Homographs Words Research Articles

Pengelompokan Kata Berdasarkan Kemiripan Ucapan Pada Kamus Menggunakan Algoritma Metaphone Pada Sistem Operasi Android

Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of various tribes and cultures and different languages. One of them is the Sumbawa language used by the people of the western part of the island of Sumbawa. Sumbawa language has 4 dialects namely Samawa, Taliwang, Jereweh, and Tongo. In Sumbawa there are also homophonic, homonim, and homograph words. Grouping words based on the similarity of speech to the Sumbawa dictionary used Metaphone algorithm on the android operating system is discussed in this study. Metaphone algorithms can be applied to multiple languages with rules that have been modified according to the desired language characteristic. Based on the results of testing the recall and precision on the new rules Metaphone algorithm can be concluded that the grouping of words based on similarity of speech in Sumbawa language can be said to be effective. The average percentage index of the recall test is 98,97% and the precision is 78,52%.

Groping an indulgent on English Homographs among Lecturers of Semantics in Tanzania’s Universities

This paper sets out to examine the understanding of English homographs by Lecturers of Semantics in Tanzania’s Universities. Homographs are words with the same spelling but different pronunciations and semantics scope. The paper demonstrates that most of the semantics lecturers of Tanzania confuse English homographs with non-English homographs. For instance, 75% of lecturers of semantics acknowledge that the lexeme bank and present are English homographs. Such perception is incomplete which has motivated the present study to examine groping an indulgence on homographs to instructors. The study qualitatively applied the interpretive paradigm to five Tanzania Universities. Documentary reviews and questionnaires were the instruments of data collection. The analysis was done by using Referential Theory which articulates the context of the situation in which the lexeme is articulated and in which the meaning reflects that which is being articulated. It was found that most of the Lecturers of semantics in Tanzania’s Universities confuse English homographs with non-homographic words and that what they instruct in their lectures is incomplete; thus, words that are not English homographs are acknowledged as English homographs. Moreover, some lecturers of semantics confuse stress on the syllable with homographic words; others do not know the qualification of a certain word to be homograph. It was concluded that Lecturers of semantics in Tanzania’s Universities should admit continuous reading and training on any matter of facts pertinent to their area of specialization. This would make them competent in the content they lecture in classes.

Groping an indulgent on English Homographs among Lecturers of Semantics in Tanzania’s Universities

This paper sets out to examine the understanding of English homographs by Lecturers of Semantics in Tanzania’s Universities. Homographs are words with the same spelling but different pronunciations and semantics scope. The paper demonstrates that most of the semantics lecturers of Tanzania confuse English homographs with non-English homographs. For instance, 75% of lecturers of semantics acknowledge that the lexeme bank and present are English homographs. Such perception is incomplete which has motivated the present study to examine groping an indulgence on homographs to instructors. The study qualitatively applied the interpretive paradigm to five Tanzania Universities. Documentary reviews and questionnaires were the instruments of data collection. The analysis was done by using Referential Theory which articulates the context of the situation in which the lexeme is articulated and in which the meaning reflects that which is being articulated. It was found that most of the Lecturers of semantics in Tanzania’s Universities confuse English homographs with non-homographic words and that what they instruct in their lectures is incomplete; thus, words that are not English homographs are acknowledged as English homographs. Moreover, some lecturers of semantics confuse stress on the syllable with homographic words; others do not know the qualification of a certain word to be homograph. It was concluded that Lecturers of semantics in Tanzania’s Universities should admit continuous reading and training on any matter of facts pertinent to their area of specialization. This would make them competent in the content they lecture in classes.

Homophone and Homograph of The Lexical Ambiguity in Dune Movie

The purpose of this research is to find words that are included into Homophone and Homograph in Dune movie subtitles. A qualitative method was applied to this research, by obtaining data from watching movies and observing subtitles, then taking screenshots with subtitles that have Homophone or Homograph in them, along with analyzing the words with Cambridge and Oxford dictionaries as references. The information from these dictionaries is used to verify meaning, pronunciation and spelling of the data found. This research applied the theory of Hobbs (2006) and Fox (1995). Based on the result of data analysis, some homophone words found in this movie are air – heir, been – bean, weather – whether, by – buy – bye, and many more. Meanwhile, some homograph words found in this movie are use, desert, lead, and live. Thus, there are 33 data found with a higher number of Homophone words (29 words) and Homograph (4 words).

Menangani Ketaksaan dalam Transliterasi Mesin Jawi - Rumi menggunakan Pengelasan Naive Bayes Multinomial (NBM)

This paper discusses the problem of ambiguity in Jawi - Rumi machine transliteration for Jawi homograph words. Machine transliteration (MT) is the process of converting a script from source text to target text automatically. In the context of Malay MT for Jawi - Rumi, there are difficulties in obtaining high -accuracy transliteration of homographical Jawi words. Homographs are words that are the same spelling, but have different meanings and pronunciations. In the old Jawi spelling there were many homograph words, while it was successfully reduced when “Pedoman Ejaan Jawi yang Disempurnakan” (PEJYD) was first introduced by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) in 1986. The main issue in the study of Malay Jawi - Rumi machine transliteration was word inaccuracy when the Jawi word is transliterated to Rumi. For example, the word “بيرو” can be transliterated to ‘biru’(blue) or ‘biro’(bureau), the word “بيليق” can be transliterated to ‘bilik’(room) or ‘belek’(turn around). This paper proposes that the Multinomial Naive Bayes (NBM) classification method be used for homograph unambiguity for TM Jawi - Rumi. Test results found that the accuracy of using this method can reach up to 67 percent.

Retrieval practice via corrective feedback: is learning better for targets in an expected or surprising sense?

ABSTRACT Adult participants learned homographic cue words and weakly associated targets. Each target was in the dominant (expected) sense of the cue (e.g., habit – daily) or the subordinate (surprising) sense (e.g., habit – nun). Attempting to guess the target before reading it produced better target retention than did simply reading the cue and target without guessing. Replicating recent studies, recall accuracy was also higher for expected than surprising targets, whether the cue + target reading time was fixed (Experiment 1) or under participants’ control (Experiment 2). A new result was that this advantage was larger in the guess than the read condition. In Experiment 3, all targets were in the dominant sense of the cue, and prime phrases activated the dominant or subordinate sense before the target was either guessed or presented. Experiment 3 thus disentangled guess-target congruence from target sense. When the analysis was restricted to trials with a guess consistent with the prime, subordinate primes (incongruent with the targets) produced substantially lower target recall accuracy. This result suggests that guess-target congruence aids learning, and that the results of Experiment 1 and 2 were not due to pre-existing differences in the characteristics of dominant and subordinate targets.

Motor processing modulates word comprehension

We evaluated whether movement modulates the semantic processing of words. To this end, we used homograph words with two meanings, one associated with hand movements (e.g., 'abanico', 'fan' in Spanish) or foot movements ('bota', 'boot' in Spanish), and the other not associated with movement ('abanico', 'range' in Spanish; 'bota', 'wineskin' in Spanish). After the homograph, three words were presented, and participants were asked to choose the word related to one of the two homograph meanings. The words could be either related to the motor meaning of the homograph ('fan-heat'), to the non-motor meaning of the homograph ('range-possibility') or unrelated ('fan-phone'). The task was performed without movement (simple condition) or by performing hand (Experiment 1) and foot (Experiment 2) movements. Compared with the simple condition, the performance of movement oriented the preference towards the motor meaning of the homograph. This pattern of results confirms that movement modulates word comprehension.

Pengelompokan kata berdasarkan kemiripan ucapan pada kamus menggunakan algoritma metaphone pada sistem operasi Android

Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of various tribes and cultures and different languages. One of them is the Sumbawa language used by the people of the western part of the island of Sumbawa. Sumbawa language has 4 dialects namely Samawa, Taliwang, Jereweh, and Tongo. In Sumbawa there are also homophonic, homonim, and homograph words. Grouping words based on the similarity of speech to the Sumbawa dictionary used Metaphone algorithm on the android operating system is discussed in this study. Metaphone algorithms can be applied to multiple languages with rules that have been modified according to the desired language characteristic. Based on the results of testing the recall and precision on the new rules Metaphone algorithm can be concluded that the grouping of words based on similarity of speech in Sumbawa language can be said to be effective. The average percentage index of the recall test is 98,97% and the precision is 78,52%.

The Influence of Orthography on Phonemic Knowledge: An Experimental Investigation on German and Persian

This study investigated whether the phonological representation of a word is modulated by its orthographic representation in case of a mismatch between the two representations. Such a mismatch is found in Persian, where short vowels are represented phonemically but not orthographically. Persian adult literates, Persian adult illiterates, and German adult literates were presented with two auditory tasks, an AX-discrimination task and a reversal task. We assumed that if orthographic representations influence phonological representations, Persian literates should perform worse than Persian illiterates or German literates on items with short vowels in these tasks. The results of the discrimination tasks showed that Persian literates and illiterates as well as German literates were approximately equally competent in discriminating short vowels in Persian words and pseudowords. Persian literates did not well discriminate German words containing phonemes that differed only in vowel length. German literates performed relatively poorly in discriminating German homographic words that differed only in vowel length. Persian illiterates were unable to perform the reversal task in Persian. The results of the other two participant groups in the reversal task showed the predicted poorer performance of Persian literates on Persian items containing short vowels compared to items containing long vowels only. German literates did not show this effect in German. Our results suggest two distinct effects of orthography on phonemic representations: whereas the lack of orthographic representations seems to affect phonemic awareness, homography seems to affect the discriminability of phonemic representations.

Instant Diacritics Restoration System for Sindhi Accent Prediction using N-Gram and Memory-Based Learning Approaches

The script of Sindhi Language is highly complex due to many complexities including abundance of homographic words. The interpretation of the text turns so tough due to the possibility of multitudinal meanings associated with a homographic word unless given specific pronunciation with the help of diacritics. Diacritics help the readers to comprehend the text easily. Due to the rapidly developing nature of this era, people don’t bother writing diacritics in routine applications of life. Besides creating difficulties for human reading, the absence of diacritics does also make the text abstruse for machine reading. Relatively alike human, machines may also lead to semantic and syntactic complexities during computational processing of the language. Instant diacritics restoration is an approach emerged from the text prediction systems. This type of diacritics restoration is an unprecedented work in the realm of natural language processing, particularly in Indo-Aryan languages. A proposition for a framework using N-Grams and Memory-Based Learning approach is made in this work. The grab-point of this mechanism is its 99.03% accuracy on the corpus of Sindhi language during the experiments. The comparative edge of instant diacritics restoration is its being source of expedition in the performance of other natural language and speech processing applications. The future development of this approach seems vivid and clear for Sindhi orthography is highly similar to those of Arabic, Urdu, Persian and other languages based on this type of script.

Using Ontology-Based Context in the Portuguese-English Translation of Homographs in Textual Dialogues

This paper introduces a novel approach to tackle the existing gap on message translations in dialogue systems. Currently, submitted messages to the dialogue systems are considered as isolated sentences. Thus, missing context information impede the disambiguation of homographs words in ambiguous sentences. Our approach solves this disambiguation problem by using concepts over existing ontologies.

Homonyms in medicine; a perspective

In linguistics, a homonym is, in the strict sense, one of a group of words that share spelling and pronunciation but may have different meanings. Thus homonyms are simultaneously homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation) and homophones (words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling) [1].One can find easily a name in medicine which be perceived as 2 different meanings [2]. Table 1, list few examples, and Table 2 [2-6], focus on few eponyms which can be misunderstood as related to countries.Acronyms might be considered a major source for homonyms. Acronyms such as CHILD, CLOVE, KID, LEOPARD, NAME, and POEM might cause confusion to the patient as to the relation to the other meanings of these acronyms [7]. CLOVE syndrome stands for (congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, and epidermal nevus) [8].The Eponyms are the most common type of medical names which may cause confusion with other names, inside and outside medical field [1]. A previous paper in this journal highlighted on this issue1. From which I am copying the following segment; Similar name might be thought for and confused with another person, for example verrucous carcinoma of Ackerman is named after Lauren Vedder Ackerman (1905-1993) and not, A. Bernard Ackerman (1936-2008).One may see also identical names for 2 different eponyms.For examples “Sjogren” in “Sjogren’s syndrome” (Sicca syndrome), is named after Henrik Samuel Conrad Sjogren (1899-1986), Swedish ophthalmologist. Whereas, “Sjogren”, in “Sjogren-Larsson syndrome”,

Processing of Arabic diacritical marks: phonological-syntactic disambiguation of homographic verbs and visual crowding effects.

Diacritics convey vowel sounds in Arabic, allowing accurate word pronunciation. Mostly, modern Arabic is printed nondiacritized. Otherwise, diacritics appear either only on homographic words when not disambiguated by surrounding text or on all words as in religious or educational texts. In an eye-tracking experiment, we examined sentence processing in the absence of diacritics and when diacritics were presented in either modes. Heterophonic homographic target verbs that have different pronunciations in active and passive (e.g., [see text]/d(a)r(a)b(a)/, hit; [see text]/d(o)r(i)b(a)/, was hit) were embedded in temporarily ambiguous sentences in which in the absence of diacritics, readers cannot be certain whether the verb was active or passive. Passive sentences were disambiguated by an extra word (e.g., [see text]/b(i)j(a)d/, by the hand of). Our results show that readers benefitted from the disambiguating diacritics when present only on the homographic verb. When disambiguating diacritics were absent, Arabic readers followed their parsing preference for active verb analysis, and garden path effects were observed. When reading fully diacritized sentences, readers incurred only a small cost, likely due to increased visual crowding, but did not extensively process the (mostly superfluous) diacritics, thus resulting in a lack of benefit from the disambiguating diacritics on the passive verb.

Japanese EFL learners' access to English homographic words: A psycholinguistic study using priming experiments

Japanese EFL learners' access to English homographic words: A psycholinguistic study using priming experiments

Threat-based cognitive biases in anxious children: Comparison with non-anxious children before and after cognitive behavioural treatment

Attention and interpretation biases for threat stimuli were assessed in 19 anxious (ANX) children before and after cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and compared with responses from 19 non-anxious (NA) control children collected over the same period. Attentional bias was assessed using a picture version of the visual probe task with threat, neutral and pleasant pictures. Threat interpretation bias was assessed using both a homographs task in which children used homograph words in a sentence and their neutral or threatening meaning was assessed, and a stories task in which children rated their negative emotion, danger judgments, and influencing ability in ambiguous situations. ANX children showed attention biases towards threat on the visual probe task and threat interpretation biases on the stories task but not the homographs task at pre-treatment in comparison with NA children. Following treatment, ANX children's threat interpretation biases as assessed on the stories task reduced significantly to within levels comparable to NA children. However, ANX children continued to show larger attentional biases towards threat than pleasant pictures on the visual probe task at post-treatment, whereas NA children did not show attentional biases. Moreover, a residual threat interpretation style on the stories task at post-treatment was associated with higher anxiety symptoms in both ANX and NA children.

The processing of the right-sided accent mark in left neglect dyslexia

Italian polysyllabic words with stress falling on the last syllable are written with a diacritic sign on the last vowel. It allows discrimination between two words with the same orthographic segments (e.g., papa [pope], papà [dad]). The effect of the accent mark in left neglect dyslexia has never been investigated. In the current study, six patients with neglect dyslexia were asked to read aloud homographic words and non-words, with or without the accent mark. The presence of the accent improved reading performance of three patients but only with real words. In contrast, two patients ignored the accent mark, even if it relied on the right ipsilesional space. We conclude that the accent mark is computed separately from letter identity and that it can act as an important cue for lexical access.

Are stem homographs and orthographic neighbours processed differently during silent reading?

The aim of this research was to investigate the inhibitory effect of stem homographs—words that share stems but are morphologically unrelated— during reading. In Experiment 1 eye movements of participants were recorded while reading sentences that contained a target word preceded either by a stem homograph, an orthographically related or an unrelated control word. Target words were more difficult to read when preceded by stem homographs and orthographically related controls than when preceded by unrelated control words. However, no differences were found between stem homographs and unrelated controls. Two further priming experiments, one using the same stimuli as in Experiment 1 and the other using the same stimuli as in Allen and Badecker's (1999) failed to show an inhibitory effect of stem homographs distinguishable from the inhibitory effect of orthographic controls.

Inhibitory Difficulties and Anxiety Sensitivity

Anxiety sensitivity (AS) refers to the tendency to interpret anxiety related physical sensations as dangerous (S. Reiss & R. J. McNally, 1985). We hypothesized that individuals with elevated AS would show a difficulty in inhibiting the threat relevant meaning of homographs (words with two meanings, e.g., faint). To test this hypothesis, we used a modified version of Gernsbacher's inhibition paradigm in which participants were first presented with a sentence (e.g., “The car sounds were faint.”) and then a probe word (e.g., “pass-out”) and were asked whether or not the probe word was related to the meaning of the sentence (M. A. Gernsbacher, K. R. Varner, & M. E. Faust, 1990). One half of the sentences ended in a homograph, and one half ended in a nonhomograph word. Results revealed that individuals with elevated AS showed difficulty in inhibiting the threat-relevant meaning of homographs when the interval between the presentation of the sentence and the probe word was short (i.e., 100 ms), but that low AS participants did not. This difficulty in inhibiting threat relevant meanings may be a vulnerability factor involved in elevated AS, as well as the development of panic disorder.

Visuele Woordherkenning in Tweetaligen

The bilingual visual word-recognition experiment described in the article focused on the recognition of cognates, noncognates, and interlingual homographs in more and less proficient bilinguals and was designed to test the following hypotheses: 1. There is a difference in reaction time to cognate, noncognate, and interlingual homograph words compared with control words. 2. There is a difference in reaction time to cognate, noncognate and interlingual homograph words, compared with control words, between bilinguals with different levels of proficiency in their second language. Both proficiency levels recognized cognate words significantly faster than control words. Both novice and proficient bilinguals recognized noncognate words faster than control words. Low-proficiency bilinguals did not react faster to cognate words than to noncognate words, whereas the more proficient bilinguals did. This can be explained by a ceiling effect. Low-proficient bilinguals showed no effect in reaction time for interlingual homographs relative to the control words; the more proficient bilinguals showed an inhibitory effect. This could be because proficient bilinguals are more familiar with the less frequent (i.e., English) reading of the homograph.

Enhanced semantic priming in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients using a word pronunciation task

Previous research on semantic priming in schizophrenia has produced contradictory findings. For the present study, it was intended to resolve some of the ambiguities in the literature. Using a semantic priming task with word pronunciation, evidence is provided that thought-disordered schizophrenic (TD) patients exhibit significantly increased semantic priming as compared to healthy and psychiatric controls. Results suggest that enhanced semantic priming is not confined to tasks that require lexical decision. Moreover, results indicate that TD schizophrenic patients suffer from a decay of hierarchical thinking, i.e. TD schizophrenics reveal a tendency to process the less meaningful rather than the dominant aspects of external information. Priming effects for the inferior meaning of homograph words (for example, ‘dance’ is an inferior, and ‘game’ is a superior associate of the word ‘ball’) were significantly greater compared to healthy controls and non-TD schizophrenics. Results were not moderated by sociodemographic background variables, psychomotor slowing and psychopathological symptoms other than thought disorder.