Honest Group Research Articles

The Detection of Invalid Responses Using the Dissociative Experiences Scale-V (DES-V)

ABSTRACT The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) is the most widely used self-report measure of dissociation but lacks a validity scale. Abu-Rus et al. (2020) created the DES-V by embedding atypical and inconsistency items in the DES, ultimately concluding that atypicality demonstrated the greatest ability to differentiate honest respondents from feigners. Among their study limitations, Abu-Rus et al. noted the homogeneous nature of their clinical group (i.e., largely comprising individuals with PTSD) and the potential need to refine the existing atypicality items for a more heterogenous dissociation population. The current study aimed to refine the DES-V by enlisting dissociation experts to improve the believability of the atypical items (while simultaneously ensuring they did not betoken any actual dissociative symptomology) and by supplementing the online sample with a clinical sample that included a broad range of dissociative disorders. Data cleaning comprised eight different techniques, to better ensure the validity of the online sample. Honest and Feigning groups completed the assessments through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk; the clinical dissociative disorder group completed hard copy versions. The atypicality scale discriminated the three groups well, with the Feigning group scoring significantly higher than both of the honest groups (online and clinical). The mean atypicality scores of the two honest groups did not differ significantly. In addition, the scale incremented over the original DES-V in a logistic regression predicting honest and feigning participants. These robust results suggest that the revised DES-V could provide researchers with a valuable tool for validating online samples with greater precision – an increasingly vital need in light of the growing reliance on online samples.

Shibboleth: An agent-based model of signalling mimicry.

Mimicry is an essential strategy for exploiting competitors in competitive co-evolutionary relationships. Protection against mimicry may, furthermore, be a driving force in human linguistic diversity: the potential harm caused by failing to detect mimicked group-identity signals may select for high sensitivity to mimicry of honest group members. Here we describe the results of five agent-based models that simulate multi-generational interactions between two groups of individuals: original members of a group with an honest identity signal, and members of an outsider group who mimic that signal, aiming to pass as members of the in-group. The models correspond to the Biblical story of Shibboleth, where a tribe in conflict with another determines tribe affiliation by asking individuals to pronounce the word, 'Shibboleth.' In the story, failure to reproduce the word phonetically resulted in death. Here, we run five different versions of a 'Shibboleth' model: a first, simple version, which evaluates whether a composite variable of mimicry quality and detection quality is a superior predictor to the model's outcome than is cost of detection. The models thereafter evaluate variations on the simple model, incorporating group-level behaviours such as altruistic punishment. Our results suggest that group members' sensitivity to mimicry of the Shibboleth-signal is a better predictor of whether any signal of group identity goes into fixation in the overall population than is the cost of mimicry detection. Thus, the likelihood of being detected as a mimic may be more important than the costs imposed on mimics who are detected. This suggests that theoretical models in biology should place greater emphasis on the likelihood of detection, which does not explicitly entail costs, rather than on the costs to individuals who are detected. From a language learning perspective, the results suggest that admission to group membership through linguistic signals is powered by the ability to imitate and evade detection as an outsider by existing group members.

Exploring the Functional Brain Network of Deception in Source-Level EEG via Partial Mutual Information

In this study, partial mutual information at the source level was used to construct brain functional networks in order to examine differences in brain functions between lying and honest responses. The study used independent component analysis and clustering methods to computationally generate source signals from EEG signals recorded from subjects who were lying and those who were being honest. Partial mutual information was calculated between regions of interest (ROIs), and used to construct a functional brain network with ROIs as nodes and partial mutual information values as connections between them. The partial mutual information connections that showed significant differences between the two groups of people were selected as the feature set and classified using a functional connectivity network (FCN) classifier, resulting in an accuracy of 88.5%. Analysis of the brain networks of the lying and honest groups showed that, in the lying state, there was increased informational exchange between the frontal lobe and temporal lobe, and the language motor center of the frontal lobe exchanged more information with other brain regions, suggesting increased working and episodic memory load and the mobilization of more cognitive resources.

Spritual Leadership Dalam Pendidikan Islam

The desired leadership in Islamic education today is a reliable, trusted and able to actualize constructive changes. Leadership capable of transforming the character of the organization, providing changes and strategies, as well as being able to increase the potential of the individuals they lead, effectively managing resources and having the desire to be actively involved in the process of innovation and growth, and have the spirit to achieve and pursue success without dominated by materialism alone. The purpose of this study is to describe spiritual leadership in Islamic education. The results of this study explain that spiritual leadership not only makes the people they lead able to move according to their initial goals, but also provides a fresh vision, a shower for a solid and honest group conscience, and a feeling of belonging to one another. Leadership brings the worldly dimension to the spiritual dimension (divinity). Leaders of Islamic education should emulate spiritual leadership where leaders and their members do a job from the conscience, show the best, have good communication, and are responsible for the mandate carried out. Prophet Muhammad SAW is an educational leader who is an example of spiritual leadership for Islamic education, so that today's leaders are able to create superior and quality Islamic educational institutions.

Group Lies and the Narrative Constraint

AbstractA group is lying when it makes a statement that it believes to be untrue but wants the addressee(s) to believe. But how can we distinguish statements that the group believes to be untrue from honest group statements based on mistaken beliefs or confusion within the group? I will suggest anarrative constraintfor honest group statements, made up of two components.Narrative coherencerequires that a new group statement should not conflict with group knowledge on the matter, or beliefs of relevant operative subgroups, unless a coherent rationale is given.Narrative intentionlooks at the process of gathering new evidence on the area of expertise of the group and requires that the group position behind the statement is formed in good faith. The narrative constraint will help to distinguish group lies from more innocent erroneous statements of group beliefs when there is an internal disagreement within the group, including in cases involving spokespersons.

More Lies Lead to More Memory Impairments in Daily Life.

Previous studies have demonstrated that lying can undermine memory and that its memory-undermining effects could be modulated by the cognitive resources required to tell lies. We extended the investigation of the memory-undermining effect by using a daily life setting in which participants were highly involved in a mock shopping task. Participants were randomly assigned to truth-telling, denying or mixed lying conditions. After finishing the shopping task, participants were told that two people wanted to know about their shopping lists and would ask them some questions in an interview. During the interview, participants were asked whether each of ten items were on the shopping list, five of which were randomly selected from the shopping list, while the other five were not sold in the store. In answering the interview questions, the truth-telling group was asked to respond honestly, the denying group was asked to give denial responses, and the mixed lying group was asked to respond deceptively. Thus, the denying group told five lies and the mixed lying group told ten lies in the interview. The item memory test, source memory test and destination memory test were given in an orderly manner 48 h after the interview. We found that the mixed lying group, rather than the denying group, forgot the lies they told in the interview and mistakenly believed they had lied about something that they had not lied about. Moreover, the mixed lying group retained fewer memories about the person they responded to than the honest group. In addition, participants in the mixed lying group had more non-believed memories than those in the truth-telling group in both item and source memory tests. We conclude that more lies could result in more memory disruptions in daily life.

Development of a Validity Scale for the Dissociative Experience Scale-Revised: Atypicality, Structure, and Inconsistency

The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the most commonly used scale for assessing dissociation across settings, lacks a validity scale. In this study, six methods of enhancing validity were utilized: vocabulary and duration screening, manipulation checks, inconsistency, atypicality, and structure (unlikely pattern of responses). Six reverse-worded DES questions were developed to assess inconsistency, six questions regarding extremely rare or unknown symptoms assessed atypicality, and the difference between taxon and absorption items assessed structure. Honest, feigning, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) groups completed the assessment (N = 345) via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) or SurveyMonkey. All groups received a brief definition of dissociation. The honest/PTSD groups were asked to complete the survey honestly. The feigning group members were asked to pretend to be someone with dissociative symptoms. Failure of the vocabulary, duration, or manipulation check validations led to 72 exclusions. The three groups differed significantly on the inconsistent items, the atypical items, and structure items, F(2, 271) > 7.52, p < .001, with the feigning group consistently performing worse than the two honest groups. The DES with validity scale may be most useful for community survey studies in which there is a high risk of malingering or feigning.

The Self-Report Symptom Inventory as an Instrument for Detecting Symptom Over-Reporting

Abstract. The recently developed Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI) intends to provide an alternative approach to the detection of symptom over-reporting. Unlike other measures, the SRSI includes both non-existent symptoms (i.e., pseudosymptoms) and genuine symptoms. Previous research using the German SRSI showed that people who exaggerate their complaints over-endorse both types of symptoms. In the current simulation experiment, we tested whether the Dutch and English SRSI are effective in identifying over-reporting by comparing SRSI scores of an honest group ( n = 51) with those of two experimental simulator groups (pain, n = 54; anxiety, n = 53). The pain and anxiety simulators endorsed significantly more genuine symptoms and pseudosymptoms than honest participants (ηp2 = .50 and ηp2 = .30, respectively). Furthermore, pain and anxiety over-reporters specifically over-endorsed symptoms corresponding to their simulation instructions (Cohen’s ds &gt; 0.77). Using the recommended cut-off score, the SRSI detected 48% of pain over-reporters and 73% of anxiety over-reporters, with areas under the curve (AUC) ranging from .88 to .91. These results indicate that the SRSI is a promising tool for identifying over-reporting, but further research with clinical samples is needed.

Assessing susceptibility of a temporal discounting task to faking.

Temporal discounting describes the devaluation of delayed rewards. Because temporal discounting is predictive of substance misuse, its clinical assessment could improve prevention (e.g., identifying at-risk youth) and treatment (e.g., predicting relapse). However, if discounting rates can be faked (e.g., to avoid treatment), their clinical utility may be limited. For the first time, we measured the influence of deception in a temporal discounting task. We recruited 200 participants (44% female, 33) through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants completed a discounting assessment with instructions to (a) respond honestly, (b) fake good (i.e., simulate better versions of themselves), or (c) fake bad. Generalized linear mixed effects analysis showed that in Experiment 1, nonclinical samples faked good ( 0.002) or bad ( 0.086) compared to the Honest group ( 0.008). In Experiment 2, cigarette smokers faked good ( 0.003) compared to the Honest group ( 0.025). Temporal discounting transects the disciplines of psychology, biology, and behavioral economics. Before its promise as an endophenotype can be realized, assessments must be translated for clinical use. Opaquer temporal discounting tasks, or secondary measures of lying, may be required before temporal discounting can be confidently extended to clinical settings.

Exploring a proactive measure of making items of a personality questionnaire resistant to faking: An employee selection setting

This study examined resistance of item parameters of a personality questionnaire to faking. We proposed seven construct-irrelevant item attributes (CIIAs), each composing of two opposite values, representing degrees of adherence to the respective CIIAs (e.g., based on the time frame embedded in the stem, items were divided into past and present). We developed a personality inventory that measured conscientiousness. Items of the questionnaire were written to embody all the seven CIIAs. Participants of the study (N = 543) were divided into two groups: honest and faking groups. Those in the honest group were instructed to respond honestly whereas those in the faking groups were asked to respond as if they were job applicants. Multi-group latent variable modeling was used to examine the score differences of the participants' responses to the items of the conscientiousness section of the NEO FFI. It was found that items on two of the CIIAs were resistant to faking. Applying a Wald test of equality of item parameters, we found that the items did not show differential item functioning in either of the attributes.

Secure and flexible economic data sharing protocol based on ID-based dynamic exclusive broadcast encryption in economic system

Abstract Sharing economic data is paramount for improving quality and developing more efficient ways to produce statistics, and making better economic decisions. The economic data is of great importance to the corporations and governments, and they must be protected against the outsiders. Unfortunately, in an economic administration system, a few users may be malicious, or they are at high risk to leak information to the outsiders. Therefore, the economic data must also be protected against these users. The traditional broadcast encryption can provide protected data sharing among honest users. However, it is not efficient when most of the users are honest, and only a small amount of users are malicious. The traditional method is not cost effective, and does not fit to the situation where the set of malicious users dynamically changes either. Meanwhile, in traditional broadcast encryption, the authorized users’ identities need to be sent with the ciphertext. The valid users’ anonymity is not provided. To solve these problems, in this work, we present a novel cryptographic primitive, i.e. ID-based Dynamic Exclusive Broadcast Encryption (IBDEBE), and based on a hybrid framework (the combination of the exponent-inversion framework and the commutative-blinding framework) we propose an IBDEBE scheme with constant-size private keys and ciphertexts. The IBDEBE scheme is proved to be semi-adaptively semantically secure in the random oracle model. By applying the IBDEBE scheme, a secure economic data sharing protocol is devised, which is efficient and flexible in dynamic honest user groups, and it provides good security properties, i.e. source authenticity, data integrity protection, data access control, resistance to collusion attack and anonymity. We evaluate the performance of our solution with experiments and the results show good computation efficiency.

Polyethnic Structure of the Russian Empire on the Mental Maps of the British of the Late 18th Century (Edward Daniel Clarke’s Travel Diary)

At the turn of the 18–19th centuries, despite the tense relationship between the British and Russian Empires, English mineralogist Edward Daniel Clarke and his companion John Martin Cripps went on a grand-tour, during which, in addition to other countries, they visited Russia. In this article, we focus on how the British author described the different ethnic groups that lived on the boundless areas of this Empire. Important part of the article is a short resume of historiography of mental maps and research of the “British myth” of the Russian Empire. Besides, we consider this journal as the historical source, focusing on its content, popularity, number of editions. One of the elements of the research is description of other journals used by Ed. D. Clarke before travelling and writing his diary. The above mentioned ethnic groups include Russians, Malo-Russians (Little Russians), Cossacks, Circassians, Kalmyks, and Tatars. This article shows the subjective evaluations of Ed. D. Clarke, which are important for an analysis of how the Russian Empire was represented in Britain. Using journal’s data, we are able to reconstruct a certain ethnic chart of the population. Russians are described as a superstitious, angry, rude, inhospitable, frightened, violent, dirty nation; Cossacks as a well-informed, free from prejudices, educated, generous, hospitable, unprofitable, sincere, and honest group of people; Malo-Russians are presented as a clean, hardworking, honest, generous, polite, hospitable, truly pious and less superstitious than Russians ethnic group; Circassians and Kalmyks are characterized as Nomadic tribes with accompanying this life-style traits; and last, but not least, were Tatars – clean, hospitable, treated unfairly by the Russians. The text of Clarke depicts population of Russian Empire not as monolithic society, but as a set of certain diverse groups that appear in relation to each other, and, despite having certain similar characteristics, still do not make up one whole. In this article, for the first time we present a source – a travel-diary of Ed. D. Clarke, which has not yet been used in Ukrainian historical studies.

Utility of the Inventory of Legal Knowledge in detecting feigning

The Inventory of Legal Knowledge (ILK) is an instrument designed to detect feigning of competency-specific knowledge deficits. Available studies have suggested the ILK may require modification of its cut score to more accurately classify those who are feigning. In this study, the ILK’s concurrent validity and cut scores were tested using 100 college students in a simulation design. Students were randomly assigned to fake (n = 50) or honest (n = 50) groups. Those assigned to the faking group had significantly lower ILK scores than individuals responding honestly with a large effect size between the groups. Despite some promising results, utility estimates indicated an unacceptable level of false positives using the recommended cut score. Tentative recommendations are made in order to improve the efficacy of the ILK in detecting feigning legal knowledge.

Identifying feigning in trauma-exposed African immigrants.

As the populations of Western countries become more diverse, the risk of inaccurately generalizing knowledge from majority ethnic groups to minority groups is increasing. However, few of the measures used in forensic assessment are based on normative samples that represent the considerable diversity present in forensic settings. This study examined 4 commonly used measures of feigning: the Dot Counting Test (DCT; Boone, Lu, & Herzberg, 2002); the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms (M-FAST; Miller, 2001); the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM; Tombaugh, 1996); and a validity scale (atypical responding; ATR) on the Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 (Briere, 2011). The study compared performance on these measures of feigning among 3 groups of African immigrants: honest participants with and without posttraumatic stress disorder, and participants asked to feign distress-related symptoms. The data were used to assess the classification accuracy of each measure and the effect of demographic and cultural variables. Three of the 4 measures (M-FAST, TOMM, and ATR) significantly differentiated between participants asked to respond honestly and those asked to feign, although no measure produced higher than moderate classification accuracy. The M-FAST and DCT produced high false positive rates in the honest groups, ranging from 33% to 63%. Surprisingly, demographic and cultural variables were not significantly associated with test scores. The results emphasize the need for future related research. (PsycINFO Database Record

Is there a social desirability scale in the MMPI-2-RF?

The purpose of this study is to search for a validity scale for detecting social desirability bias in the MMPI-2-RF. To that end, data from scales considered as underreporting on the MMMPI-2-RF, such as the Edwards and Wiggins Social Desirability (Esd and Wsd respectively) scales, the Other Deception (ODecp) scale of Nichols & Greene, the Superlative (S) scale of Butcher and Han, and Uncommon Virtues (L-r) and Adjustment Validity (K-r) scales, was analyzed comparatively. The sample was taken from the Spanish adaptation of the MMPI-2 database, with the corresponding item selection made from the restructured MMPI-2-RF. Two groups of participants were established: The honest group and the dissimulator group, participants of the latter being instructed to give socially desirable responses. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) methodology was used to suggest a scale that offers more diagnostic accuracy.

Diagnostic Accuracy of a Bayesian Latent Group Analysis for the Detection of Malingering-Related Poor Effort

In the last decade, different statistical techniques have been introduced to improve assessment of malingering-related poor effort. In this context, we have recently shown preliminary evidence that a Bayesian latent group model may help to optimize classification accuracy using a simulation research design. In the present study, we conducted two analyses. Firstly, we evaluated how accurately this Bayesian approach can distinguish between participants answering in an honest way (honest response group) and participants feigning cognitive impairment (experimental malingering group). Secondly, we tested the accuracy of our model in the differentiation between patients who had real cognitive deficits (cognitively impaired group) and participants who belonged to the experimental malingering group. All Bayesian analyses were conducted using the raw scores of a visual recognition forced-choice task (2AFC), the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM, Trial 2), and the Word Memory Test (WMT, primary effort subtests). The first analysis showed 100% accuracy for the Bayesian model in distinguishing participants of both groups with all effort measures. The second analysis showed outstanding overall accuracy of the Bayesian model when estimates were obtained from the 2AFC and the TOMM raw scores. Diagnostic accuracy of the Bayesian model diminished when using the WMT total raw scores. Despite, overall diagnostic accuracy can still be considered excellent. The most plausible explanation for this decrement is the low performance in verbal recognition and fluency tasks of some patients of the cognitively impaired group. Additionally, the Bayesian model provides individual estimates, p(zi |D), of examinees’ effort levels. In conclusion, both high classification accuracy levels and Bayesian individual estimates of effort may be very useful for clinicians when assessing for effort in medico-legal settings.

Intraspecific kleptoparasitism improves chick growth and reproductive output in Common TernsSterna hirundo

Kleptoparasitism is a well-known foraging strategy used opportunistically by many seabirds. Here, we investigated the effect of intraspecific kleptoparasitism on chick growth and reproductive output in Common Terns Sterna hirundo. Effects were compared between two groups comprising (1) individuals using kleptoparasitism during the chick-rearing period (kleptoparasitic group, n = 18), and (2) individuals in pairs that never performed kleptoparasitism throughout the season (‘honest’ group, n = 21). The null models best described variation in mass at day 3 and the pre-fledging mass, indicating no significant effect of the explanatory variables. However, the best models describing the linear growth rate (days 3–13) and peak mass included the parents' foraging strategy (kleptoparasitic vs. honest parents) as an explanatory variable. These two growth parameters were higher in chicks of kleptoparasitic parents. Kleptoparasitic foraging strategy was also associated with higher pre-fledging survival, as the reproductive performance (i.e. number of fledglings) was significantly higher in the kleptoparasitic than in the honest group. We suggest that by stealing food (and consequently feeding offspring more frequently with high-quality prey), kleptoparasitic parents are able to produce higher quality chicks with enhanced survival.

Is there a social desirability scale in the MMPI-2-RF?

The purpose of this study is to search for a validity scale for detecting social desirability bias in the MMPI-2-RF. To that end, data from scales considered as underreporting on the MMMPI-2-RF, such as the Edwards and Wiggins Social Desirability (Esd and Wsd respectively) scales, the Other Deception (ODecp) scale of Nichols & Greene, the Superlative (S) scale of Butcher and Han, and Uncommon Virtues (L-r) and Adjustment Validity (K-r) scales, was analyzed comparatively. The sample was taken from the Spanish adaptation of the MMPI-2 database, with the corresponding item selection made from the restructured MMPI-2-RF. Two groups of participants were established: The honest group and the dissimulator group, participants of the latter being instructed to give socially desirable responses. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) methodology was used to suggest a scale that offers more diagnostic accuracy.

Comparison of validities for scoring keys and scoring algorithms in situational judgment test

The purpose of the present study was to examine the fakability of the situational judgment test. Specifically, the study was focused on the following questions; (1) whether participants are able to fake their answers on the situational judgment test in the real situation of selection, (2) whether faking influences the criterion-related validity of the situational judgment test and its incremental validity over cognitive and personality tests, and (3) whether the combination of different scoring key(SME consensus, average in response, and empirical keying) and different scoring algorithm(scenario, Best-Worst, and Pick most) has influence on the degree of fakability as well as both criterion-related validity and incremental validity of the situational judgment test. 110 students who applied to the leadership program were considered the faking group, while 129 students of B department at A university were considered the honest group. The members of both groups completed a cognitive test, a personality questionnaire and a situational judgment test. Only for the situational judgment tests, each group was asked to respond as instructed. Another group of 78 students of A university participated in the survey to develop two scoring key(empirical, average in response keying). SME consensus key was developed by 9 SMEs(5 undergraduate students with leadership and good GPA, 4 graduate students). And then 9 situational judgment scores were produced independently. Results indicated that the all scores of students in the faking group were significantly higher than those of students in the honest group. Furthermore, criterion-related validity of the situational judgement test in the honest group was higher than that of the faking group for both task performance and contextual performance. While faking had negative effects on the criterion-related validity for both criteria of performance, incremental validity of the situational judgement test in the honest group was higher than that of the faking group only for the contextual criteria. Finally, the limitation and future direction of the present study were discussed.

Kleptoparasitism during courtship in Sterna hirundo and its relationship with female reproductive performance

Kleptoparasitism is a well-known foraging tactic used opportunistically by many seabird species. However, little is known about this behaviour during the early stages of the breeding cycle and its effects on breeding performance. Here, we investigated the relationship between kleptoparasitism during the courtship period and female reproductive performance in Common Terns (Sterna hirundo). All identified kleptoparasites were males, and none of their mates performed such behaviour. We compared two groups of tern pairs, one where the males performed kleptoparasitism (kleptoparasitic group, n = 10), the other one where both mates were non-kleptoparasitic (honest group, n = 22). The body mass of kleptoparasitic females was between 8 and 15% higher than that of honest females. In kleptoparasitic females, the third egg was significantly bigger than in honest birds, and the egg-volume was not significantly different between the three eggs of the clutch in contrast to honest birds. We found no differences in the comparison among hatching success between both groups. The reproductive output, however, was significantly higher in the kleptoparasitic than in the honest group. Hence, we are providing the first evidence that kleptoparasitism during early stages of the breeding cycle has a strong link with egg size and reproductive output in Common Terns.