Homogenization Technique Research Articles

Nitsche's method enhanced isogeometric homogenization of unidirectional composites with cylindrically orthotropic carbon/graphite fibers

An isogeometric homogenization (IGH) technique is constructed for the homogenization and localization of unidirectional composites with radially or circumferentially orthotropic carbon/graphite fibers. The proposed theory employs multiple non-conforming Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) patches to depict repeating unit cells (RUCs) representative of composite microstructures. Displacements are formulated using a two-scale expansion that integrates macroscopic and microscopic contributions, with the latter addressed through the isogeometric analysis technique. Nitsche's method is utilized to apply the interfacial traction and displacement continuity and periodicity conditions. The capability and accuracy of the IGH theory were validated upon comparison with the elasticity solutions that take into account explicitly fiber morphologies, along with classical micromechanics solutions based on equivalent fiber moduli. A comparative analysis with conventional finite-element techniques showcases the developed theory's ability to accurately replicate the singular stress field at the fiber center and to capture smooth stress distributions where significant stress gradients are encountered.

Derivation of elastic and inelastic characteristics of non-periodic masonry using homogenization techniques and micro-modelling approaches

The present study is aimed to develop an ad hoc four-steps procedure, based on the use of Digital Image Processing (DIP) techniques, homogenization methods and micro-modelling approaches, able to provide an effective tool for characterizing the mechanical properties of non-periodic masonry. More in detail, after creating, through a DIP technique and automated procedures, a finite element mesh from the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) image of a real masonry wall with non-periodic texture (Step 1 and Step 2), a homogenization method, which considers the properties of each masonry constituent (stone units and mortar joints), is used to derive the main elastic characteristics of a homogeneous continuum equivalent to the random masonry (Step 3). Specifically, this estimate can be achieved following the test-windows method based on the use of least-sized partitions subjected to boundary conditions in terms of displacements or stresses until a chosen convergence criterion is fulfilled. The non-linear response is then accomplished by means of a micro-modelling approach (Step 4). To this end, a three-dimensional finite element (FE) analysis can be therefore developed to characterize the main inelastic material parameters of the random masonry. Lastly, as a benchmark of the method, the proposed procedure has been validated against the laboratory outcomes obtained from a previous experimental campaign on non-periodic masonry walls.

Reliability based optimisation of composite plates under aeroelastic constraints via adapted surrogate modelling and genetic algorithms

Composite materials are vital in aerospace for their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. This study delves into reliability-based optimisation of composite plates within aeroelastic constraints, employing an efficient global optimisation method and genetic algorithms. Initial analysis focuses on aeroelastic responses such as limit flutter speed, gust response, and static loads, emphasising maximum strain assessment. To tackle optimisation challenges of composite stacking sequences, a homogenisation technique with lamination parameters is applied. We then formulate a constrained optimisation problem to minimise gust response while meeting flutter and maximum strain constraints. Surrogate models based on conditioned Gaussian Processes are developed for each aeroelastic response, facilitating optimisation within the composite design space. These models, with potential for local refinement, expedite optimal solution identification. Further, we integrate reliability-based optimisation into the framework to determine a robust stacking sequence using genetic algorithms, accounting for random fibre orientation variations. This holistic approach integrates aeroelastic analysis, constrained optimisation, surrogate modelling, and reliability-based optimisation, proving effective in designing reliable, efficient composite structures for aerospace, thus enhancing performance and safety.

Relaxed Model Predictive Control of T-S Fuzzy Systems via a New Switching-Type Homogeneous Polynomial Technique

Relaxed Model Predictive Control of T-S Fuzzy Systems via a New Switching-Type Homogeneous Polynomial Technique

Preparation and characterization of Baijiu Jiuzao cellulose nanofibers-kafirin composite bio-film with excellent physical properties

Jiuzao is the main solid by-products of Baijiu industry, which contain a high amount of underutilized cellulose and proteins. In recent years, cellulose nanofibers mixed with proteins to prepare biodegradable bio-based film materials have received widespread attention. In this study, we propose a novel method to simultaneously extract kafirin and cellulose from strong-flavor type of Jiuzao, and modify cellulose to prepare cellulose nanofibers by the TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxide) oxidation-pressure homogenization technique, and finally mix kafirin with cellulose nanofibers to prepare a new biodegradable bio-based composite film. Based on the analysis of one-way and response surface experiments, the highest purity of cellulose was 82.04 %. During cellulose oxidation, when NaClO was added at 25 mmol/g, cellulose nanofibers have a particle size of 80–120 nm, a crystallinity of 65.8°. Finally, kafirin and cellulose nanofibers were mixed to prepare films. The results showed that when cellulose nanofibers were added at 1 %, the film surface was smooth, the light transmittance was 60.8 %, and the tensile strength was 9.17 MPa at maximum, which was 104 % higher than pure protein film. The contact angle was 34.3°. This paper provides new ideas and theoretical basis for preparing biodegradable bio-based composite film materials, and improves the added value of Jiuzao.

Enhanced thermal management strategy for supercapacitors using phase change materials: A numerical investigation

The integration of phase change materials (PCMs) presents a promising possibility for enhancing the thermal management of supercapacitors (SCs), which are vital components in various energy storage systems. This research focuses on investigating the thermal behavior of SCs with integrated PCM, employing finite element method (FEM) simulations to solve the transient thermal problem. Through a comparative analysis at various time instants, the transient thermal response of SCs is examined, shedding light on the efficacy of PCM-based thermal management strategies. Moreover, parametric studies are conducted to investigate the influence of PCM key characteristics, like melting temperature and layer thickness on the SC thermal response. Additionally, the impact of enhanced PCM thermal conductivity is explored by integrating high-conductive short carbon fibers (CF) within the PCM matrix. This investigation encompasses various PCM melting points, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between PCM properties and SC thermal response. The results indicate that a notable decline in the highest temperatures of the SC can be achieved, leading to a reduction of about 9 °C depending on the PCM melting temperature and the improved thermal conductivity. The obtained results emphasize the effectiveness and practical feasibility of the proposed thermal management strategy. The modeling approach presented provides a robust tool with significant efficiency in reducing computational time for analyzing the thermal behavior of large models, as the utilization of the homogenization technique notably decreases the computational time. The findings of this study not only provide insights into optimizing PCM-based thermal management strategies for SCs but also contribute to advancing the design and performance of energy storage systems by addressing crucial thermal challenges.

Modeling of rigid inclusion ground improvements in large-scale geotechnical simulations

Abstract The methods for modeling rigid inclusion ground improvements are well documented in the literature, yet their application to large-scale geotechnical simulations remains underanalyzed. Due to the large number of discretization elements/nodes used in such simulation, certain simplifications are necessary. This paper presents methods for modeling rigid inclusion ground improvements in large-scale geotechnical simulations. The methodologies involve modeling the inclusions using continuum elements, beam elements or replacing them with an equivalent medium through homogenization techniques. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are discussed, particularly regarding their applicability to analyses covering significant areas. In the second part of the paper, a case study of the foundation of the conduit pipe in the dam of Szalejów Górny dry antiflood reservoir in Poland is simulated using two of the considered methods. The obtained results are compared and discussed.

Exploring the thermomechanical and dynamical mode switch transition of a reversible solid oxide cell

Reversible solid oxide cells (r-SOCs) are regarded as a solution form of clean energy generation towards a green hydrogen energy transition. However, during transportation, installation, and operation, they are required to withstand dynamic conditions as they face thermal, mechanical, and vibrational effects. Assessing the interplay of the thermomechanical and dynamical impacts on r-SOC materials during the mode-switch from electrolysis to fuel cell operation is the subject of this current comprehensive study. Advanced FEM-based homogenisation techniques have been harnessed in predicting and evaluating the detailed transients during static and dynamic loading. The intricate 3D thermal profiles throughout the transient reversible dual-modus operation from a typical r-SOC study have been derived using advanced image processing. Orthotropic material properties were incorporated into a unified macroscopic scale model by deriving the complex 3D microstructure geometry characteristics of the cell materials and component layers. The comprehensive thermomechanical and pre-stressed modal analysis results showed that the static and dynamic forces in fuel cell mode are more pronounced, whereas, in electrolysis operation, the dynamical behaviour highly depends on geometrical and operating conditions. Smaller component size shows higher natural frequencies and more intense vibration, leading to higher deformation attributed to complex mode shapes and reduced flexural rigidity. These insights are essential for optimizing r-SOC design parameters, enhancing their dynamic and structural reliability throughout their dual-mode operation lifespan.

Thermal modeling of porous medium integrated in PCM and its application in passive thermal management of electric vehicle battery pack

The integration of a composite of porous medium with phase change material (PCM) offers significant advantages in thermal management systems, enhancing heat transfer efficiency and addressing various thermal regulation challenges. This approach utilizes the PCM's latent heat absorption and the enhanced thermal conductivity provided by the porous medium, resulting in optimized system performance. Its applicability spans across electronics cooling and building insulation systems. However, predicting the thermal behavior of this composite material is challenging, necessitating computational tools to anticipate its response under different conditions and evaluate its influence on cooling strategies. The objective of this study is to create a computational tool specifically tailored to evaluate constitutive parameters of this composite material, thereby providing a comprehensive description of its thermal behavior. To achieve this goal, the multiscale homogenization principle is employed to assess the composite's effective thermophysical material properties using the representative volume element approach. The repeating unit cell of the aluminum lattice is incorporated into the PCM to define a representative volume element. The finite element method (FEM) is utilized to solve the three-dimensional homogenization problem, yielding an orthotropic effective thermal conductivity due to the inherent symmetry of the repeating material cell. Moreover, the study leverages the apparent heat capacity method to effectively manage the phase transitions within the PCM domain, utilizing smooth and temperature-dependent functions to accurately describe the thermophysical properties of the PCM. Integrating the composite into battery pack thermal management, this study thoroughly examines thermal dynamics by comparing outcomes with and without PCM integration. The transient thermal problem is accurately tackled using the FEM, employing the evaluated effective constitutive parameters of the homogenized composite to minimize computational effort. The results indicate a notable decline in the highest temperatures of the battery pack, leading to a reduction of about 14 °C at the specific moment when the phase change material fully transitions into its liquid form. The obtained results emphasize the effectiveness and practical feasibility of the proposed thermal management strategy. The modeling approach presented provides a robust tool with significant efficiency in reducing computational time for analyzing the thermal behavior of large models, as the utilization of the homogenization technique notably decreases the computational time.

Transformative approaches to managing student unrest in a South African university

Higher education and training institutions in South Africa have experienced widespread student unrest and crises in recent years, particularly within universities. This issue has been attributed to strained relationships between students and university management. Therefore, it is imperative to address the conflict gap between students and management in order to promote peaceful university operations. This study employed qualitative research, utilising decoloniality theory and a transformative paradigm lens within a qualitative research approach and participatory research design. Data was collected through focus group discussions (FGDs), with participants selected using a homogeneous sampling technique. For this study, three management employees, three students (SRC members), three lecturers, and three security officers from the chosen university were selected as participants using the homogeneous sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke's six-step thematic analysis. One of the key findings is that the lack of a proper structure to manage unrest and the failure to involve students in decision-making pose significant challenges in the management of student unrest. The potential solutions to these challenges include the establishment of appropriate structures, the involvement of stakeholders in decision-making processes, and the development of common ground among stakeholders. These solutions could effectively address the issue at hand. Furthermore, a major recommendation is to engage society in order to address student unrest comprehensively. The study concludes that applying principles of openness and integrity is crucial in building and maintaining trust among stakeholders, as trust has been identified as a significant factor in bridging the gap between them.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by soy protein/proanthocyanidins nanocomplexes: Physicochemical properties and in vitro release properties

As a class of natural antioxidant polyphenols, proanthocyanidins (PANs) offer unique advantages in anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-cancer fields. However, the practical application of PANs is hindered by their low stability and limited bioavailability. Pickering emulsions have shown great potential in addressing the issue of PANs’ susceptibility to degradation, with their stability mainly dependent on stabilizers. In recent years, soy proteins have gained significant attention as stabilizers for Pickering emulsions due to their excellent biocompatibility and amphiphilicity. In this work, we integrated soy protein isolate (SPI) with PANs to create SPI-PANs nanocomplexes serving as stabilizers for Pickering emulsions, aiming to enhance emulsion stability and safeguard PANs from environmental degradation. Our findings indicated that SPI-PANs nanocomplexes with a 50:4 mass ratio of SPI and PANs demonstrated outstanding antioxidant capacity, low hydrophobicity, and relatively small, uniform particle sizes. The non-covalent interactions between SPI and PANs primarily involved hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Subsequently, we successfully prepared oil-in-water SPI-PANs Pickering emulsions using homogenization techniques. Our in vitro digestion and release studies revealed that these emulsions exhibited nearly double the PANs retention compared to controls (pure PANs), highlighting their significant sustained-release advantage. Additionally, the emulsions demonstrated significant creaming stability and were non-cytotoxic to HEK 293 T and HeLa cells. Overall, SPI Pickering emulsions remain considerable potential as a carrier system for the intestinal delivery of PANs and other bio-functional compounds in the field of functional food.

Predicting mechanical heterogeneity in glassy polymer nanocomposites via an inverse computational approach based on atomistic molecular simulations and homogenization methods

Probing the mechanical behavior of the region formed between a nanoparticle reinforcement and a polymer matrix in a polymer nanocomposite structure, denoted as the “interphase”, is a main challenge as such regions are difficult to investigate by experimental methods. Here, we accurately characterize the heterogeneous mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites, focusing on polymer/nanofiller interphases via a combination of nanomechanical simulations and numerical homogenization techniques. Initially, the global mechanical performance of a glassy poly(ethylene oxide) polymer nanocomposite reinforced with silica nanoparticles is studied using detailed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations for 1.9% and 12.7% silica volume fractions. Next, the polymer/silica interphase thickness is identified by probing the polymer atom-based density distribution profile in the vicinity of the nanofiller at equilibrium. On the basis of this thickness, the interphase is subdivided to check the position-dependent change in mechanical properties. Then, using continuum mechanics and atomistic simulations, we proceed to compute the effective Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the polymer/nanoparticle interphase as function of the distance from the nanoparticle. In the last step, an inverse numerical homogenization model is proposed to predict the mechanical properties of the interphase on the basis of a comparison criteria with the data from MD. The results were found to be acceptable, raising the possibility of accurately and efficiently predicting interfacial properties in nanostructured materials.

On the nonlinear buckling and postbuckling responses of sandwich FG‐GRC toroidal shell segments with corrugated core under axial tension and compression in the thermal environment

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical approach for buckling and postbuckling analysis for functionally graded graphene‐reinforced composite (FG‐GRC) toroidal shell segments with the trapezoidal or round corrugated core under the axial tension and compression. The considered shells are placed in a thermal environment and surrounded by an elastic foundation. Based on the von Kármán‐Donnell shell theory with geometrical nonlinearities, Stein and McElman approximation, and a homogenization technique for corrugated shells, the basic equations of shells are established. The previous homogenization technique is improved by adding the thermal forces in the internal force expressions. The shell‐foundation interaction is expressed using the model of the Pasternak assumption. The Ritz energy method is used to obtain the pre‐buckling and postbuckling behaviors of the shells, from which the critical buckling tensions and compressions can be investigated. The influences of FG‐GRC face sheets, corrugated core, and foundation on the buckling behavior of sandwich shells can be shown in the numerical analysis.Highlights Postbuckling of toroidal shell segments with the corrugated core is analyzed. A homogenization technique is improved for the thermal forces in the core. The shells are made of functionally graded graphene‐reinforced composite. The nonlinear Kármán‐Donnell shell theory and Ritz energy method are applied. Special effects of input parameters on the buckling behavior are investigated.

Intranasal delivery of doxepin: enhancing brain targeting efficiency utilizing nanostructured lipid carriers for a biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system class-I drug

Doxepin, a Class-I Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) drug, exhibits poor bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. This research focuses on enhancing the delivery of doxepin by formulating nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) through the utilization of the Box–Behnken Design methodology. These optimized NLCs are intended for intranasal administration, with the ultimate goal of improving nose-to-brain drug delivery. NLCs were formulated using a high-speed homogenization technique. The optimized batch had a small particle size (75.80 ± 5.48 nm, PDI = 0.286), high entrapment efficiency (94.10 ± 0.16%), and sustained ex vivo release (82.25 ± 4.61% at 24 h). Characterization studies confirmed the conversion of doxepin from a crystalline to an amorphous state with uniform distribution in the lipid matrix. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed significantly higher doxepin concentration in the brain tissue (Cmax = 16.77 µg/g, tmax = 30 min) after intranasal administration compared to intravenous administration (Cmax = 2.53 µg/g, tmax = 6 h). High-drug targeting efficiency (DTE = 284.3%) and direct transport percentage (DTP = 64.8%) suggested direct penetration of NLCs in the brain via olfactory and trigeminal pathways. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of NLCs to improve the bioavailability of doxepin through nose-to-brain delivery and thereby potentially enable the treatment of neurological disorders.

Effective response and microstructure evolution for shape memory alloy laminated composites

A model for the macroscopic mechanical behavior of rank-1 laminates including two shape memory alloy (SMA) phases is presented. The model expresses the general behavior of the composite with phases undergoing rate-independent elastic and inelastic deformations. Homogenization techniques (including the rank-1 laminate model) are used to establish the effective behavior of the SMA laminated composite (SLC) based on the information about the mechanical response of the individual phases and their volume concentrations. A stress-control algorithm is put forward to implement the model. With the aid of the stress-control algorithm, an implicit expression for the effective tangent stiffness and an evolution equation for the effective inelastic strain are derived. Results are compared with the outcomes of an FE-based computational homogenization and a very good agreement is seen. By using a constitutive model with internal variables for the dense SMA, the overall response of the SLC under different mechanical loadings is evaluated. The effective response of the SLC for various volume concentrations of the phases is assessed and exclusive comparisons are illustrated. Furthermore, the influence of different temperatures on the effective superelastic behavior of the SLCs is studied. The findings have implications for the analysis and the design of more complex shape-memory-alloy laminated composites for high-end applications.

Multiscale homogenization for dual porosity time-dependent Darcy-Brinkman/Darcy coupling and its application to the lymphnode.

We study the coupling between time-dependent Darcy-Brinkman and the Darcy equations at the microscale subjected to inhomogeneous body forces and initial conditions to describe a double porosity problem. We derive the homogenized governing equations for this problem using the asymptotic homogenization technique, and as macroscopic results, we obtain a coupling between two Darcy equations, one of which with memory effects, with mass exchange between phases. The memory effects are a consequence of considering the time dependence in the Darcy-Brinkman equation, and they allow us to study in more detail the role of time in the problem under consideration. After the formulation of the model, we solve it in a simplified setting and we use it to describe the movement of fluid within a vascularized lymph node.

Formulation and Evaluation of Nanosuspension of Mebendazole for Solubility Enhancement by High Pressure Homogenization Technique

Background: Developing and evaluating a drug taken by mouth delivery method with mebendazole nanosuspension to treat intestinal worms infestations are the main objectives of the current research effort. This is because drug particles in the nano range help to reduce particle size and enhance dissolution. Methods: By using High pressure homogenization method, the mebendazole is converted into nanosuspension. Various amounts of HPMC K4M used as a stabilizer and Tween 80 and Poloxamer 188 used as a surfactant and compare its ratios. The results were investigated using effectiveness of drug entrapment, saturation solubility, zeta potential, particle size, drug release study and stability testing. Result: The drug purification results are shown by knowing the FT-IR spectrum. With a good entrapment efficiency and saturated solubility, optimized batches are found and the use of transmission electron microscopy confirms the nano size particle formed. The mebendazole nanosuspension showed higher release in the target site within 12 hours, according to an in-vitro dissolution experiment. Using the oral route for administration of the mebendazole nanosuspension, it increases the drugs absorption along with complete drug releasing. Conclusion: The study indicates that the prepared mebendazole nanosuspension has increased the rate of dissolution and solubility by converting nano range particles and encouraging the use of BCS class Ⅱ drugs with acceptable stability.

Design of a thermoelastic metafilter through non-local continualization methods

This paper is dedicated to the conceptual design of periodically microstructured metafilters/waveguides, made of thermoelastic material, described by a generalized thermoelastic theory with two relaxation times. In the general case of a three-dimensional material, the governing equations are first transformed into the s-space and the wave propagation is analysed through the multidimensional Floquet–Bloch transform. Special focus is then given to the case of a layered material. By exploiting the transfer matrix method, the spectral properties are analysed, focusing on the propagation of Bloch waves and the interaction between mechanical and thermal variables. Furthermore, two novel non-local continualization methods are proposed, addressing high-frequency approximations across different wave regimes and identifying non-local continua in general thermoelasticity contexts. The paper introduces innovative methods for spectral characterization, including a representation in the space of invariants and comparisons between continualization and homogenization techniques. Additionally, a novel method based on Padé approximants accelerates spectrum convergence.

Lipid-Based Nanocarrier by Targeting with LHRH Peptide: A Promising Approach for Prostate Cancer Radio-Imaging and Therapy.

Prostate cancer is a prevalently detected malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone (LHRH) receptors are overexpressed in such cancer cells, to which the LHRH-decapeptide can specifically bind. A lipid-polyethylene glycol-conjugated new LHRH-decapeptide analogue (D-P-HLH) was synthesized and characterized. D-P-HLH-coated and anticancer drug doxorubicin (DX)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (F-DX-SLN) were formulated by the cold homogenization technique and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, entrapment efficiency, and drug-release profile studies. F-DX-SLN allows site-specific DX delivery by reducing the side effects of chemotherapy. Cancer cells could precisely take up F-DX-SLN by targeting specific receptors, boosting the cytotoxicity at the tumor site. The efficacy of F-DX-SLN on PC3/SKBR3 cells by the MTT assay revealed that F-DX-SLN was more cytotoxic than DX and/or DX-SLN. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopic studies further support F-DX-SLNs' increased intracellular absorption capability in targeting LHRH overexpressed cancer cells. F-DX-SLN ensured high apoptotic potential, noticeably larger mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization action, as well as the activation of caspases, a longer half-life, and greater plasma concentration. F-DX-SLN/DX-SLN was radiolabeled with technetium-99m; scintigraphic imaging studies established its tumor selectivity in PC3 tumor-bearing nude mice. The efficacy of the formulations in cancer treatment, in vivo therapeutic efficacy tests, and histopathological studies were also conducted. Results clearly indicate that F-DX-SLN exhibits sustained and superior targeted administration of anticancer drugs, thus opening up the possibility of a drug delivery system with precise control and targeting effects. F-DX-SLN could also provide a nanotheranostic approach with improved efficacy for prostate cancer therapy.

The silibinin-loaded Zein-β cyclodextrin nano-carriers (SZBC-NCs) as a novel selective cancer cell drug delivery system in HT-29 cell line

Entrapping phytochemical bioactive compounds into nano-structured biocompatible polymers has been successfully utilized for improving cancer treatment efficiency. Silibinin is a potent compound that shows promising anticancer properties. In the present study, the Zein-β-cyclodextrin complex was used to encapsulate silibinin and evaluate the induced cell death type and cytotoxic impacts on human cancer cells. The silibinin-loaded Zein-β cyclodextrin nano-carriers (SZBC-NCs) were synthesized utilizing a gradual ultrasound-mediated homogenization technique and characterized by Zeta potential, DLS, FESEM, and FTIR analysis. The SZBC-NCs’ antioxidant activity was studied by conducting ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Finally, the SZBC-NCs selective toxicity and cellular death induction mechanism were studied on the HT-29 and AGS cancer cells by measuring the cell survival and apoptotic gene (Caspase 3, 9), respectively, which were verified by conducting the DAPI staining analysis. The negatively charged (− 27.47 mV) nanoparticles (286.55 nm) showed significant ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Moreover, the remarkable decrease in the IC50 concentrations of the SZBC-NCs among the HT-29 and AGS cancer cell lines exhibited their selective cytotoxic potential. Also, the overexpressed apoptotic (Caspases 3 and 9) and down-regulated necrotic (NFKB) gene expressions following the SZBC-NCs treatment doses indicated the apoptotic activity of SZBC-NCs, which were verified by the increased apoptotic morphology of the DAPI-stained HT-29 cancer cells. The antioxidant and colon cancer cell-related apoptotic activity of the SZBC-NCs make it an appropriate anti-colon cancer nano delivery system. Therefore, they can potentially be used as a safe efficient colon cancer treatment strategy. However, further in vivo experiments including animal cancer models have to be studied.