Homogenization Technique Research Articles

Transport of a solute in primary and secondary flows through a rotating channel with an absorbing wall

This study uses a multi-scale homogenization technique to provide an analytical solution for solute transport in a viscous fluid flowing between rotating parallel plates. The analytical solutions for the mean and vertical concentration distributions of the solute are derived up to second-order approximations. The channel undergoes rotation around an axis perpendicular to its walls with uniform angular velocity, resulting in a secondary flow. Most previous literature focused on determining the dispersion coefficient for the primary flow. Apart from the dispersion coefficient, we also found the mean and vertical concentration distributions for both primary and secondary flows. The effects of a dimensionless rotation parameter (α) and boundary absorption parameters on solute mean and vertical concentration distributions in both flow directions are discussed. Results reveal that, for the primary flow, the peak of the mean concentration distribution of the solute increases until α=2.2, then becomes flat with higher α. This phenomenon is due to the emergence of the Coriolis force, which shifts the maximum velocity toward the walls, thereby increasing velocity variation across the channel, whereas for secondary flow, the mean concentration increases with increasing α. However, in the secondary flow direction, the vertical concentration distribution reaches uniformity over significantly longer timescales (e.g., dimensionless τ∼105, for α = 2) than the primary flow (dimensionless τ∼10).

Homogenization Technique of Nanocrystalline Cores Considering the Inter-Laminar Eddy Currents Due to Inter-Layer Contact

Homogenization Technique of Nanocrystalline Cores Considering the Inter-Laminar Eddy Currents Due to Inter-Layer Contact

Chitosan based hydrogel fabricated with Fusidic acid loaded SLNs topical system: A new approach against MRSA related wound infections

This research work aims to explore the potential therapeutic efficacy of Fusidic acid loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FA-SLNs) based hydrogel for topical delivery, particularly focusing on the eradication of MRSA induced infections. Hot homogenization techniques were employed for the fabrication of FA-SLNs. The nanocarriers were optimized by using Box-Behnken statistical model, which exhibited a particle size of 276.9 nm, zeta potential of -22.7 mV and entrapment efficiency of 87% with spherical morphology. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-Ray diffractometry validated the amorphous nature of drug in SLNs. Optimized FA-SLNs were integrated into chitosan hydrogel for topical delivery, demonstrating sustained in vitro drug release, less permeation and better retention characteristics compared to the conventional commercially available formulations. Microbiological studies revealed strikingly enhanced antibacterial activity of FA-SLNs and FA-SLNs based hydrogel against resistant and non-resistant strains when compared to coarse drug and FA-Marketed cream. Additionally, MTT assay demonstrated the nontoxic nature of FA-SLNS. In vivo prospect of optimized formulation was assessed for its wound healing potential in MRSA induced wound infection, and various diverse aspects including bacterial load, wound contraction, morphological and histopathological metrics of wounds were analyzed. The findings indicated a substantially improved therapeutic effectiveness in the group treated with FA-SLNs-based hydrogel. The current research study introduces a promising breakthrough for treating wound infections by presenting a safe, efficacious and reliable formulation.

A novel homologous acid ferric chloride/5-sulfosalicylic acid coordinated catalytic pretreatment for high-efficiency selective separation of poplar hemicellulose

The selective and efficient separation of hemicellulose is a challenge for utilizing lignocellulosic biomass for high-value purposes. This study reports the development of a novel homogeneous acid-catalyzed pretreatment technique based the homologous action of both FeCl3 and 5-sulfosalicylic acid (5-SAA). The optimal separation conditions (5-SAA concentration of 7.0 %, reaction temperature of 130 °C, FeCl3 concentration of 0.15 mol·L−1, and reaction time of 60 min) enabled a high hemicellulose separation efficiency of 90.68 %. The hemicellulose-derived total sugar yield was as high as 83.05 % which was increased by 30 %. Moreover, the xylose yield was increased by 10 %, and the content of oligosaccharides was triple higher than that in the single component treatment, up to 19.64 %. The depolymerization and recondensation of lignin were prevented using the 5-SAA hydrophobic structure (benzene ring structure) and hydrophilic end (−HSO3 and −COOH). The proposed strategy is a promising approach that can enable an efficient and selective separation of hemicellulose and consequently improve the quality of biomass materials.

Volumetric Homogenization for Knitwear Simulation

This paper presents volumetric homogenization, a spatially varying homogenization scheme for knitwear simulation. We are motivated by the observation that macro-scale fabric dynamics is strongly correlated with its underlying knitting patterns. Therefore, homogenization towards a single material is less effective when the knitting is complex and non-repetitive. Our method tackles this challenge by homogenizing the yarn-level material locally at volumetric elements. Assigning a virtual volume of a knitting structure enables us to model bending and twisting effects via a simple volume-preserving penalty and thus effectively alleviates the material nonlinearity. We employ an adjoint Gauss-Newton formulation[Zehnder et al. 2021] to battle the dimensionality challenge of such per-element material optimization. This intuitive material model makes the forward simulation GPU-friendly. To this end, our pipeline also equips a novel domain-decomposed subspace solver crafted for GPU projective dynamics, which makes our simulator hundreds of times faster than the yarn-level simulator. Experiments validate the capability and effectiveness of volumetric homogenization. Our method produces realistic animations of knitwear matching the quality of full-scale yarn-level simulations. It is also orders of magnitude faster than existing homogenization techniques in both the training and simulation stages.

Converging narrow-channel flow of a super-critical fluid

The solution of a supercritical fluid flowing into a constricted narrow channel is presented in this study. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations in the lubrication limit coupled with the energy equation and the isothermal and non-isothermal van der Waals fluid and perfect gas have been solved. In order to find the semi-analytical solution of these non-linear coupled equations, homogenization technique in the transverse direction has been applied. Because of the high compressibility and high thermal expansion of supercritical fluids, waviness is observed in the flow and thermal fields near the exit of the channel. This effect is attributed to the channel constriction where the slope is maximum, where a strong coupling between the pressure and density gradients exists. Moreover, the density difference between the exit and inlet of the channel drastically increases when one approaches the critical point, corroborating the data from existing literature.

Effective Elastic Properties of Hierarchical Honeycombs with Corrugated Sandwich Walls

Hierarchical honeycombs with sandwich cell walls are classified as advanced honeycomb structures with enhanced mass-specific mechanical properties. In this paper, we present a hierarchical honeycomb composed of corrugated sandwich cell walls and investigate its effective elastic response in terms of the nine elastic constants of orthotropic materials. An analytical model is employed to predict the elastic constants, which has been previously utilized for similar honeycombs with sandwich walls of solid homogenous cores. Numerical predictions were obtained through a finite element-based homogenization technique and used to validate the analytical model predictions for a range of design parameters. Results indicate that the optimal design increases the in-plane stiffness by up to 350%, while a reduction of 20% occurs for the out-of-plane shear stiffness.

Multiscale modeling of thermo-hydromechanical behavior of clayey rocks and application to geological disposal of radioactive waste

This work is devoted to numerical analysis of thermo-hydromechanical problem and cracking process in saturated porous media in the context of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste. The fundamental background of thermo-poro-elastoplasticity theory is first summarized. The emphasis is put on the effect of pore fluid pressure on plastic deformation. A micromechanics-based elastoplastic model is then presented for a class of clayey rocks considered as host rock. Based on linear and nonlinear homogenization techniques, the proposed model is able to systematically account for the influences of porosity and mineral composition on macroscopic elastic properties and plastic yield strength. The initial anisotropy and time-dependent deformation are also taken into account. The induced cracking process is described by using a non-local damage model. A specific hybrid formulation is proposed, able to conveniently capture tensile, shear and mixed cracks. In particular, the influences of pore pressure and confining stress on the shear cracking mechanism are taken into account. The proposed model is applied to investigating thermo-hydromechanical responses and induced damage evolution in laboratory tests at the sample scale. In the last part, an in-situ heating experiment is analyzed by using the proposed model. Numerical results are compared with experimental data and field measurements in terms of temperature variation, pore fluid pressure change and induced damaged zone.

Antibacterial properties enhancement tropical fruit waste biopolymer hydrogel loaded Nephelium Lappaceum leaf extract for sanitizing applications

Current alcohol-based sanitizers present safety concerns and are not suitable for all applications. To address the issue, biopolymer hydrogels offer a safer, sustainable alternative due to biocompatibility, biodegradability, and customizable properties. In present study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was prepared from Durian fruit rind, a tropical fruit byproduct rich in polysaccharides and combined with the synthetic polymer Carbopol to form a hydrogel with homogenization technique. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) leaf extract (RLE) as an antibacterial agent was analyzed for functional, morphological, antibacterial, and structural properties. Phytochemical analysis of RLE confirmed the presence of antibacterial compounds, while Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were 33.3 μg/mL for Escherichia coli and 28.5 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscopy showed significant disruptions in bacterial cell walls. Hydrogel incorporated RLE was produced with improved properties confirmed through viscosity, FT-IR, Disc-diffusion assay and spread plate method analysis. In general, Rambutan leaf extract significantly improves the antibacterial properties of biopolymer-based hydrogels, hence offering a promising, eco-friendly alternative to alcohol-based sanitizers.

Analytical evaluation of the elastic stresses in a multilayer spherical pressure vessel

An explicit-form solution is constructed for a problem on elastic deformation of a multilayer spherical vessel due to uniform internal pressure. The vessel is assembled of perfectly connected elastic layers whose material properties may arbitrarily vary across their thickness. The solution is constructed through the use of the single solid approach along with the modified scheme of the direct integration method which allow for the consideration of the multilayer vessel as a composite sphere with piecewise-variable profiles of the material properties. As a result, the original problem is reduced to solving a governing integral equation of the second kind whose solution is constructed in the form of the explicit dependence on the internal pressure. The solution is verified by the comparison with exact solutions derived by making use the method of tailored solutions for specific benchmark problems. By comparing our with the one for a functionally-graded sphere, whose material properties are evaluated through the use of the micromodular homogenization technique, the specific features of the circumferential stress are analyzed.

Synthesis and characterization of Er2O3-doped Y2O3 nanoparticle incorporated optical fiber for use as optical amplifier

Erbium oxide (Er2O3)-doped optical fibers (EDF) are well-known for their applications in optical amplification at 1550 nm. In this study, we present the synthesis of Er2O3-doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) using a homogeneous coprecipitation technique and their integration into optical fibers for enhanced optical amplification. A series of NP samples with varying Y/Er molar ratios were synthesized to identify the optimal composition for incorporation into optical fibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the nanoparticles crystallize in a cubic geometry (space group Ia3) with crystallite sizes ranging from 20 to 41 nm. These sizes increased approximately to 90 nm as the calcination temperature was raised from 1000°C to 1400°C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) corroborated the XRD results, while high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirmed the crystalline structure and an average particle size of approximately 100 nm. Photoluminescence studies showed that emission and excitation intensities were functions of the Y/Er molar concentration ratio and calcination temperature, with the lifetime extending up to 6.86 ms for a sample with a 0.25:0.01 Y2O3:Er2O3 ratio calcined at 1400°C. To assess the performance of the synthesized NPs, an optical preform was prepared using the Vapor Phase Delivery (VPD) method combined with the Solution Doping (SD) technique. The preform was then drawn into fiber, and its amplification performance was evaluated. The resulting fiber demonstrated efficient amplification with a gain of 14.9 dB with respect to 0 dBm input signal at 1550 nm under 150 mW pump power from 9 m active fiber, indicating its potential as a gain medium for constructing erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs).

Evaluation of Emulsification Techniques to Optimize the Properties of Chalcone Nanoemulsions for Antifungal Applications.

Background/Objectives: Nanoemulsions (NEs) possess properties that enhance the solubility, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Chalcones are compounds known for their antifungal properties. In this study, we evaluated different emulsification techniques to create alginate nanoemulsions containing chalcone (1E,4E)-1,5-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) penta-1,4-dien-3-one (DB4OCH3). Our goal was to develop an antifungal formulation targeting Candida albicans strains. Methods: Ultrasound and ultrasound combined with high-speed homogenization techniques were used to prepare alginate-stabilized nanoemulsions. Particle size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency were evaluated. Additionally, in vitro release studies were conducted. Results: The combined emulsification technique produced stable nanoparticles with high encapsulation efficiency and antifungal activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8.75 μg/mL for the nanoemulsions compared to 312 µg/mL for free DB4OCH3. NEs' effectiveness can be attributed to their ability to form nanodroplets efficiently, facilitating the solubilization of the chalcone in the oily phase. The particle size varied between 195.70 ± 2.69 and 243.40 ± 4.49 nm, with an increase in chalcone concentration leading to larger particle sizes. The zeta potential showed values from -91.77 ± 5.58 to -76.90 ± 4.44 mV. The UHS-7 sample exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 92.10% ± 0.77, with a controlled in vitro release of 83% after 34 h. Molecular docking simulations showed that the aromatic nature of DB4OCH3 resulted in the formation of apolar interactions with aromatic residues located in the active site of the TMK, as observed in their respective co-crystallized inhibitors, within an affinity energy range that enables optimum specificity of the ligand for these two pathways. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated high passive cell permeability and low hepatic clearance, and phase I metabolism reduces its oral bioavailability and metabolic stability, suggesting a promising active ingredient as an oral drug with control of the daily oral dose administered. Conclusions: The combined nanoemulsification technique led to the formation of finely dispersed nanodroplets that favored the solubilization of the chalcone in the oil phase, which led to a better performance in the antifungal properties. DB4OCH3 shows promise as an oral drug with controlled dosing.

Effective flexoelectric properties of inclusion-based composites based on strain gradient theory and homogenization technique

This study focuses on enhancing flexoelectricity in composites and develops a new micromechanical analytical framework to determine the effective electromechanical properties of inclusion-based flexoelectric composites within the context of SGE. Initially, we specialize in studying isotropic materials and derive the governing Navier equations for the problem. Subsequently, we streamline these differential equations by introducing a Laplacian-type gradient state variable, departing from higher-order gradient-enrichment treatments. The study employs Green’s functions and stress polarization tensors for spherical inhomogeneities, deriving homogenized material properties through volumetric averages of microscopic properties weighted by displacement localization operators. The analytical scheme’s relevance is validated against results from reference models and experimental data. Effective composite properties are evaluated using numerical methods, with an emphasis on assessing the impact of reinforcement on these properties. Our findings lay the foundation for developing a micromechanical method to predict the electromechanical behavior of composites. Specifically, we demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed theory by deriving effective flexoelectric properties of particulate composites.

The Impact of Homogenization Techniques and Conditions on Water-In-Oil Emulsions for Casein Hydrolysate-Loaded Double Emulsions: A Comparative Study.

This study aims to evaluate homogenization techniques and conditions for producing stable, small droplet-size water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions intended for incorporation into casein hydrolysate-loaded double emulsions. Three commonly used homogenization methods; rotor-stator, ultrasonic, and high-pressure homogenization were individually optimized utilizing response surface methodology. Instances of over-processing were observed, particularly with the rotor-stator and ultrasonic homogenizers under specific conditions. Nevertheless, optimal conditions were identified for each technique: 530 s at 17,800 rpm agitation speed for the rotor-stator homogenizer, 139 s at 39% amplitude for the ultrasonic homogenizer, and 520 s at 1475 bar for the high-pressure homogenizer. Subsequently, the W/O emulsions produced under optimal conditions and their respective W1/O/W2 double emulsions were compared. The rotor-stator and high-pressure homogenized W/O emulsions exhibited comparable narrow droplet-size distributions, as indicated by similar Span values. However, high-pressure homogenization failed to sufficiently minimize droplet size. Ultrasonic homogenization resulted in droplets at the 1-μm scale but yielded more polydisperse droplet-size distribution. According to TOPSIS analysis, an emulsion with a viscosity of 93.1 cP (centiPoise), a stability index of 93.8%, a D(90) of 0.67 μm (0th day), and a D(90) of 0.75 μm (30th day) produced using a rotor-stator was selected. Additionally, double emulsions containing primary emulsions prepared with the rotor-stator method demonstrated higher viscosity, narrower droplet-size distribution, and lower creaming compared to other samples. This investigation sheds light on the influence of homogenization techniques on emulsion properties, providing valuable insights for optimizing double emulsion formulations.

Cubosomes – A novel approach to taste masking using ibuprofen as a model drug

Taste masking of any pediatric oral formulation has always been a hurdle. Cubosomses, a type of lyotropic liquid crystal, have been used in this research to develop an oral formulation of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen cubosomes were prepared with glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and poloxamer 407 by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique. The formulation experiments were performed using a 2-level, 3-factor central composite design with drug loading, GMO concentration and HPH pressure as independent variables and vesicle size, entrapment efficiency and %drug content as the dependent variables. The most suitable ibuprofen cubosomes showed 94 nm vesicle size, −17.5 mV zeta potential, >75% drug content and >96% entrapment efficiency. The cubosomes released more than 80% of the drug within 2 hours. In vitro taste masking study showed significantly lower drug release than its bitterness threshold. An in vivo taste masking study in healthy adult volunteers showed significant taste masking compared to the marketed formulation and ibuprofen pure suspension. % of the volunteers observed cubosomes as not bitter. In contrast, 67% of the volunteers reported marketed suspension as very bitter. The developed cubosomes resulted in physical stability for three months of proper storage. The study has successfully achieved considerable taste-masking using cubosomes with GMO and Poloxmaer 407 formulation. This proof of concept can initiate a new field of research in taste-masked oral liquid formulation.

Elastic properties and thermodynamic anomalies of supersolids

We study a supersolid in the context of a Gross-Pitaevskii theory with a nonlocal effective potential. We employ a homogenization technique which allows us to calculate the elastic moduli, supersolid fraction, and other state variables of the system. Our methodology is verified against numerical simulations of elastic deformations. We can also verify that the long-wavelength Goldstone modes that emerge from this technique agree with Bogoliubov theory. We find a thermodynamic anomaly that the supersolid does not obey the thermodynamic relation ∂P/∂V|N=−n(∂P/∂N|V), which we claim is a feature unique to supersolids. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Bio-Pesticidal Potential of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Thyme and Rosemary Essential Oils against Common Ornamental Flower Pests

The encapsulation of essential oils (EOs) in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) represents a modern and sustainable approach within the agrochemical industry. This research evaluated the colloidal properties and insecticidal activity of NLCs loaded with thyme essential oil (TEO-NLC) and rosemary essential oil (REO-NLC) against three common arthropod pests of ornamental flowers: Frankliniella occidentalis, Myzus persicae, and Tetranychus urticae. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified the major chemical constituents of the EOs, with TEO exhibiting a thymol chemotype and REO exhibiting an α-pinene chemotype. NLCs were prepared using various homogenization techniques, with high shear homogenization (HSH) providing the optimal particle size, size distribution, and surface electrical charge. A factorial design was employed to evaluate the effects of EO concentration, surfactant concentration, and liquid lipid/solid lipid ratio on the physicochemical properties of the nanosuspensions. The final TEO-NLC formulation had a particle size of 347.8 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.182, a zeta potential of −33.8 mV, an encapsulation efficiency of 71.9%, and a loading capacity of 1.18%. The REO-NLC formulation had a particle size of 288.1 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.188, a zeta potential of −34 mV, an encapsulation efficiency of 80.6%, and a loading capacity of 1.40%. Evaluation of contact toxicity on leaf disks showed that TEO-NLC exhibited moderate insecticidal activity against the western flower thrips and mild acaricidal activity against the two-spotted spider mite, while REO-NLC demonstrated limited effects. These findings indicate that TEO-NLCs show potential as biopesticides for controlling specific pests of ornamental flowers, and further optimization of the administration dosage could significantly enhance their effectiveness.

Extending the Natural Neighbour Radial Point Interpolation Meshless Method to the Multiscale Analysis of Sandwich Beams with Polyurethane Foam Core

This work investigates the mechanical behaviour of sandwich beams with cellular cores using a multiscale approach combined with a meshless method, the Natural Neighbour Radial Point Interpolation Method (NNRPIM). The analysis is divided into two steps, aiming to analyse the efficiency of NNRPIM formulation when combined with homogenisation techniques for a multiscale computational framework of large-scale sandwich beam problems. In the first step, the cellular core material undergoes a controlled modification process in which circular holes are introduced into bulk polyurethane foam (PUF) to create materials with varying volume fractions. Subsequently, a homogenisation technique is combined with NNRPIM to determine the homogenised mechanical properties of these PUF materials with different porosities. In this step, NNRPIM solutions are compared with high-order FEM simulations. While the results demonstrate that RPIM can approximate high-order FEM solutions, it is observed that the computational cost increases significantly when aiming for comparable smoothness in the approximations. The second step applies the homogenised mechanical properties obtained in the first step to analyse large-scale sandwich beam problems with both homogeneous and functionally graded cores. The results reveal the capability of NNRPIM to closely replicate the solutions obtained from FEM analyses. Furthermore, an analysis of stress distributions along the beam thickness highlights a tendency for some NNRPIM formulations to yield slightly lower stress values near the domain boundaries. However, convergence towards agreement among different formulations is observed with mesh refinement. The findings of this study show that NNRPIM can be used as an alternative numerical method to FEM for analysing sandwich structures.

Freeze-dried wafers containing sesame oil for alleviation of dry mouth

A dry mouth is a condition with significant morbidity. Conventional saliva substitutes are expensive, short-lived, and prone to contamination. This study presents a Freeze-Dried Sesame Oil Emulsion Saliva Substitute (FD-SOESS), which combines the advantages of sesame oil through a freeze-drying process and assesses its effectiveness. High-speed homogenization (HSH) as well as high-pressure homogenization (HPH) techniques were employed to fabricate the FD-SOESS. The formulations that underwent the additional HPH step demonstrated improved physical properties, such as lower viscosity and faster redispersion times, compared to HSH alone. The optimized formulation (F11) possessed a near neutral pH of 6.67 and rapid re-dispersibility that was <141.5 s), which is acceptable for oral administration. Additionally, the FD-SOESS formulation revealed heterogeneous porous structures with a layered arrangement of different pore sizes, and the resulting formulation had low moisture content (2.76 %). The formulation met the microbial limit test. The antioxidant IC₅₀ of sesamin was found to be 0.318 μM. Furthermore, it was not toxic to periodontal cells at 50 μg/mL or 100 μg/mL. Human periodontal cell lines subjected to scratch and treated with FD-SOESS demonstrated notable migration that achieved complete wound closure within two days. The administration of FD-SOESS led to a notable elevation in the mucus concentrations found in the saliva samples of all participants. Overall, the results indicated that FD-SOESS is a highly promising alternative to saliva and may improve oral health for individuals suffering from dry mouth.

Effective removal of Calcium and Magnesium Ions from boiler feed Water using Polyacrylonitrile supported titanium tungstovanadate composite ion exchange nanofiber

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;​​​​​​&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;"&gt;The challenge posed by the presence of calcium ions (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;) in process streams is attributed to its adverse effects on the heat transfer efficiency of process equipment. In this study, a novel electrospun nanofibrous composite was synthesized by combining polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with well-dispersed Titanium tungestovanadate (TWV) cation exchanger. Homogeneous precipitation technique was employed to synthesize nano-titanium (IV) tungstovanadate (TWV) cation exchanger. Various synthesis parameters, including reactant volume ratio, amount of precipitating agent and reaction temperature, were optimized to achieve the highest ion exchange capacity (IEC). The prepared ion exchange material exhibited an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 2.39 meq.g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ions. The incorporation of the prepared nanoparticles into nanofibers conferred the sorption capabilities of the composite. The nanofibers' morphologies and structures were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Batch sorption experiments were carried out to investigate the sorption properties. Controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of various factors, including solution pH, temperature, dosage, contact time, and the initial concentration of the hard water. The results indicated that the optimum adsorption conditions that gave the highest percentage of removal 99%, 98% for Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp; ions respectively were 50 mg of adsorbent dosage, 500 ppm of Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp; solution =7, and a contact time of 30 min at room temperature .The &amp;nbsp;kinetic data were fitted to pseudo second order model. Furthermore, the thermodynamic study suggested that the adsorption on PAN/TWV NF was endothermic and spontaneous.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;