Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Research Articles

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Validation and Investigation the Effect of Piston Bowl Geometries Performance on Port Fuel Injection-Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (PFI-HCCI) Engines

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Validation and Investigation the Effect of Piston Bowl Geometries Performance on Port Fuel Injection-Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (PFI-HCCI) Engines

Experimental Study of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine Using Hydrogen at High-Altitude Conditions

One of the key factors of the current energy transition is the use of hydrogen (H2) as fuel in energy transformation technologies. This fuel has the advantage of being produced from the most primary forms of energy and has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In recent years, hydrogen or hydrogen-rich mixtures in internal combustion engines (ICEs) have gained popularity, with numerous reports documenting their use in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines have the potential for substantial reductions in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, and the use of hydrogen along with this kind of combustion could substantially reduce CO2 emissions. However, there have been few reports using hydrogen in HCCI engines, with most studies limited to evaluating technical feasibility, combustion characteristics, engine performance, and emissions in laboratory settings at sea level. This paper presents a study of HCCI combustion using hydrogen in a stationary air-cooled Lombardini 25 LD 425-2 modified diesel engine located at 1495 m above sea level. An experimental phase was conducted to determine the intake temperature requirements and equivalence ratios for stable HCCI combustion. These results were compared with previous research carried out at sea level. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first report on the combustion and operational limits for an HCCI engine fueled with hydrogen under the mentioned specific conditions. Equivalence ratios between 0.21 and 0.28 and intake temperatures between 188 °C and 235 °C effectively achieved the HCCI combustion. These temperature values were, on average, 100 °C higher than those reported in previous studies. The maximum value for the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPn) was 1.75 bar, and the maximum thermal efficiency (ITEn) was 34.5%. The achieved results are important for the design and implementation of HCCI engines running solely on hydrogen in developing countries located at high altitudes above sea level.

Computational investigation of equivalence ratio effects on performance and emissions in a dual-fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine with 90% n-dodecane and 10% ethanol

As the automotive industry seeks environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient solutions, a significant transformation towards the Dual Fuel Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (DF-HCCI) Engine. It emerges as a highly promising and revolutionary approach to internal combustion engines. This paper provides a comprehensive Computational Investigation on the influence of Equivalence Ratio (ϕ) variations on the performance and emissions of a DF-HCCI engine, utilising a blend of 90% n-dodecane (premix) and 10% ethanol (spry injection). Through simulations, the study explores ϕ ranging from 0.45 to 0.70, providing a detailed analysis of their impact on crucial engine parameters. Results indicate a non-monotonic behaviour in piston work, with an initial increase followed by a decline beyond an optimal point due to incomplete combustion. CO emissions exhibit a general increase with higher ϕ, attributed to reduced air availability for complete combustion. CO2 emissions display a non-monotonic trend, peaking at ϕ = 0.5, indicative of a complex interplay between combustion temperature and completeness. NOx emissions decrease with rising ϕ, as higher temperatures favour NOx formation. Soot emissions decrease with increasing ϕ , correlating with lower combustion temperatures. This investigation provides insights into the relationship between ϕ and DF-HCCI engine characteristics, offering an optimising engine efficiency and mitigating environmental impact.

RCCI combustion of ammonia in dual fuel engine with early injection of diesel fuel

Ammonia has gained considerable attention as a valuable, carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engine (ICE) applications. The growing interest in ammonia's potential as an energy source stems primarily from its advantageous storage and transport properties. The reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion mode presents a promising avenue for overcoming the challenges intrinsic to conventional diesel engines, such as elevated nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Additionally, it addresses the limitations of both homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion (limited operational range) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion (diminished power output). The application of an ammonia-based RCCI combustion strategy emerges as a viable pathway for harnessing ammonia as a fuel. In this study, a numerical simulation on a single-cylinder heavy-duty engine operated in RCCI mode is conducted utilizing ammonia and diesel as fuels. The engine is operated at medium load and 910 RPM. The simulation results are validated against experimental data sourced from existing literature. The study investigates the impact of varying ammonia energy fractions, injection timing, and intake valve close temperature (TIVC) on key operational characteristics of the engine including in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), combustion efficiency (CE), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and emission levels. The results indicated that increasing the ammonia energy fraction within the RCCI combustion mode, transitioning from 30 % to 70 %, leads to a notable enhancement in IMEP, while maintaining low levels of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), unburned ammonia, and nitrous oxide (N2O) as greenhouse gases (GHG). Furthermore, increasing ammonia's energy fraction yielded a discernible reduction in NOx emissions and carbon dioxide (CO2). Conversely, the RCCI combustion mode attained superiority over the dual fuel combustion mode by simultaneously elevating CE and diminishing emissions of GHG, (CO2 and N2O) as well as unburned NH3.

Effect of boundary on homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fueled with anode off-gas and refueled anode off-gas

Hybrid solid oxide fuel cells and internal combustion engine systems are one of the most efficient power plants for low-carbon fuels. But the utilization of anode off-gas was a challenge. Homogeneous charge compression ignition has the advantage for such dilute and high-temperature fuels of 800 K∼ 1000 K and 80% inert gases, but easily influenced by intake temperature, pressure and composition. Based on 1-D model coupled with detail methane-air mechanism. Insights into engine performance combining thermodynamic trajectory and CA50 iso-contour on the PT domain for combustion of anode off-gas and refueled off-gas was provided. Results show that refueling strategy would benefit indicated mean effective pressure and misfire, but had little effect on thermal efficiency, and increase the possibility of knock and emissions by autoigniting in advanced and increased fuel reactivity. Exhaust gas recirculation strategy helped operate at low-temperature and low-pressure with refueling strategy. The overlapping safe zone implies the safe temperature and pressure for engine fueled with anode off-gas to add new fuel. As equivalence ratio increased, the thermal efficiency first increased and then decreased, peaking at 0.3. Although the combustion of the compression ratio of 17.1 is higher than that of the compression ratio of 8.2, the thermal efficiency and knock trend is worse.

Role of Hydrogen in I.C Engines

The development of combustion models, paired with the usage of biofuels, has been viewed as an effective way to minimize pollutant emissions such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke. Indeed, homogenous Charge Compression Ignition is a novel strategy to significantly reducing NOx emissions and smoke due to lower cylinder temperature and a higher rate of homogenous air fuel mixture as compared to compression ignition engines. The experimental findings demonstrated the maximum brake thermal efficiency, despite a 4.1% decrease compared to diesel in normal mode. Hydrogen energy is a key technical pathway for achieving carbon peak and neutrality. One method of utilizing hydrogen energy is through a direct injection engine. It has the advantage of increasing thermal efficiency and reducing aberrant combustion phenomena.The impact of using hydrogen to increase fuel economy and considerably reduce exhaust emissions. The use of hydrogen in S.I. and C.I. engines has been researched. Keywords: 1) Hydrogen. 2) Internal Combustion Engine. 3) Combustion with High Pressure Injection 4) Zero emissions.

A relative comparison of HCCI, PCCI, and RCCI combustion strategies: an alternative fuels perspective

Low temperature combustion (LTC) strategies have the potential for simultaneous reduction in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions while achieving higher thermal efficiency. Commercial widespread implementation of LTC strategies demands addressing several challenges, including narrow operating load range, lack of ignition timing control, and reducing high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. These challenges could be because the conventional engine design and fuels cannot adapt well to LTC modes. Thus, replacing conventional diesel fuel with suitable alternative fuels for LTC strategies is essential. In the present work, three LTC strategies, Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI), and Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI), are compared with conventional diesel combustion in a production, light-duty diesel engine from an alternative fuel perspective to come up with a befitting strategy and fuel to achieve wider operating range and lower emissions. The fuel selection strategy based on the fundamental fuel property requirements of the three LTC strategies has been discussed in detail. The baseline reference data is fixed by comparing three LTC strategies with conventional diesel combustion using diesel and gasoline as reference fuel at 40% load, the maximum common achievable load among the three LTC strategies. This is followed by an investigation of the effect of alternative fuels across three LTC strategies to address the shortcomings of the LTC strategies. The results show that the engine operating load range could be extended, and HC and CO emissions are reduced significantly with alternative fuels in the three LTC strategies.

Experimental and numerical investigation of methane combustion in a HCCI engine under enriched oxygen conditions

The challenge in the energy transition lies in the intermittent nature of renewable energy, requiring the development of effective storage methods. E-fuels are considered a promising solution, with potential applications to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines known for their high thermal efficiency and low nitrogen oxide emissions. However, HCCI engines face limitations such as low power density and a narrow operating range. To overcome these issues, oxygen-enriched combustion is proposed, aiming at enhancing the mixture reactivity and expanding the operating range by decreasing the intake temperature. As the potential of the expansion of the operating range has never been investigated, we performed an experimental campaign using a methane-fuelled HCCI engine at variable oxygen fractions in the oxidizer. To further elucidate the effects of oxy-fuel combustion, we also performed a kinetic analysis of the reactions driving the combustion behaviour. It has been experimentally found that increasing the oxygen content in the mixture, up to 90%, has a significant potential to decrease the needed intake temperature (up to 70 °C) of the charge to keep the Maximum Pressure Rise Rate (MPRR) below the safety threshold of 8 bar/CAD. Despite the notable IMEP increase achieved, operating the engine at high oxygen content presents significant technical challenges. Therefore, to make HCCI engines competitive with other combustion modes, it is essential to combine oxygen enrichment with additional power density enhancement techniques. The kinetic analysis has highlighted that the mixture is less sensitive to intake temperature changes at higher oxygen percentages (above 50%) and that the rates of the main reactions involved in methane and OH consumption are highly enhanced by oxygen addition.

Study on the Effect of Coupled Internal and External EGR on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition under High Pressure Rise Rate

This paper investigated the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion in internal combustion engines. The exhaust valve closing (EVC) timings were scanned to obtain a set of baseline operating points for HCCI, and the coupling control of the internal and external EGR was explored. The results indicate that external EGR delays HCCI ignition timing and slows down the combustion speed. As the internal EGR rate increases, the maximum external EGR ratio that can be tolerated decreases. For HCCI detonation operating points with low internal EGR rates, the addition of up to 10% of external EGR can control the pressure rise rate peak to less than 10 bar/°CA, resulting in reduced fuel consumption and increased indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). However, for HCCI operating points with high internal EGR rates, the effect of external EGR is mainly observed in the control of the pressure rise rate, with limited increase in IMEP. Additionally, an increasing external EGR rate leads to a significant decrease in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, while carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions slightly increase before engine misfire occurs. These findings suggest that the coupling control of internal and external EGR should be explored further, particularly in relation to reducing the negative valve overlap (NVO) angle and improving combustion efficiency.

Numerical study of piston bowl geometries on PFI-HCCI engine performance

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an advanced combustion strategy proposed to provide higher efficiency and lower emissions than conventional compression ignition. However, there are still tough challenges in the successful operation of HCCI engines. Among these challenges, homogeneous mixture preparation and combustion phase control plays a vital role in determining the efficiency and emissions. Piston bowl geometry significantly enhances the process by improving the flow, turbulence, and mixing for the combustion. The study utilised experimental and numerical simulation methods to analyse HCCI combustion in port fuel injection (PFI) mode and evaluate the effect of piston geometries on engine performance. For this purpose, the different pistons bowl geometries (Baseline model, SQC, and CCC) with the same volume, compression, and equivalence ratio were numerically tested in a four-stroke, single-cylinder, YANMAR diesel engine. The numerical simulation results provide adequate assurance to proceed with the study with different piston geometries design. Compared to SQC and CCC, the Baseline model produced significantly higher cylinder pressure, temperature, and heat release rate. Different piston shape designs influenced the formation of air-fuel mixing, thereby affecting the time and location of onset combustion. The present investigation offered the significant role of piston geometry for the control mechanism of PFI-HCCI combustion, that is a vital part in demonstrating HCCI combustion.

Revolutionizing engine technology: The emergence and potential of novel engine materials

Concerns from both society and the government about the pollutants from automobile exhaust is becoming more and more noticeable in recent years. Compared with the engines mostly used currently, which are gasoline engines and diesel engines, the HCCI engine has ameliorated not only the problem of pollutant emissions but also efficiency to a large extent. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines. It first introduces the fundamental processes governing HCCI combustion and illustrates its working mechanism. While HCCI engines promise heightened efficiency, reduced emissions, and fuel versatility, they also present challenges such as combustion timing and related emissions. Commercial implementations by Nissan and Honda are discussed, shedding light on real-world applicability. Furthermore, the potential amalgamation of biodiesel with HCCI is explored, signaling a promising future for renewable fuels in advanced combustion engines. Despite the rise of hybrid vehicles, the unique benefits of HCCI position it as a significant player in future transportation. This paper emphasizes the necessity of ongoing research to overcome HCCIs challenges, ensuring it remains at the forefront of green automotive solutions.

Comparison of diesel engine with other engines and NOx scandal

This essay will focus on the comparison of the Homogenous Charged Compression Ignition engine and the Diesel engine. Diesel engine is one of the most widely used engines in the world. It uses fossil fuel such as the gasoline to get power. What is more, it does not need a spark to ignite the fuel. It uses compression method to burn the fuel. However, there is also some problems for this kind of engine, such as the greenhouse effect and the heat loss for this kind of engine. Compared to the Diesel engine, the Homogenous Charged Compression Ignition engine can mix the fuel into a correct ratio before burning. This can improve the efficiency of burning process. It can also improve the energy it released to get more power. There are several solutions to the problem. For example, to reduce the bad effect caused by the fossil fuel, people started to develop the hydrogen fuel. There are also some limitations of the hydrogen, such as expensive cost for producing the hydrogen and the hard storage of hydrogen. Use hydrogen to replace the fuel will face some problems. As a result, improving the efficiency of burning fossil fuel will also be a good choice. The essay also focuses on the scandal of diesel engines, mainly talks about the scandal of the diesel-engine transportation. Diesel engines are the most widely used engine in the world, they will release wastes, pollution and some toxic gases when they are working. Have these scandals been fixed?

Frictional Losses of Ring Pack in SI and HCCI Engine

The vast majority of research dedicated to enhancing the homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) low-temperature combustion system is focused on improving controllability, efficiency and emissions. This article aims to assess the impact of HCCI combustion on the operation of the piston ring system. Utilizing the measured pressures in the combustion chamber of a single-cylinder research engine operating in spark ignition (SI) and HCCI modes at various loads, simulations were carried out using an advanced ring pack model. This model integrates the gas flow, ring dynamics and ring mixed lubrication models. Simulations revealed that differences in the pressure above the piston between the HCCI and SI combustion significantly influence ring pack performance. The predicted energy losses due to the friction of piston rings against the cylinder liner are up to 5% higher in the HCCI engine than in the SI engine. This identified drawback diminishes the advantages of the HCCI engine resulting from higher thermal efficiency, and efforts should be made to minimize this negative impact.

Exploring the Impact of Al2O3 Additives in Gasoline on HCCI-DI Engine Performance: An Experimental, Neural Network, and Regression Analysis Approach.

This study delves into the influence of incorporating alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles with waste cooking oil (WCO) biofuels in a gasoline engine that employs premixed fuel. During the suction phase, gasoline blends with atmospheric air homogeneously at the location of the inlet manifold. The biodiesel, enhanced with Al2O3 nanoparticles and derived from WCO, is subsequently directly infused into the combustion chamber at 23° before the top dead center. The results highlight that when gasoline operates in the homogeneous charge compression ignition with direct injection (HCCI-DI) mode, there is a notable enhancement in thermal efficiency by 4.23% in comparison to standard diesel combustion. Incorporating the Al2O3 nanoparticles with the WCO biodiesel contributes to an extra rise of 6.76% in thermal efficiency. Additionally, HCCI-DI combustion paves the way for a reduction in nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions, whereas biodiesel laced with Al2O3 nanoparticles notably reduces hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide discharges. Predictive tools such as artificial neural networks and regression modeling were employed to forecast engine performance variables.

A Numerical Investigation on Laminar Flame Speed of Syngas in Air with Ozone Addition

In the context of energy and propulsion systems, in recent years engineering research has increased its efforts to develop more efficient technologies with a lower environmental impact. Specifically, new combustion systems have been investigated, such as ultra-lean combustion and Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion, and sustainable fuels have been employed. With respect to the latter option, syngas and hydrogen have emerged as attractive choices. However, the low specific energy of syngas and the presence of diluents can cause flame failure and instability. On the other hand, it is well known that ozone-assisted combustion enhances the Laminar Flame Speed (LFS), reduces the ignition delay time, and improves the flame stabilization of fuels such as methane, n-heptane and iso-octane, since it affects the chemistry in the Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) regime. In this context, the aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of ozone on the LFS of syngas/ozone/air mixtures. Specifically, 1-D simulations have been carried out to compute the LFS of CO/H2 and CO/H2/N2 syngas mixtures. The model has been validated against experimental data available in the scientific literature by considering four different reaction mechanisms. Then, the model has been used to perform a parametric analysis by considering different conditions in terms of syngas composition (three different CO/H2 ratios) and equivalence ratio (from 0.5 to 5). The results show that the addition of 2500 ppm of ozone in air results in an increase in LFS for all equivalence ratios examined. The four different mechanisms give comparable results in terms of LFS and LFS increase for CO/H2 syngas, and are also able to predict ozone effect on LFS enhancement for CO/H2/N2 mixtures. Finally, the results show that the influence of ozone, in terms of LFS percentage increase, is greater for CO/H2 ultra lean mixtures with a lower CO/H2 ratio.

The study on the conversion of single cylinder engine into homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine

The study on the conversion of single cylinder engine into homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine

Experimental study on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuelled with multiple biofuel-gasoline blends

For sustainable future mobility and power generation applications, there is a compelling need to develop flex-fuel engines that operate with multiple regional or season-specific biofuels. The present investigation focussed on mitigating agricultural diesel engines’ pollutant emission and performance problems. A systematic experimental study is carried out in a modified agricultural diesel engine to compare and evaluate the engine characteristics of the biofuel-gasoline blends fuelled Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) mode. Seven different oxygenated biofuels: acetone, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, ethyl acetate, and diisopropyl ether blended in gasoline, were investigated. 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate was used to improve the reactivity of fuel blends to the extent that lower engine loads could be reached. All the investigated biofuel-gasoline blends could produce permissible emission levels by suitably tuning the fuel proportions. The total nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions were below 2.8 and 0.0007 g/kWh, respectively, for all the investigated biofuel-gasoline blends at all the HCCI engine load conditions. The highest indicated thermal efficiency of 42% was attained using 60% ethanol/34% gasoline/6% 2-EHN blend in the HCCI engine at 4.63 bar BMEP (86% rated load), a notable 25% improvement compared to the conventional diesel engine. A detailed investigation was done to elucidate the HCCI engine performance (indicated thermal efficiency) trend variations with biofuel type and engine load. The Response Surface Method was adopted to correlate the maximum and the minimum engine load with the fuel composition and properties. The Desirability Approach provided the optimum fuel composition and properties to maximize the engine load range. The optimum solution achieved the engine load range of 20%–89% rated load. Overall, a compact, efficient, and clean HCCI combustion-based engine technology was developed that could be operated using multiple biofuels over an expanded load range.

A co-kurtosis PCA based dimensionality reduction with nonlinear reconstruction using neural networks

For turbulent reacting flow systems, identification of low-dimensional representations of the thermo-chemical state space is vitally important, primarily to significantly reduce the computational cost of device-scale simulations. Principal component analysis (PCA), and its variants, are a widely employed class of methods. Recently, an alternative technique that focuses on higher-order statistical interactions, co-kurtosis PCA (CoK-PCA), has been shown to effectively provide a low-dimensional representation by capturing the stiff chemical dynamics associated with spatiotemporally localized reaction zones. While its effectiveness has only been demonstrated based on a priori analyses with linear reconstruction, in this work, we employ nonlinear techniques to reconstruct the full thermo-chemical state and evaluate the efficacy of CoK-PCA compared to PCA. Specifically, we combine a CoK-PCA-/PCA-based dimensionality reduction (encoding) with an artificial neural network (ANN) based reconstruction (decoding) and examine, a priori, the reconstruction errors of the thermo-chemical state. In addition, we evaluate the errors in species production rates and heat release rates, which are nonlinear functions of the reconstructed state, as a measure of the overall accuracy of the dimensionality reduction technique. We employ four datasets to assess CoK-PCA/PCA coupled with ANN-based reconstruction: zero-dimensional (homogeneous) reactor for autoignition of an ethylene/air mixture that has conventional single-stage ignition kinetics, a dimethyl ether (DME)/air mixture which has two-stage (low and high temperature) ignition kinetics, a one-dimensional freely propagating premixed ethylene/air laminar flame, and a two-dimensional dataset representing turbulent autoignition of ethanol in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. Results from the analyses demonstrate the robustness of the CoK-PCA based low-dimensional manifold with ANN reconstruction in accurately capturing the data, specifically from the reaction zones.

Frontier development and prospect trend of HCCI engine

Nowadays, with the rapid development of information technology, the level of science and technology is constantly improving. All fields are developing rapidly. In recent years, the development of the automotive engine industry has been particularly rapid. To cope with increasingly strict environmental requirements and the impact of electric motors on the market, a new engine model is gradually being valued. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) internal combustion engine is a new type of engine. It has the technical advantages of traditional diesel and gasoline engines. This combustion mode greatly improves the emission of pollutants and the engine’s overall efficiency. However, there are still certain challenges to this technology at present. But with the continuous improvement and optimization of related technologies. HCCI engines are bound to have broad development prospects. This article elaborates on the current status and development trends of HCCI engines from four perspectives: basic principles, combustion characteristics, emission characteristics, and the latest developments.

Effect on minor addition of aromatic (benzyl alcohol) and diethyl ether in Calophyllum inophyllum blended diesel fuel in a CI engine operates by hydrogen energy as a secondary fuel

Strict regulations on vehicle emissions are in place to lessen pollution and environmental damage. The depletion of fossil fuels also threatens energy security. Renewable, cleaner-burning and sustainable fuels could aid the researcher in solving these problems. Because of their limited supply, renewable fuels cannot resolve the issue independently. Therefore, much research is being done on enhanced combustion technologies, such as dual-fuel engines, homogenous charge compression ignition, and low-temperature combustion. The Calophyllum inophyllum oil (P20) mixed with diesel, diethyl ether, and aromatic alcohol (benzyl alcohol) was tested in this study using a dual-fuel engine. Hydrogen gas is added to the air intake manifold as a second energy source. Aromatic alcohol is an organic fuel that can be produced naturally by hydrolysis of lignin. The OH hydroxyl group is attached to the aromatic ring and promotes free radical propagation. Minor addition of oxygenates affects the performance, combustion, and emission of engines operating on various loads. Maximum brake thermal efficiency and lower brake-specific fuel consumption were observed with 20 % aromatic alcohol, 32.45 %, and 0.2 kg/kW-hr, respectively. Brake thermal efficiency improved to 6.54 % compared to neat diesel. Reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption by 28 % compared to diesel fuel. Compared to other blends, aromatic alcohol additions are linked to reduced smoke, HC, and CO emissions. However, using aromatic alcohol results in slightly increased nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel. Blends of biofuel and benzyl alcohol have shown favorable effects in terms of enhanced combustion, reduced emissions, and increased efficiency.