Homogeneous Mixing Research Articles

Synthesis of Cu2O Nanoparticles by Ellipse Curve Micromixer.

Micromixers offer the advantage of rapid and homogeneous mixing compared with conventional macroscale reaction systems, and thus they show great potential for the synthesis of nanoparticles. An ellipse curve serpentine micromixer, which had been proposed in our prior works was employed to synthesize Cu2O nanoparticles. Cu2O are excellent photocatalysts that have been widely utilized in the degradation of organic dyes. Owing to the excellent mixing performance, the reduction of Cu(OH)2 in micromixing synthesis was more sufficient than that in conventional stirring synthesis. The Cu2O nanoparticles synthesized by micromixing had smaller size and narrower size distribution compared with those synthesized by stirring in a beaker. The smallest Cu2O nanoparticles were obtained by micromixing with Re = 100 at T = 60 °C, while the most uniform Cu2O nanoparticles were obtained at T = 80 °C owing to Ostwald ripening. Through the photocatalytic degradation experiments of Rhodamine B, the Cu2O nanoparticles synthesized by micromixing were found to have better photocatalysis than those synthesized by stirring. The research results showed that the micromixing synthesis was a more suitable choice to produce Cu2O nanoparticles with excellent photocatalysis. The ellipse curve micromixer with a simple structure and high mixing performance can be applied in the synthesis of various nanoparticles.

Combined sustainable production technology of calcium chloride and lignin-derived porous carbon electrode materials

Sustainable co-production of materials and chemicals is essential to green production and reduction of contaminations. This work presents a sustainable production process for the co-production of porous carbon and calcium chloride using renewable lignin as the carbon precursor. The utilization of CaO as a hard template agent facilitates the creation of porous carbons through the homogeneous mixing of lignin precursors and CaO. Theoretically, it is possible to obtain carbon dioxide with high purity from the subsequent acid etching process. CaCl2 with high purity as a value-added product can be obtained by a straightforward crystallization process with a calcium collection efficiency of >93%. In this work, the formation mechanism of the pore structure evolution of LPC was elucidated by exploring the structural evolution of CaO during the reaction process. The obtained LPC has a hierarchical porous structure and specific surface areas around 700 m2 g−1. The obtained porous carbons showed excellent electrochemical performances as the cathodes of zinc ion hybrid capacitors. This combined sustainable production process could be developed as a practical process for the production of calcium chloride and porous carbons.

Direct observation of concentration fluctuations in Au–Si eutectic liquid by small-angle neutron scattering

It is well-known that eutectic gold–silicon (Au–Si) alloys exhibit anomalous melting point depression, which is more than 1000 °C from the melting point of elemental Si (1414 °C). The melting point depression in eutectic alloys is generally explained in terms of a decrease of the free energy by mixing. However, it is difficult to understand the anomalous melting point depression only from the stability of the homogeneous mixing. Some researchers suggest that there are concentration fluctuations in the liquids, where the atoms are inhomogeneously mixed. In this paper, we measure the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) of Au81.4Si18.6 (eutectic composition) and Au75Si25 (off-eutectic composition) at temperatures from room temperature to 900 °C in both solid and liquid states to observe such concentration fluctuations directly. It is surprising that large SANS signals are observed in the liquids. This indicates that there are concentration fluctuations in the liquids. The concentration fluctuations are characterized by either the correlation lengths in multiple length scales or surface fractals. This finding yields new insight into the mixing state in the eutectic liquids. The mechanism of the anomalous melting point depression is discussed based on the concentration fluctuations.

Effect and mechanism of induced crystallization softening treatment on water quality in drinking water distribution system with high hardness water source

Induced crystallization softening is one of the main methods for softening drinking water at present. It can also affect dynamic balance between water and pipe wall sediments in drinking water distribution system (DWDS) while reducing the total hardness. This paper takes HS water treatment plant (HSWTP) and DWDS as examples to study the influence of drinking water formed by homogeneous mixing of softened and non-softened drinking water on water quality and original sediments in DWDS. The results show that when the dosage of softening agent is about 300 mg/L, the effluent water quality of HSWTP was the best, and the scaling potential was basically eliminated. Continuous operation results show that there is no significant change in water quality index of HSWTP effluent in DWDS. However, the electrochemical characteristics assays results show that at the initial stage of softening treatment (0–10d), there is a material transition between water and pipe wall sediments in the DWDS. The original dynamic equilibrium stability of the DWDS is broken, and the DWDS is in a state of “instability” which can last about 30 days. Dynamic stability can be achieved in the DWDS again after 30–50 days of continuous operation. The degree of “instability” in DWDS is positively related to the extension of water supply pipeline and the increase of dosage of softening agent. The operation mode of adjusting dosage of softening agent by small increments for several times can alleviate the impact on drinking water quality caused by “instability” of DWDS.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of CTM Tablets by Direct Compression Method: A Systematic Literature Review

The direct compression method is one of the well-known formulation approaches in tablet manufacture. In this method, the active ingredients and additives of the formulation are mixed together and then compressed into tablets using a special device such as a compression machine. This study is a systematic review that aims to explore the formulation and physical evaluation of CTM tablets by direct compression method. The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the formulation and physical evaluation of CTM tablets by direct compression method. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. The direct compression method enables the manufacture of CTM tablets in a single production step, reducing the complexity and time required. The CTM tablet formulation process using the direct compression method involves homogeneous mixing of the raw materials and direct compression of the mixture into tablets using a compression machine. The direct compression method has advantages in production efficiency, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness, controlling the dosage of the drug contained in the tablet, and physical uniformity of the tablet. However, the direct compression method also has drawbacks, such as the risk of material segregation, difficulty in achieving controlled drug release, and the potential for direct effects on the active ingredients. Physical evaluation of tablets involves measuring the weight, thickness, and diameter of the tablets, as well as hardness or compressive strength tests to ensure the physical quality of the tablets produced. Drug release tests and dissolution tests were carried out to ensure that the CTM tablets released the drug consistently and under control according to regulatory requirements. Stability tests and chemical tests were carried out to check the physical and chemical changes of the tablets during storage and to ensure the integrity and purity of chlorpheniramine.

Development of emulsified acid system (EAS) using organoclays (OC): Rheology and implication to the acidizing

Matrix acidizing is a well-stimulation technique extensively used in the petroleum industry to increase well productivity by removing scales and creating channels in the rocks. However, conventional acidizing fluids used in this process have some limitations such as rapid reactions with scale and fines, high acid strength, and corrosion of equipment at high temperatures. To address these issues, emulsified acid system (EAS) is used in fracturing and acidizing operations for carbonate reservoirs to improve well productivity by removing formation damage. EAS can help to improve well productivity by creating deeper and narrower wormholes through reduced reaction rates of acid due to the external oil phase. However, EAS has limitations such as low stability at high temperatures, high viscosity that restricts pumping rates, potential formation damage, and difficulty in achieving homogenous mixing. Pickering emulsions, which use solid microparticles as a stabilizer instead of surfactants, show promise in overcoming these challenges due to their easy preparation, good thermal stability, and low viscosity at high shear rates.This study investigates the use of different types of organoclays (OC) for the development of an emulsified HCl acid systems for carbonate reservoirs. Several experiments were conducted to demonstrate and evaluate the use of OC for EAS and to improve field operations. To advance the development of EAS, a meticulous process was undertaken to select and optimize OCs as the key component. It include mineral characterization by XRD and XRF techniques, optimization of OC concentration (250–1000 ppm), and mixing speed (4000–8000 RPM). The thermal stability of the EAS was evaluated for a temperature range of 25–160 °C and a comprehensive analysis of EAS rheology (0.1–1000 sec−1) was performed. The conductivity, drop-test analysis, as well as micrographic analysis, were carried out to ensure the formation of invert emulsion. It was found that the required mixing speed was 6000 RPM and the optimum OC concentration was 500 ppm for developing a stable invert emulsion. The viscosity of the EAS shows increasing trends with an increase in temperature at the low shear rates (below 10 sec−1); however, at high shear rates (higher than 10 sec−1), the EAS viscosity decreases with temperature. The study found that OCs are promising emulsifiers for creating EAS with good thermal stability and low viscosity at high shear rates. The EAS formulated using OC were robust and thermally stable, making them suitable for field mixing procedures. Additionally, the OC used in the study are cost-effective, readily available, environmentally friendly, and have a high surface area, making them advantageous as an emulsifier.

Preparation of photothermal responsive, antibacterial hydrogel by using PVA-Alg and silver nanofibers as building blocks.

Introduction: Photothermal responsive, antimicrobial hydrogels are very attractive and have great potential in the field of tissue engineering. The defective wound environment and metabolic abnormalities in diabetic skin would lead to bacterial infections. Therefore, multifunctional composites with antimicrobial properties are urgently needed to improve the current therapeutic outcomes of diabetic wounds. We prepared an injectable hydrogel loaded with silver nanofibers for efficient and sustained bactericidal activity. Methods: To construct this hydrogel with good antimicrobial activity, homogeneous silver nanofibers were first prepared by solvothermal method and then dispersed in PVA-lg solution. After homogeneous mixing and gelation, injectable hydrogels (Ag@H) wrapped with silver nanofibers were obtained. Results: By virtue of Ag nanofibers, Ag@H exhibited good photothermal conversion efficiency and good antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria, while the in vivo antibacterial also showed excellent performance. The results of antibacterial experiments showed that Ag@H had significant bactericidal effects on MRSA and E. coli with 88.4% and 90.3% inhibition rates, respectively. Discussion: The above results indicate that Ag@H with photothermal reactivity and antibacterial activity is very promising for biomedical applications, such as wound healing and tissue engineering.

Effect of rGO nanoparticles on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of CaCO3 nanocomposite

Nanocomposites offer enhanced mechanical properties, increased functionalities, and improved manufacturing processes by incorporating nanoscale fillers into a matrix material. Therefore, nanocomposites outperform constituent materials in mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical properties and help to develop advanced lightweight and intelligent materials. The authors used a novel method to develop nano-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) doped nanocomposite, which is simple, fast, chemical free, and non-hazardous. Nanocomposite is synthesised using an in-house developed portable ball mill (6–9 V DC supply, 100 rpm) by varying the weight percentage (1–5%) of rGO in CaCO3. Characterisations such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction, UV–Vis Spectroscopy (UV), and Raman analysis are performed to examine the morphological, optical, and chemical bonding, respectively. FESEM confirms the homogeneous mixing of two different nanoparticles. Furthermore, UV spectroscopy shows that adding rGO increases absorbance while decreasing the optical band gap from 2.04 eV to 1.83 eV. The effect of rGO doping on CaCO3 electron excitation is significant.

Spatial heterogeneity and infection patterns on epidemic transmission disclosed by a combined contact-dependent dynamics and compartmental model.

Epidemics, such as COVID-19, have caused significant harm to human society worldwide. A better understanding of epidemic transmission dynamics can contribute to more efficient prevention and control measures. Compartmental models, which assume homogeneous mixing of the population, have been widely used in the study of epidemic transmission dynamics, while agent-based models rely on a network definition for individuals. In this study, we developed a real-scale contact-dependent dynamic (CDD) model and combined it with the traditional susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) compartment model. By considering individual random movement and disease spread, our simulations using the CDD-SEIR model reveal that the distribution of agent types in the community exhibits spatial heterogeneity. The estimated basic reproduction number R0 depends on group mobility, increasing logarithmically in strongly heterogeneous cases and saturating in weakly heterogeneous conditions. Notably, R0 is approximately independent of virus virulence when group mobility is low. We also show that transmission through small amounts of long-term contact is possible due to short-term contact patterns. The dependence of R0 on environment and individual movement patterns implies that reduced contact time and vaccination policies can significantly reduce the virus transmission capacity in situations where the virus is highly transmissible (i.e., R0 is relatively large). This work provides new insights into how individual movement patterns affect virus spreading and how to protect people more efficiently.

Compounding, Rheology and Numerical Simulation of Highly Filled Graphite Compounds for Potential Fuel Cell Applications.

Highly filled plastics may offer a suitable solution within the production process for bipolar plates. However, the compounding of conductive additives and the homogeneous mixing of the plastic melt, as well as the accurate prediction of the material behavior, pose a major challenge for polymer engineers. To support the engineering design process of compounding by twin-screw extruders, this present study offers a method to evaluate the achievable mixing quality based on numerical flow simulations. For this purpose, graphite compounds with a filling content of up to 87 wt.-% were successfully produced and characterized rheologically. Based on a particle tracking method, improved element configurations were found for twin-screw compounding. Furthermore, a method to characterize the wall slip ratios of the compounded material system with different filler content is presented, since highly filled material systems often tend to wall slip during processing, which could have a very large influence on accurate prediction. Numerical simulations of the high capillary rheometer were conducted to predict the pressure loss in the capillary. The simulation results show a good agreement and were experimentally validated. In contrast to the expectation, higher filler grades showed only a lower wall slip than compounds with a low graphite content. Despite occurring wall slip effects, the developed flow simulation for the design of slit dies can provide a good prediction for both low and high filling ratios of the graphite compounds.

Increasing the performance of diesel motors by increasing the temperature of the diesel

This research aims to enhance the efficiency of diesel engines by optimizing the combustion process. One of the key factors in engine efficiency is the quality of the fuel-air mixture inside the combustion chamber. Imperfect combustion leads to high fuel consumption and low engine performance. Therefore, this study employs an experimental research method to investigate the influence of preheating the diesel fuel before entering the high-pressure pump on the formation of finer fuel mist particles and a more homogenous fuel-air mixing process. A series of experiments were conducted in this research by varying the temperature of the preheated diesel fuel and measuring relevant parameters related to combustion and engine performance. The results of this study demonstrate that preheating the diesel fuel before it enters the high-pressure pump leads to an improvement in the quality of the fuel-air mixture and enhances combustion efficiency. As a consequence, there is an increase in engine power and a reduction in optimal fuel consumption. In conclusion, the use of preheated diesel fuel to enhance the combustion process can be an effective solution to optimize the performance of diesel engines and reduce fuel consumption. This research contributes significantly to finding alternatives to address the issue of high fuel consumption in diesel engine-based vehicles.

Development and drag-reducing performance of a water-soluble polymer coating

Adding a small amount of polymers can achieve significant drag reduction effects. However, for external flows, the common homogeneous mixing and diffusing injection methods are not feasible. As an alternative, the present work developed a novel water-soluble polymer composite coating. The coating made use of the film-forming property of polyvinyl alcohol with polyethyleneoxide (PEO, a well-known drag reduction polymer) incorporated into it. When the coating dissolved, PEO continuously dispersed into the external flow. The surface characteristics of the water-soluble polymer coating were characterized. Drag reduction tests were conducted using a gravity circulation system. The coating exhibited a maximum drag reduction rate (DR) of 7% in the coating section and 27% in the downstream section. The larger percentage and the greater molecular weight of PEO not only promoted polymer drag reduction but also increased the surface roughness. Competition between effects of drag reduction and surface roughness led to complex effects in the coating section. It was also found that partial coating could induce significant drag reduction effects. The optimal length ratio of coated to total surface was related to the polymer characteristics and the speed of the main flow. The 1/4 and 1/2 coating resulted in a maximum DR of approximately 7% (Re = 27 523) in the test plate section for coatings with 10 000 wppm PEO, while the 1/4 coating had a maximum DR of approximately 9% (Re = 11 468) for coatings with 20 000 wppm PEO. These results indicated that such drag-reducing composite polymer coatings have great potential to be applied in underwater equipment.

Sub-10 nm Mixing and Alloying of Cu-Ag and Cu-Ni via Accelerated Solid Diffusion.

Development of nanoscale multicomponent solid inorganic materials is often hindered by slow solid diffusion kinetics and poor precursor mixing in conventional solid-state synthesis. These shortcomings can be alleviated by combining nanosized precursor mixtures and low temperature reaction, which could reduce crystal growth and accelerate the solid diffusion at the same time. However, high throughput production of nanoparticle mixtures with tunable composition via conventional synthesis is very challenging. In this work, we demonstrate that ∼10 nm homogeneous mixing of sub-10 nm nanoparticles can be achieved via spark nanomixing at room temperature and pressure. Kinetically driven Spark Plasma Discharge nanoparticle generation and ambient processing conditions limit particle coarsening and agglomeration, resulting in sub-10 nm primary particles of as-deposited films. The intimate mixing of these nanosized precursor particles enables intraparticle diffusion and formation of Cu/Ni nanoalloy during subsequent low temperature annealing at 100 °C. We also discovered that cross-particle diffusion is promoted during the low-temperature sulfurization of Cu/Ag which tends to phase-segregate, eventually leading to the growth of sulfide nanocrystals and improved homogeneity. High elemental homogeneity, small diffusion path lengths, and high diffusibility synergically contribute to faster diffusion kinetics of sub-10 nm nanoparticle mixtures. The combination of ∼10 nm homogeneous precursors via spark nanomixing, low-temperature annealing, and a wide range of potentially compatible materials makes our approach a good candidate as a general platform toward accelerated solid state synthesis of nanomaterials.

3D bioprinting of complex tissue scaffolds with in situ homogeneously mixed alginate-chitosan-kaolin bioink using advanced portable biopen

Control of in situ 3D bioprinting of hydrogel without toxic crosslinker is ideal for tissue regeneration by reinforcing and homogeneously distributing biocompatible reinforcing agent during fabrication of large area and complex tissue engineering scaffolds. In this study, homogeneous mixing, and simultaneous 3D bioprinting of a multicomponent bioink based on alginate (AL)-chitosan (CH), and kaolin was obtained by an advanced pen-type extruder to ensure structural and biological homogeneity during the large area tissue reconstruction. The static, dynamic and cyclic mechanical properties as well as in situ self-standing printability significantly improved with the kaolin concentration for AL-CH bioink-printed samples due to polymer-kaolin nanoclay hydrogen bonding and cross-linking with less amount of calcium ions. The Biowork pen ensures better mixing effectiveness for the kaolin-dispersed AL-CH hydrogels (evident from computational fluid dynamics study, aluminosilicate nanoclay mapping and 3D printing of complex multilayered structures) than the conventional mixing process. Two different cell lines (osteoblast and fibroblast) introduced during large area multilayered 3D bioprinting have confirmed the suitability of such multicomponent bioinks for in vitro even tissue regeneration. The effect of kaolin to promote uniform growth and proliferation of the cells throughout the bioprinted gel matrix is more significant for this advanced pen-type extruder processed samples.

Ca/Co-based composites with improved cyclic stability and optical absorption for advanced thermochemical energy storage systems

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) is a promising technology to overcome solar intermittency and volatility. However, weak solar absorption, poor cyclic stability for calcium carbonates, and cost issues for metal oxides hinder the applicability of these materials for thermochemical energy storage. Herein, an advanced, affordable, and effective TCES system is proposed, and the corresponding calcium carbonate-metal oxide synergistic material is designed with improved solar absorption and cyclic stability. The optimum molar ratio is Ca:Co:Mn:Mg = 100:20:7.5:5 for the synergistic material fabricated by the modified sol–gel method, where Ca element plays the primary role in heat storage, Co element serves as the primary optical performance enhancer and secondary heat storage component, and Mn/Mg elements act as the secondary performance modifiers. The solar absorptivity is boosted to ∼79.3%, and the heat storage density is 1295 kJ/kg after 30 high-temperature cycles, which are 6 times and 2.2 times higher than those of commercial calcium carbonate, respectively. Homogeneous mixing of modifiers at the microscale and stable, well-developed pore structure are critical factors for cyclic stability enhancement. The change of electronic structure on the Fermi level caused by Co/Mn ion doping is the key to optical absorption improvement, and the promoting amplitude exhibits wavelength dependence. This work expands the limited list of currently available TCES materials and the comprehensive description of optical properties offers guidance for future implementation of TCES materials with high solar absorption in specific wavelengths.

Application of a Twin-Screw Extruder with an Ultra-High Length-to-Diameter Ratio in the Dry-Jet Wet Spinning Process of Polyacrylonitrile Nascent Fibers

The quality of nascent fiber is the primary factor determining the performance of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers. This work presented a novel twin-screw extruder (TSE) with an ultra-high screw length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio for the dry-jet wet spinning process of high-quality PAN nascent fibers. The TSE with an ultra-high L/D ratio of up to 150 enabled the homogeneous mixing of PAN powder and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), resulting in improved dope concentration of up to 30 wt %, improved molecular chain disentanglement, and reduced void formation. Orthogonal experiments were conducted to analyze the influence of dope concentration, barrel temperature, and screw speed on the properties of the PAN nascent fibers. Especially, three L/D ratios of 64, 96, and 150 were established to clarify the influence of the L/D ratio. It was found that with the increase in the L/D ratio from 64 to 150, the average tensile strength and modulus of the PAN nascent fibers were improved by 42.1 and 67.2%, respectively, and the crystallinity was increased by 45.5%. The PAN nascent fibers produced using the TSE with the ultra-high L/D ratio were found to have dense and smooth surfaces and fewer microvoid defects. It demonstrated the innovativeness and potential industrial application of the ultra-high L/D technique in the manufacturing of high-quality PAN-based carbon fibers.

The homogeneous mixing of MgO and H2O at extreme conditions

AbstractInvestigating water worlds presents a unique opportunity to understand the fundamental processes of planetary formation and evolution. One key aspect is characterizing the interactions between water and rock under the pressures and temperatures present within these worlds. Investigating the conditions for the homogeneous mixing of these materials is imperative to characterizing bulk properties and evolution of water‐rich exoplanets. Here we use density functional molecular dynamics simulations to study MgO‐H2O mixtures at high pressure–temperature conditions where H2O occurs in solid, superionic, or liquid form. MgO, the representative rocky material, can be either solid or liquid. We start from 500 K at 120 GPa, increasing the temperature step by step up to 8000 K. By inspection, we determine the temperature at which MgO‐HO homogeneously mix in our simulations. At 6000 K and 174 GPa is when we find the system to homogeneously mix. This heat‐until‐it‐mixes approach provides us with an upper bound on the temperature for the mixing of MgO and H2O. We find that homogeneous mixing occurs at sufficiently low temperatures to be relevant for the collisional growth of a water‐rich planet.

Numerical Investigation of Flow Patterns and Mixing Characteristics in a 3D Micromixer with Helical Elements over Wide Reynolds Numbers (Adv. Theory Simul. 5/2023)

Micromixers play a crucial role in the microreactions to offer rapid and homogenous mixing. In article number 2200671, Bo Liu, Jing Jin, Yonggang Zhu, and co-workers innovatively develop a high-performance 3D micromixer with helical elements over an ultra-wide range of Reynolds numbers to achieve efficient mixing, and build a validated coupled model to systematically investigate flow patterns and mixing characteristics of the micromixer.

Global stability of multi‐group SAIRS epidemic models

We study a multi‐group SAIRS‐type epidemic model with vaccination. The role of asymptomatic and symptomatic infectious individuals is explicitly considered in the transmission pattern of the disease among the groups in which the population is divided. This is a natural extension of the homogeneous mixing SAIRS model with vaccination studied in Ottaviano et. al (2021) to a network of communities. We provide a global stability analysis for the model. We determine the value of the basic reproduction number and prove that the disease‐free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if . In the case of the SAIRS model without vaccination, we prove the global asymptotic stability of the disease‐free equilibrium also when . Moreover, if , the disease‐free equilibrium is unstable and a unique endemic equilibrium exists. First, we investigate the local asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium and subsequently its global stability, for two variations of the original model. Last, we provide numerical simulations to compare the epidemic spreading on different networks topologies.

Simulation and in vitro evaluations of microfluidically-fabricated clarithromycin-poly (ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles

Clarithromycin (CLR)-loaded poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using microfluidics (MF) with square-shaped (MF1), and three-channel (MF2), geometries as well as conventional bulk mixing (BM). Based on Comsol simulation results of MF chips, the flow rate ratio, non-solvent phase flow rate, and polymer solution concentration were optimized 0.05, 50 mL h−1, and 0.2 (%w/v), respectively; thereby, representing MF1 geometry with highest homogenous mixing. Characterization studies indicated that MF1-based NPs possessed smaller average diameter (∼91 nm), narrower polydispersity index (∼0.13) and higher zeta potential (-44 mV) compared to those NPs synthesized by MF2 and BM methods. Moreover, MF1-aided synthesis of NPs exhibited the encapsulation efficiency of approximately 81% and loading capacity of around 13%. Investigating CLR release behavior at different pHs also demonstrated that the MF1-based NPs experienced the most controlled release, followed the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The controlled release of MF1-based NPs was confirmed by evaluating their inhibitory effect against specific cytokines on BEAS-2B as bronchitis cell line via a series of in vitro experiments including real time-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Eventually, the antibacterial properties of the samples were studied on two prevalent bacterial strains and the obtained observations revealed that MF1-based NPs encompassed the best performance in controlled release of CLR with respect to the other samples.