Homogeneous Process Research Articles

The Effect of High-Pressure Homogenization Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Designed Fluconazole-Loaded Ocular Nanoemulsions.

The growing interest in high-energy emulsification is a result of its scalability, which is important from an industrial perspective and allows for a more reproducible and efficient production of pharmaceutical formulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of composition, mainly a fixed surfactant/cosurfactant (Smix) ratio, their concentration, and the parameters of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) processing on the quality and stability of ophthalmic fluconazole-loaded nanoemulsions. After a physicochemical analysis of nanoemulsions containing 20% w/w of oil, as optimal conditions for the HPH process, three cycles at a pressure of 1000 bar were established, obtaining formulations with an average droplet diameter size in the range of 80.63-129.68 nm and PDI values below 0.25. While it was expected that an increasing cosurfactant concentration decreased the droplet size, in the case of formulations containing Tween 20 and 10% w/w of cosurfactants, "over-processing" was observed, identified by the droplet size and polydispersity index increase. Consecutively, the selected formulations were evaluated for in vitro drug release in Franz's cell, antifungal activity, and 30-day stability using NMR spectroscopy. An antifungal activity test showed no significant difference in the antifungal activity between optimal fluconazole-loaded nanoemulsions and a 0.3% aqueous drug solution, but previously, research showed that prepared formulations were characterized by a higher viscosity and satisfactory prolonged release compared to a control. In a 30-day stability study, it was observed that higher HLB values of the used surfactants decreased the stability of the formulations in the following order: Kolliphor EL, Tween 80, Tween 20. The NMR spectra confirmed that Kolliphor EL-based formulations ensured the higher stability of the nanoemulsion composition in comparison to Tween 80 and a better stabilizing effect of propylene glycol as a cosurfactant in comparison to PEG 200. Therefore, the optimization of HPH technology should be focused on the selection of Smix and the Smix:oil ratio in order to prepare stable formulations of high quality.

Periodic unfolding method for domains with very small inclusions

This work creates a version of the periodic unfolding method suitable for domains with very small inclusions in \(\mathbb{R}^N\) for \(N\geq 3\). In the first part, we explore the properties of the associated operators. The second part involves the application of the method in obtaining the asymptotic behavior of a stationary heat dissipation problem depending on the parameter \( \gamma < 0\). In particular, we consider the cases when \(\gamma \in (-1,0)\), \( \gamma < -1\) and \(\gamma = -1\). We also include here the corresponding corrector results for the solution of the problem, to complete the homogenization process. For more information see https://ejde.math.txstate.edu/Volumes/2023/85/abstr.html

Envelope enrichment method for homogenization of non-periodic structures

The homogenization of composite materials is critical for accurately predicting their mechanical performance, particularly when complex reinforcement arrangements are involved. Microstructural characteristics exert a substantial influence on the composite’s properties during practical applications. A widely adopted approach for analyzing composites is the numerical simulation of a Representative Volume Element (RVE). Although this method is well-established for periodic RVEs, it encounters difficulties when applied to non-periodic meshes, which complicates the imposition of classical boundary conditions on nodes exhibiting varying properties. To address this challenge, we propose a novel methodology that involves modeling an envelope surrounding the RVE, to which periodic boundary conditions are applied. By defining the envelope as a homogeneous material, stress transmission to the RVE is facilitated. The stiffness tensor of the envelope is updated iteratively through a homogenization process, ultimately converging to the effective properties of the RVE. The method is validated on a non-periodic arrangement of spherical inclusions embedded within a matrix. Convergence is observed in the different cases studied within ten iterations and the results are found within the Voigt and Reuss bound.

Development of a complex model for processing various data

The object of the research is intelligent decision-making support systems. The scientific problem that is solved in the research is the development of a comprehensive model for processing various types of data in intelligent decision-making support systems (DMSS). The relevance of the research lies in the fact that in intelligent DMSS circulate different in origin and units of measurement data obtained from various technical devices of obtaining information. The essence of the integrated approach in modeling is that two partial models are proposed: a model for processing different types of data in intelligent decision-making support systems and a model for processing homogeneous data in intelligent decision-making support systems. Analysis of the intelligent DMSS model for processing different types of data allows to draw such a conclusion. While solving the problem of processing different types of data, a model of intelligent DMSS is proposed, in contrast to traditional, even for the process of solving partial problems incorrectly started by experts with the help of self-organization, expressed in the coordination of partial tasks of the decision maker, striving for an ideal solution to the problem of processing different types of data, which increases the efficiency of finding an acceptable result for processing different types of data. The homogeneous data processing model is based on the idea that the same processing of homogeneous data in intelligent DMSS can be solved in parallel by different functional elements. Element integration relationships arise as internal non-verbal images in the user's memory, which can compare the dynamics of modeling a task for processing different types of data in intelligent DMSS from different points of view, which allows to see what modeling does not give using one model. The direction of further research should be considered the improvement of information processing methods in intelligent decision-making support systems.

Molecular Simulation of the Impact of Defects on Electrolyte Intrusion in Zeolites.

We have investigated through molecular simulation the intrusion of electrolytes in two representative pure-silica zeolites, silicalite-1 and chabazite, in which point defects were introduced in varying amounts. We distinguish between two types of defects, considering either "weak" or "strong" silanol nest defects, resulting in different hydration behaviors. In the presence of weak defects, the hydration process occurs through a homogeneous nucleation process, while with strong defects, we observe an initial adsorption followed by a filling of the nanoporous volume at a higher pressure. However, we show that electrolytes do not penetrate the zeolites, and these defects appear to have only marginal influence on the thermodynamics of electrolyte intrusion. While replacing pure water by the electrolyte solution shifts the intrusion pressure toward higher values because of the drop of water saturation vapor pressure, an increase in hydrophilicity of the framework due to point defects has the opposite effect, showing that controlling the amount of defects in zeolites is crucial for storage energy applications.

Precipitation homogenization and trends in the Usumacinta River Basin (Mexico‐Guatemala) over the period 1959–2018

AbstractThe precipitation variability and trends were investigated in the Usumacinta River Basin (URB) for the period 1959–2018, based on imputed and homogenized data records from 60 meteorological stations in Mexico and Guatemala. The homogenization process played a crucial role in enhancing the quality of the original precipitation series, reducing regional inconsistencies and improving temporal and spatial coherence. The dataset reliably captured large‐scale climate variations, revealing three regions with similar precipitation variability and trends in the URB. Notably, maximum precipitation occurred at 636 m a.s.l., while minimum precipitation was at 1531 m a.s.l., indicating an orographic effect in the region. Extreme precipitation events were linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Although the Mann–Kendall test showed statistically significant negative trends in only 18% of the stations, integration of Sen's slope analysis and 30‐year normals and dry year occurrences highlighted a progressive shift towards dryer conditions throughout the study period in the URB. These drier conditions could notably affect regions with higher precipitation, requiring special attention due to possible socioeconomic impacts associated with drought events. By identifying these vulnerable regions, policymakers and stakeholders can proactively plan and execute adaptive measures to mitigate the potential impacts of droughts on communities, ecosystems, and economic activities within the basin.

Giant enhancement of nonreciprocity in gyrotropic heterostructures

Nonreciprocity is a highly desirable feature in photonic media since it allows for control over the traveling electromagnetic waves, in a way that goes far beyond ordinary filtering. One of the most conventional ways to achieve nonreciprocity is via employing gyrotropic materials; however, their time-reversal-symmetry-breaking effects are very weak and, hence, large, bulky setups combined with very strong magnetic biases are required for technologically useful devices. In this work, artificial heterostructures are introduced to enhance the effective nonreciprocal behavior by reducing the contribution of the diagonal susceptibilities in the collective response; in this way, the off-diagonal ones, that are responsible for nonreciprocity, seem bigger. In particular, alternating gyrotropic and metallic or plasmonic films make an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) effective-medium by averaging the diagonal permittivities of opposite sign, representing the consecutive layers. The homogenization process leaves unaltered the nonzero off-diagonal permittivities of the original gyrotropic substance, which become dominant and ignite strong nonreciprocal response. Realistic material examples that could be implemented experimentally in the mid-infrared spectrum are provided while the robustness of the enhanced nonreciprocity in the presence of actual media losses is discussed and bandwidth limitations due to the unavoidable frequency dispersion are elaborated. The proposed concept can be extensively utilized in designing optical devices that serve a wide range of applications from signal isolation and wave circulation to unidirectional propagation and asymmetric power amplification.

Hydrogenation of Alkynes and Olefins Catalyzed by Quaternary Ammonium Salts.

Catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons to alkenes and alkanes using molecular hydrogen is one of the most fundamental transformations in organic synthesis. While methodologies involving transition metals as catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous processes have been well developed, metal-free catalytic hydrogenation offers an ideal approach for future chemistry. Herein, the common and inexpensive quaternary ammonium salts are first introduced as catalysts in the catalytic hydrogenation system for the transformations from alkynes or olefins into the corresponding olefins or alkanes. Interestingly, the hydrogenation process of alkynes can be controlled to selectively produce alkenes or alkanes under different conditions. Moreover, the possible mechanism is discussed in new insights into the catalytic behavior of quaternary ammonium salts.

Influence of alloying elements and composition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Si, Cu-Ag, Cu-Ti, and Cu-Zr alloys

This study aims to quantitatively compare the effects of alloying elements on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Cu–Si, Cu–Ag, Cu–Ti, and Cu–Zr binary alloys over an alloying content range up to 2 wt%. The alloys were produced using vacuum arc melting, followed by homogenization and cold-rolling into plates. Subsequently, the annealing response of the cold-rolled plates was examined over a temperature range of 200–700 °C. The as-cast alloys show distinct microstructural features attributable to the alloying elements. Following the homogenization and cold-rolling processes, substantial microstructural transformations were observed. The analysis of mechanical properties revealed that solid solution hardening played a dominant role in increasing strength in Cu–Si alloys. Cu–Ag alloys displayed a minor increase in strength with alloying content, implying the influence of Cu–Ag precipitates on strength. Conversely, Cu–Ti and Cu–Zr alloys demonstrated remarkable strength improvements due to the presence of intermetallic precipitates and grain size reduction. While all other alloys displayed an inverse relationship between strength and elongation with increasing alloying content, the Cu-Si alloys exhibited a simultaneous enhancement of both strength and elongation. This effect can be attributed to the twinning-induced plasticity, brought about by the reduction of stacking fault energy in Cu through the addition of Si.

Enhancing pea protein isolate functionality: A comparative study of high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonic treatment, and combined processing techniques

Pea protein has attracted widespread attention due to its high nutritional value, low allergenicity, non-GMO status, and broad availability. However, compared to animal proteins, pea protein has inferior functional properties, which limits its application in the food industry. This study used pea protein isolate (PPI) as the main raw material and investigated the effects of high-pressure homogenization (HPH), ultrasonic treatment (US), and the combination of the two in different orders on the structure and function of PPI. The results showed that HPH or US promoted the transformation of PPI insoluble suspension into a uniform protein dispersion, significantly reducing particle size, unfolding the spatial structure, exposing more amino acid residues. These structural changes resulted in a substantial increase in the solubility, foaming capacity and emulsifying activity of PPI. Moreover, the combined treatments further impacted the properties of PPI, largely depending on the order of the processing steps; the combination of HPH-US exhibited the best functional characteristics.

Trace Water in Lead Iodide Affecting Perovskite Crystal Nucleation Limits the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells.

The experimental replicability of highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is a persistent challenge faced by laboratories worldwide. Although trace impurities in raw materials can impact the experimental reproducibility of high-performance PSCs, the in situ study of how trace impurities affect perovskite film growth is never investigated. Here, light is shed on the impact of inevitable water contamination in lead iodide (PbI2 ) on the replicability of device performance, mainly depending on the synthesis methods of PbI2 . Through synchrotron-based structure characterization, it is uncovered that even slight additions of water to PbI2 accelerate the crystallization process in the perovskite layer during annealing. However, this accelerated crystallization also results in an imbalance of charge-carrier mobilities, leading to a degradation in device performance and reduced longevity of the solar cells. It is also found that anhydrous PbI2 promotes a homogenous nucleation process and improves perovskite film growth. Finally, the PSCs achieve a remarkable certified power conversion efficiency of 24.3%. This breakthrough demonstrates the significance of understanding and precisely managing the water content in PbI2 to ensure the experimental replicability of high-efficiency PSCs.

Nanostructured Cellulose-Based Aerogels: Influence of Chemical/Mechanical Cascade Processes on Quality Index for Benchmarking Dye Pollutant Adsorbents in Wastewater Treatment.

(1) Background: Nanostructured cellulose has emerged as an efficient bio-adsorbent aerogel material, offering biocompatibility and renewable sourcing advantages. This study focuses on isolating (ligno)cellulose nanofibers ((L)CNFs) from barley straw and producing aerogels to develop sustainable and highly efficient decontamination systems. (2) Methods: (Ligno)cellulose pulp has been isolated from barley straw through a pulping process, and was subsequently deconstructed into nanofibers employing various pre-treatment methods (TEMPO-mediated oxidation process or PFI beater mechanical treatment) followed by the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) process. (3) Results: The aerogels made by (L)CNFs, with a higher crystallinity degree, larger aspect ratio, lower shrinkage rate, and higher Young's modulus than cellulose aerogels, successfully adsorb and remove organic dye pollutants from wastewater. (L)CNF-based aerogels, with a quality index (determined using four characterization parameters) above 70%, exhibited outstanding contaminant removal capacity over 80%. The high specific surface area of nanocellulose isolated using the TEMPO oxidation process significantly enhanced the affinity and interactions between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of nanofibers and cationic groups of contaminants. The efficacy in adsorbing cationic dyes in wastewater onto the aerogels was verified by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. (4) Conclusions: This study offers insights into designing and applying advanced (L)CNF-based aerogels as efficient wastewater decontamination and environmental remediation platforms.

Relic DNA confounds the results of DNA-based study on microeukaryotic succession in aquatic biofilms

High-throughput sequencing has revolutionized the DNA sequence-based study of microbial community and diversity on an unprecedented scale. Relic DNA is widespread in the natural aquatic environment; however, the extent to which such DNA can bias the sequence-based analysis of living microeukaryotic communities is unclear. Here, we conducted a 30-day field-control experiment investigating biofilm succession of microeukaryotic communities on glass slides and polyurethane foam units (PFUs) in a subtropical urban reservoir, using DNA-based approach. The propidium monoazide (PMA) dye was used to distinguish living and relic DNA sequences. Our results showed that microeukaryotic community succession in biofilms was time and substratum dependent, which was correlated with changing environmental conditions, nutrients and microalgae. Most importantly, relic DNA has a significant influence on the estimation of beta diversity and turnover in community composition, importantly its presence masked the successional patterns of different microbial taxa. We found strong deterministic processes dominating microeukaryotic succession on glass slides and PFUs biofilms. Depending on substrate and the presence and absence of relic DNA sequences, contrasting community assembly mechanisms were observed. In the presence of relic DNA, our results showed that 0.53–3.15 % of dispersal limitation, and 13.16 % of homogeneous selection processes were overestimated, while 1.06–3.68 % of homogenizing dispersal, 2.11–10.53 % of undominated and 2.10–10.52 % of heterogeneous selection processes were underestimated. This study provides significant insights into the value of removing relic DNA when designing DNA-based studies to characterize microeukaryotic communities and raise questions about some ecological interpretations in molecular microbial ecology which have not accounted for the effects of relic DNA.

Observation of local density increase during pellet homogenization on EAST

By combining the X-mode polarized lower and upper cut-off reflections obtained from the density profile reflectometer, we have successfully attained a comprehensive density profile spanning from the edge to the core region in pellet injection (PI) experiments on EAST. During the homogenization process after PI on EAST, an innovative method was introduced to quantify the local density increase. This approach employed the distinctive ‘dual-reflection’ phenomenon observed in the EAST microwave reflectometer, encompassing measurements of both the X-mode lower and upper cut-off frequencies. Furthermore, experimental investigations were carried out on EAST to comprehensively explore the parallel and poloidal expansion of the high-density pellet cloud. Notably, this study marks the first instance of measuring expansion velocities of pellet materials in both parallel and poloidal directions on EAST. A comparative analysis was performed initially between these experimental measurements and simulation results obtained from the HPI2 code, marking a pivotal stride towards enhancing its applicability in EAST.

Nutrition and stability enhancement of yoghurt fortified with encapsulated algae oil through vortex fluidic device

The main challenges to maximising the health benefits of algae oil are improving bioavailability and minimising oxidation while raising consumer acceptance. Processing with a continuous flow thin film vortex fluidic device (VFD) significantly improves Tween 20 encapsulation by comparison with conventional homogenisation processing. Observed through emulsion stability, scanning electron microscope, epi-fluorescence microscopy, dynamic light scattering, peroxide value, confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, algae oil particles were remarkably smaller, ∼250 nm versus ∼2.3 μm, and improved emulsion stability from 10.4 ± 1.3% to 55.4 ± 3.2%. Shown by significantly reduced peroxide value from ∼7 meq O2/Kg to less than 1 meq O2/Kg, oxidation of algae oil was drastically reduced by VFD encapsulation. The different microstructures of original yoghurt, yoghurt with raw algae oil and VFD-encapsulated algae oil were comprehensively studied by confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope. The VFD mediated encapsulated algae oil enriched yoghurt stability with more incorporated microstructure among different components. Sensory properties with higher overall acceptance in categories of taste (7.2 ± 0.32 versus 5.8 ± 0.23) and texture (7.1 ± 0.22 versus 5.3 ± 0.30) is reflected in sensory scores, with a smoother micro-structure of the freeze-dried yoghurt resulting in a more pleasant mouth feel, faster flavor exposure, and a creamier texture.

Solving the problem of stability of the stationary quality indicator of complex technical systems

Aim. To define and solve the problem of stability of the stationary quality indicator of a complex technical system. The random process of the system’s walking by its possible states is described with a homogeneous Markov process. The stability problem consists in defining such stationary (final) probabilities of the Markov process that implement the maximum and minimal values of the quality indicator, provided that the rate of state transitions have interval estimations and the rates are conditioned by the process of failures and recoveries of the system’s elements. The stationary quality indicator has a fairly standard form and is a scalar product of the final probability vector of the Markov process and the vector that characterises the “weight” of each state, where “weight” may be understood as various contensive characteristics of states.Methods. The paper uses mathematical methods of optimal control of a Markov process using an income vector of a special form and linear programming.Results. A method is proposed and substantiated for solving the problem of stability of a stationary indicator of the quality of operation of a complex technical system. A numerical algorithm for solving the above problem is presented as well. The paper gives an example of the solution of a problem of stability with quality indicator that is a “penalty” function.Conclusion. The paper discusses the problem of numerical solution of the stability problem of a large dimensionality.

Diffusible Capping Layer Enabled Homogeneous Crystallization and Component Distribution of Hybrid Sequential Deposited Perovskite.

Nowadays, the development of wide-bandgap perovskite by thermal evaporation and spin-coating hybrid sequential deposition (HSD) method has special meaning on textured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. However, the common issues of insufficient reaction caused by blocking of perovskite capping layer are exacerbated in HSD, because evaporated precursors are usually denser with higher crystallinity and the widely used additive-assisted microstructure is also difficult to access. Here, a facile "diffusible perovskite capping layer" (DPCL) strategy to solve this dilemma is presented. With DPCL, crystallization alleviation of perovskite and more diffusion channels of organic salts can be realized simultaneously, contributing to a homogenization process. The resultant perovskite films exhibit complete conversion, uniform crystallization, enhanced quality, and reduced defect, leading to obvious improvements in device efficiency, repeatability, and stability. This work offers a way to promote the development of textured tandems a step further.

Some administrative problems applied as a result the union of Dobrogea with Romania

The geopolotical reconfiguration of The Balkan peninsula in the second half of the 19 th century irreversibly transformed the ethnic and political composition of the region after foungation of states like Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece. On the background of the attempt of state and nation frame, political elites from theabove mentioned states decided to homogenize and rebuild the society tojustify territorial claims that political rulers from the state previously mentioned hoped for. This process of homogenization has been realized through actions of settlement for populati-ons thst belonged to one of the mentioned nations culturally and also from the identity point of view. In some cases, less numerous ethenic groups have been settled and assimilated effectively to the nation and implicitly to the official culture like in the case of Greece, Bulgria and in a less extend, Serbia. Dobrogea was no eception and knewextremely interesting demographic evolutions.

Key interpersonal skills of a game warden as part an employee soft skills assessment from a commitment and performance perspective

Abstract The study presents an innovative, proprietary concept of identifying soft skills predisposing individuals to occupy a forestry position, along with the definition and discussion of key factors constituting the assessment criteria. The authors provide their individual perspective on the specific personality traits and attitudes relevant to the assessment of an employee's soft skills concerning their suitability for the given position. Six fundamental categories of skills and attitudes within the realm of soft skills for foresters were identified and proposed for evaluation. These categories included the following: Collaboration and information flow management: This category assessed the ability to effectively collaborate with other company employees and the sense of responsibility for achieving the team's goals. Special attention was paid to how information was communicated, facilitating planning, making changes and executing task effectively. Initiative and engagement: This category focused on the ability and willingness to seek and implement new solutions. It identified and proposed an assessment system for actions such as the forester's submission of new ideas and solutions to emerging problems, their engagement and identification with the company, their drive to improve existing work methods, and their adaptability to new tasks and working conditions resulting from changes. Shaping a positive company image: This category involved evaluating the attitude that leads to dignified and ethical representation of the company through appropriate appearance, behaviour and attitude. It encompassed aspects such as building strong relationships with customers, business partners and the company's environment, making agreements aligned with the company's interests and taking active steps to enhance the positive image of the forestry operation. Collaboration with external entities: This category analysed constructive actions defined as the interaction of the forestry district with external entities aimed at creating a favourable business climate for forestry operations. Independence and decision-making: In this category, competencies for independently managing the Forest District were discussed, without the need for direct supervision. The proposed assessment system considered the traits predisposing the forester to make quick and accurate decisions, anticipate their consequences, take personal responsibility for task execution and accept the consequences of their own or their team's work results. Developing subordinates: The final category analysed teamwork skills, with a particular focus on actions aimed at the systematic development of subordinates, recognising potential, and identifying areas for improvement and providing subordinates with opportunities to gain experience and enhance their qualifications and professional competencies. The assessment of the forester's soft skills in each category was based on a descriptive classification of their behaviour, which was assigned to five groups: unacceptable, below expectations, good, very good and outstanding. An illustrative description of employee behaviour facilitating their classification into one of these groups was developed for each evaluation category. The research results are presented in a Table 1, which shows the identified traits, the system for their identification (specified behaviours subject to assessment) and the assessment system. A rating system based on descriptive indicators was proposed to facilitate a homogeneous and repeatable employee assessment process, which is one of the fundamental elements of human resource management. In today's world, the concept of sustainable development is being replaced by efforts to sustain the system through its regeneration at the economic, social and sociological levels. Therefore, the presented concept of identifying and evaluating soft skills was compared with the principles of management in the Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity (VUCA) environment.

The formation of three phases containing Fe and Mn in 5182 aluminum alloy

The categories, crystal types, morphology, dimension, distribution and selectivity of precipitation positions of alloy phases containing Fe and Mn in the DC casting ingot of 5182 aluminum alloy under industrial production conditions after being treated with different homogenization processes were studied through TEM and EPMA with FIB sample preparation. The formation process of three phases containing Fe and Mn was clarified as well. The results showed that there was only one category of alloy phase containing Fe and Mn in the as-cast 5182 aluminum alloy, which was one category of skeletal nonequilibrium constituent Al19(Fe,Mn)4′ with orthorhombic structure formed by the eutectic reaction L → α(Al)′ + Al19(Fe,Mn)4′. After the ingot was homogenized at a high temperature above 460 °C, there were three categories of alloy phases containing Fe and Mn, which were skeletal equilibrium phase Al19(Fe,Mn)4 with orthorhombic structure, short rod-like intermetallic phase Al3(Fe,Mn) with monoclinic structure and acicular alloy phase Al6(Fe,Mn) with orthorhombic structure, respectively. The metastable constituent Al19(Fe,Mn)4′ transformed into the equilibrium phase Al19(Fe,Mn)4 with orthorhombic structure and the alloy phase Al3(Fe,Mn) with monoclinic structure by desolation transformation Al19(Fe,Mn)4′ → Al19(Fe,Mn)4 + Al3(Fe,Mn). In addition, acicular alloy phase particles Al6(Fe,Mn) with orthorhombic structure were precipitated from the alloy matrix with supersaturated solute Fe and Mn atoms through the desolation reaction α(Al)′ → α(Al) + Al6(Fe,Mn). With increasing homogenization temperature, the skeletal constituent Al19(Fe,Mn)4 particles with orthorhombic structure were almost the same, and the short rod-like alloy phase Al3(Fe,Mn) particles, with monoclinic structure changed unobviously in morphology and size, but its number increased significantly. At the same time, the number and the size of acicular Al6(Fe,Mn) alloy phase particles with orthorhombic structure precipitated from the alloy matrix increased.