microbial compounds contained in the waste of Trigona spp beehives. The optimum solvent used by comparing the percentage of abundance (abundance/relative) through the percentage of the area and molecular stability after fragmentation is through the ethanolic process using ethanol solvent with percent abundance at 218 m/z and 189 m/z with the largest compound contained is Methyl Commate A and Alpha-Amyrin

SEARCH FOR NEW MARKETS OF UKRAINIAN HONEY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Ukraine produces more honey than the domestic market consume, which means that Ukraine has sufficient potential for honey exports. The main problems of the honey market of Ukraine are the shadowing of the market, low export price of honey and low consumer awareness of honey of Ukrainian origin. Due to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic on the world market, the demand for honey rises. This is an opportunity for Ukraine to increase honey exports and enter new markets. It will help maintain a leading position in the world market in honey exports, increase the competitiveness of local honey producers and consumer awareness of Ukrainian honey and the build of the country’s brand as a reliable and responsible producer. The Middle East market was identified as a potential market for exit. This article examines the honey market of Ukraine, identifies the problems of the honey market and market’s prospects in the context of the spread of Сovid-19. The attractiveness of the international business environment of the Middle East is estimated in order to find potential markets for Ukrainian honey producers. An analysis of the Middle East countries for export of honey of Ukrainian producers based on a filter model. In the process of analyzing the Middle East market on the basis of a filter model, countries were selected by factors of macromarketing environment and introindustry environment. Moreover, each of the factors that helped determine potential market in the final of the research was assessed by author. The analysis of key filters revealed a high level of the Middle East integration into the system of world economic relations, the constant expansion of their cooperation with other countries, positive dynamics of economic growth indicators.

Status of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Industry in Cameroon: A Review Article

Beekeeping is one of the oldest environmentally friendly activities practiced in Cameroon. In Cameroon, beekeeping is an important livelihood activity especially to those not involved in agriculture and forest exploitation. It has contributed much in poverty alleviation and environmental protection through hive products and pollination respectively. Cameroon has five main agro-ecological zones with a diversity of melliferous plants species suitable for beekeeping. Despite the abundant resources, honey and other hives products extraction is still low. Amongst hive products, honey and bee wax are harvested by 100% and 94% of beekeepers respectively. Honey and bee wax production vary from region to region with Adamawa, Northwest, West and Southwest being the most production regions respectively. The price of honey varies from 1,200~2,500 FCFA and 2,000~4,500 FCFA for brown honey and Oku white honey respectively. The country is facing many constraints of beekeeping such as climate change and deforestation, poor hive management practices, pests, poor market system as well as many others. To overcome these challenges, beekeepers, together with the government are putting forward measures such as sustainable forest management through the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, and the practice of modern beekeeping techniques.

Regional Origin Outperforms All Other Sustainability Characteristics in Consumer Price Premiums for Honey: Empirical Evidence for Germany

Sustainability and online retailing are two of the main challenges in the food industry. This study analyzes how honey characteristics, including sustainability indicators, affect consumer prices for honey, using 241 German honey prices in online and offline retailing. Many honey characteristics significantly influence honey prices. However, a clear identification of the regional origin of honey has a particularly strong impact on the consumer price premium. It outperforms all other sustainability indicators such as fairtrade certification, organic production, and environmentally friendly packaging. Regional origins that receive high relative and absolute consumer price premiums are Germany and German regions as well as individual EU and non-EU countries that have a reputation for high-quality in the honey market. Given this evidence, the major demand-side argument behind high consumer price premiums for defined origins appears to be food-safety related concerns. Thus, foreign suppliers will gain from international honey trade with Germany in different ways, depending on their reputation for quality. The magnitude of price premiums is surprisingly stable across different years, as are online prices of honeys that belong to the “core” assortment. Changes in the depth of the assortment, such as non-price competition, rather than price adjustments clear the market.

Assessment of post-harvest handling and quality of honeybee products along the value chain in SNNPR, Ethiopia

This study was conducted with the objective of identify post-harvest handling practice along different value chain actors of honey, major post-harvest handling problems of honey and honey products, evaluate Physical and chemical composition of honey and honey products along different value chain actors and characterize adulterant materials of honey and beeswax. The total of 120 beekeeper respondents were participated to gathered primary data regarding to honey production system, Constraints of honey and honey product handling, processing and marketing, honey harvesting and processing, honey harvesting materials, adulteration, extent of adulteration and adulterant materials of honeybee products and 45 honey samples were collected and analyzed to understand physiochemical characteristics honey were: color, moisture content, reducing sugar, sucrose, glucose, maltose content, acidity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), mineral content, pH and pollen analysis. All parameters were analyzed following the techniques proposed by the Codex Standard for Honey. A statistical analysis using SPSS 20 descriptive, frequency and Pearson correlation test of physicochemical properties of honey interdependent. Shortage of available bee forages, predators, pests and diseases were major constraints of honey production whereas market linkage problem, low price of honey, skill gap to process honey and beeswax. 67.5% of respondent beekeepers mostly used locally available material bottle gourd/”kill”/ to stored their honey in the study area. Mean moisture content, Ash content, honey acidity, electrical conductivity, pH value, HMF, fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, F/G ratio, G/water ratio of honey was 19.75, 0.18, 33.97 meq kg−1, 0.41 mS.cm-1, 3.45, 3.78 mg/kg and 34.61%, 30.91%, 1.96%, 1.36%, 1.13 ± 0.12 and 1.57±0.18 respectively.

Elemental profiling by ICP-MS as a tool for geographical discrimination: The case of bracatinga honeydew honey

Geographic origin discrimination is a topic of interest for both consumers and producers since the honey prices vary accordingly. The aim of the study was to establish the elemental profiling and geographical discrimination of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Bentham) honeydew honey samples exclusively produced in three regions in Brazil, i.e., Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul. Thirty-nine elements, including 14 rare earth elements, were analyzed using ICP-MS. The major rare earth elements were Eu > Nd > Ce > La > Sm, while Mg > Rb > Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu were the major multielements. The concentrations of the 39 elements analyzed were different (p < 0.05) among all the bracatinga honeydew honey samples. Cluster analysis (CA), principal components analysis (PCA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used for geographical origin discrimination. The CA showed that multielements concentration was more effective than rare earth elements to cluster the samples. Furthermore, LDA provided a 91.3 % correct classification of the bracatinga honeydew honey samples according to their location. Finally, PCA highlighted the Rb and Co concentrations as the most responsible for the classification of the analyzed honey samples according to their geographic origin. The elemental profile could be used to discriminate honey samples produced in the mentioned Brazil areas. These results will contribute to the designation of the origin of bracatinga honeydew honey, which will strengthen the market and consumer safety.

Determination of the Geographical Origin of Maltese Honey Using 1H NMR Fingerprinting.

The price of honey, as a highly consumed natural product, depends on its botanical source and its production environment, causing honey to be vulnerable to adulteration through mislabeling and inappropriate, fraudulent production. In this study, a fast and simple approach is proposed to tackle this issue through non-target one dimensional zg30 and noesypr1d 1H NMR fingerprint analysis, in combination with multivariate data analysis. Results suggest that composition differences in sugars, amino acids, and carboxylic acid were sufficient to discriminate between the tested honey of Maltese origin and that of non-local origin. Indeed, all chemometric models based on noesypr1d analysis of the whole fraction honey showed better prediction in geographical discrimination. The possibility of discrimination was further investigated through analysis of the honey’s phenolic extract composition. The partial least squares models were deemed unsuccessful to discriminate, however, some of the linear discriminant analysis models achieved a prediction accuracy of 100%. Lastly, the best performing models of both the whole fraction and the phenolic extracts were tested on five samples of unknown geographic for market surveillance, which attained a high agreement within the models. Thus, suggesting the use of non-target 1H NMR coupled with the multivariate-data analysis and machine learning as a potential alternative to the current time-consuming analytical methods.