Homogeneity Test Research Articles

Homogeneity Test of Ratios of Two Proportions in Stratified Bilateral and Unilateral Data

In paired-organ studies such as ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and rheumatology, etc., various approaches take highly correlated bilateral data into account for homogeneity tests but are less likely to focus on combined bilateral and unilateral data structures. Also, it is necessary and important to adjust the effect of confounders on stratified combined bilateral and unilateral data since, in these data structures, ignoring intra-class correlation and confounding effects can cause biased statistical inference. This article derived three homogeneity tests (the likelihood ratio test, the Wald test, and the score test) concerning these cooperative structure data to detect if ratios of proportions retain consistency across strata. Simulation shows that the score test provides a robust Type I error rate and satisfactory power performance. Finally, a real example is applied to demonstrate the application of these three proposed tests.

The Effectivenes Of Using Flash Cards To Teach Students' Vocabulary Mastery At SMP Darut Tauhid

Vocabulary is an essential element of language ability and serves as a foundation for pupils' speaking, listening, reading, and writing abilities.This study aims to determine the effectivenes of using flash cards to teach students’ vocabulary mastery at SMP Darut Tauhid. The research design is independent sample t-test, while the research method is quantitative. The participants in this study all student`classVII totaling 60 people, 30 male students and 30 female students. the data in this study were collected using instruments pre-test and posh-test (multiple choice), then normality test, homogeneity test and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate data analysis requirements. in this study the independent sample t test analysis was used to test the hypothesis using computer software assistance through the SPSS (Statistcal Package For the Scial Sciens) version 25 for windows program. Based on the results of research and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn: There is an effectivenes of using flash cards to teach students’ vocabulary mastery at SMP Darut Tauhid. This is indicated by the results of the significance (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05 then as the basis for the performance of the decision in the independent sample test, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that there is The use of Flash cards effective on students‟ vocabulary at SMP Darut Tauhid.

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah terhadap Pengembangan Profesionalisme Guru di SMP Swasta Muhammadiyah 01 Medan

The purpose of this study is to find out the most important effect of transformational leadership on teacher professionalism. Development at SMP Swasta Muhammadiyah 01 Medan. This study method is a quantitative study survey research type. 60 teachers participated in this study. Principals and teachers were used as examples. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Dat collection instruments with questionnaires and data analysis techniques with normality test, linearity test and homogeneity test and hypothesis testing (using t-test). The result of this study show that there is a positive and significant effect between the main variable and teacher professionalism ini Muhammadiyah 01 Medan Private High School. This is eviident form the result of the hypothesis testing, which shows that the main transformational leadership contributes 0.388 X 100% = 38.8% to teacher professionalism. The t-test performed gave a tnumber = 3.870 whilw the ttabel value = 2.042. Since tnumber (3.870) > ttabel (2.042), it showsjthat there is a positive and significant effect in the form of a linear and predictive relationship between the main variable and professionalism of teachers in SMP Swasta Muhammadiyah 01 Medan. Regression line Ŷ = 46.654 + 0.322 X.

The Influence of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Models on the Biology Learning Outcomes of High School Students

Abstract. This research aims to determine the effect of the problem-based learning model on the biology learning outcomes of high school students in the circulatory system topic. This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. The study was conducted at SMA Negeri 9 Makassar. The population in this study comprised all eleventh-grade students of SMA Negeri 9 Makassar. The research sample included class XI Biology 5 as the control class and XI Biology 7 as the experimental class, selected through random sampling. The research instrument consisted of a multiple-choice test with 25 questions. Data analysis techniques used were descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis, including normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests in the form of ANCOVA tests. The analysis results showed that the learning outcomes of students in the class taught using the PBL model, with an average pretest score of 31.12, categorized as poor and very poor, significantly improved, marked by an average posttest score of 86, categorized as very good and good. The ANCOVA test results showed a sig. value of < 0.05, indicating that the problem-based learning model has an effect on the biology learning outcomes of high school students.Keyword: learning outcomes, problem-based learning

The Influence Of The Think Talk Write (Ttw) Learning Model On Students' Critical Thinking Abilities Learning Fikih On Zakat Materials In Class Vii Mtss An-Nazmaiyah Kec. Sypispis

This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of critical thinking skills of students taught using the Think Talk Write (TTW) learning model on the learning of Islamic jurisprudence on zakat material in class VII MTsS An-Nazmaiyah Kec. Sipispis. This type of research is quantitative research. With a total population of class VII students at MTsS An-Nazmaiyah Kec. Sipispis totaling 60 people. The sampling technique used in this study was simple random sampling, where sample members were taken from the population randomly without considering the strata in the population, so that the sample of this study was selected, namely students in class VII-A and VII-B. The research instruments used in this study were test validity, test reliability, question difficulty index, question discrimination power. The data analysis technique used in this study was the normality test, homogeneity test, hypothesis test. Data collection techniques were carried out using test and observation methods. The results of the research from the hypothesis test show that the Tcount value = 0.03 and Ttable = 1.70 indicate that 0.03 <1.70, thus Ho is rejected or Ha is accepted, so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence on the experimental class compared to the control class by using the Think Talk Write (TTW) learning model on Students' Critical Thinking Skills in Fiqh Learning of Zakat Material

Assessing the Effectiveness of a Game-Based Method for Enhancing Kangkang Jump Skills in Students

The kangkang jump is one of the basic movements in artistic gymnastics, which is the primary focus of this research. Observations conducted at school revealed that the material related to the kangkang jump was not delivered effectively by the teacher due to inadequate facilities required for the learning process. As a result, students exhibited poor kangkang jumping skills, stiff movements, and a lack of confidence due to fear of failure. This study aims to improve students' kangkang jumping skills through a game-based approach. The research employed an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population included all 140 students in grade V at SDN 2 Ciherang, Kadugede District, for the 2023/2024 academic year, with a research sample of 23 students selected through purposive random sampling. The instrument used was a kangkang jump skill assessment test. Data analysis was conducted using a normality test, which indicated that the pretest data (sig = 0.305) and posttest data (sig = 0.27) were normally distributed. A homogeneity test was conducted with sig = 0.451, and a paired sample t-test hypothesis test showed significant results with sig = 0.00. The results of the study demonstrated that the application of a game-based approach in learning significantly improved students' kangkang jumping skills. Future research on learning the kangkang jump can be conducted by integrating technology as an innovation of the Industrial Revolution 4.0.

Effect of Ajwa Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Extract on the Histopathology of Pancreatic Islets in Mice with Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: It is necessary to develop alternative antidiabetic therapies that are safer and more affordable to overcome the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera) have a high flavonoid content; hence, this study aimed to investigate their effect on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus mice by examining the number of beta cells and the islets of Langerhans. Methods: Twenty-five mice were divided into five groups: a negative control group (K1), a positive control group (K2), and three treatment groups (P1, P2, and P3). The K2, P1, P2, and P3 groups were induced by 100 mg/kg bw of streptozotocin. Additionally, the P1, P2, and P3 groups received oral treatment using ajwa date methanol extract at different doses of 3, 5, and 7 g/kg bw, respectively. The treatment was administered daily for four weeks. The initial analysis included the homogeneity test and the Shapiro-Wilk test. As the data were non-normally distributed, the analysis proceeded with the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). Results: The comparative analysis revealed significant differences in the number of beta cells among the groups, with a notable decrease observed in the K2 group and an increase in each treatment group. The measurement of the islets of Langerhans exhibited significant differences among the groups, with p=0.001. Conclusion: The administration of ajwa date methanol extract can affect the number of beta cells and the islets of Langerhans in mice with diabetes mellitus. Highlights: This original study examined the antioxidant compounds derived from naturally sourced ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera) extract. Ajwa date extract has the potential to protect against histological damage, specifically to beta cells and pancreatic islets, in mice induced by streptozotocin.

Analysing Spatial Variability of Monsoon Rainfall over West Africa

Climate variability and changes have become a topic of increasing importance in recent decades due to extreme climate events such as floods and droughts, which profoundly impact socioecological systems across West Africa during the monsoon months. This study analyses and updates rainfall variability and spatial trends during these crucial months using monthly gridded rainfall data from 1950 to 2022. We applied the ordinary least square regression test, Buishand's, Standard normal homogeneity and Pettitt's tests for trend and change point detection analyses at a 5% significant level. The spatial variability and trends in rainfall were examined across three time periods: 1950-2022, 1963-1992, and 1993-2022. Change-point detection analysis revealed that there had been significant changes in the monsoon months' rainfall variability within the study period except in August. The detection of both positive and negative trends, representing trends toward wetter and drier conditions respectively, provides valuable insights for understanding and managing the impacts of climate variability and change for the most vulnerable areas.

The Implementation of PBL Model on Student Learning Outcomes in the Concept of Life Organizational Systems

This research aims to determine the effect of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on student learning outcomes in the concept of Life Organization Systems. This research is experimental research, with the research design used being a one group pretest-posttest design. The sampling technique used in this research was the total sampling technique. The population in this study was all class VII of SMP Negeri 3 Biluhu for the 2024/2025 academic year. The sample in this study consisted of 3 classes, namely the experimental class, the replication 1, and the replication 2, The experimental and replication classes were determined randomly. Research data was collected using test techniques, then the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, which include normality tests, homogeneity tests, hypothesis tests, and n-gain analysis. The results obtained for the concept of Life Organization Systems using the PBL model through hypothesis testing where for the Tcount in the experimental class was 2.42; replication 1 was 2.32; replication 2 was 2.29, and the Ttable for experimental class was 2.14; replication 1 was 2.18; replication 2 was 2.16. It can be concluded that the hypothesis testing in each class is that the Tcount is greater than the Ttable. Thus, the implementation of PBL model has an effect on student learning outcomes in the concept of Life Organization Systems.

Implementation of the Environmental Exploration Learning Model (JAS) Assisted by Google Lens on the Scientific Literacy of Taman Mulia High School Students

This study aims to determine: (1) the difference in science literacy of class X students on plantae material with the Explore Nature Around (JAS) model assisted by google lens, (2) the effect of applying the Explore Nature Around (JAS) learning model assisted by google lens on students' science literacy on plantae material class X Taman Mulia. This type of research is Quasi experiment with Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The population of this study were students of class X Taman Mulia. The sample consisted of two classes determined by random sampling technique. The instruments used consisted of science literacy tests and learning process observation sheets. The data were analyzed by t-test, the analysis was carried out using SPSS version 29.01 for windows which previously conducted homogeneity and normality tests at a significant level of 0.05. Based on the results of the analysis, the conclusions were obtained. (1) The difference in science literacy of class X students on plantae material with the Explore Nature Around (JAS) model assisted by google lens (2) the effect of applying the Explore Nature Around (JAS) learning model assisted by google lens on students' science literacy in plantae material class X Taman Mulia.

Pengaruh model pembelajaran 3CM (cool – critical - creative – meaningfull) terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas VIII

This research aims to determine the differences in the mathematical critical thinking abilities of students who use the 3CM learning model and students who use the direct learning model with a scientific approach, the influence of the 3CM learning model on students' mathematical critical thinking abilities and student learning activities. The type and research design used is quantitative research with a Quasi Experimental design in the form of a Nonequivalent Posttest-Only Control Design. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data collection instruments were posttest mathematical critical thinking skills and observation sheets of student learning activities. Data analysis techniques in this research are normality test, homogeneity test, independent two-sample t-test, and percentage of student learning activities. The results of the research show that the mathematical critical thinking abilities of students who use the 3CM learning model are higher than students who use the direct learning model with a scientific approach, the 3CM learning model has a big influence on students' mathematical critical thinking abilities, and student activities are classified as very active after implementing the 3CM learning model.

Analysis Of Improvement Student Knowledge Using Video Tutorial Media Through The YouTube Application On Class XI Culinary Pastry Material At SMKN 9 Padang

The development of science and technology has affected various aspects of life, including education. One aspect that has developed is learning media, with video tutorial media being an effective and interesting tool, especially in the culinary field. Video tutorials allow students to learn material visually and can be accessed at any time, facilitating independent learning. This study aims to determine the effect of using video tutorial media through YouTube in improving student knowledge on pastry material in class XI Culinary SMKN 9 Padang. The research method used was an experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample consisted of 64 students, with 32 students in the experimental class XI Culinary 4 and 32 students in the control class XI Culinary 2. Data collection techniques include tests and documentation, while data analysis uses normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis tests with independent sample t-test. The posttest t-test results show that the knowledge value of experimental and control class students has a tcount value of 3,227> ttable 1,99897 or sig. (2-tailed) 0,021 < 0,05. Thus, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means there is a significant difference in the value of student knowledge between classes that use video tutorials via YouTube and classes that use conventional learning media.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran P2RE dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menulis Teks Berita Siswa Kelas XI SMA Rahmat Islamiyah Medan

The research that has been carried out is entitled "The Influence of the P2RE Learning Model in Improving the Ability to Write News Texts for class This research aims to improve the ability to write news texts through the P2RE (Preparation, Organizing, Reflective and Evaluation) learning model for class XI students at SMA Rahmat Islamiyah Medan. This research methodology is quantitative by producing a pretest and posttest. Research procedures include planning, implementing actions, observing and reflecting. Data collection techniques through non-tests (tests on student learning outcomes, observation, documentation and questionnaires). Data analysis includes data analysis of validity tests, reliability tests, normality tests, homogeneity tests, hypothesis tests. The results of the research revealed that the results of student learning observations at the pretest stage were 9.9%. At the stage of working on pretest questions individually the average score for students at XI SMA Rahmat Islamiyah Medan was only 76.2, while at the posttest stage student learning outcomes were 14.6% and at the posttest question stage as a group the students' average score was 89.33. So the conclusion is that the average student score increased after being given the P2RE learning model by 13,11.

AAPM Task Group Report 325: MRI static magnetic field homogeneity measurement and evaluation procedures - Guidance and resources.

Measurement of static magnetic field (B0) homogeneity is an essential component of routine MRI system evaluation. This report summarizes the work of AAPM Task Group (TG) 325 on vendor-specific methods of B0 homogeneity measurement and evaluation. TG 325 was charged with producing a set of detailed, step-by-step instructions to implement B0 homogeneity measurement methods discussed in the American College of Radiology (ACR) MRI Quality Control Manual using specific makes and models of MRI scanners. The TG produced such instructions for as many approaches as was relevant and practical on six currently available vendor platforms including details of software/tools, settings, phantoms, and other experimental details needed for a reproducible protocol. Because edits to these instructions may need to be made as vendors enter and exit the market and change available tools, interfaces, and access levels over time, the step-by-step instructions are published as a living document on the AAPM website. This summary document provides an introduction to B0 homogeneity testing in MRI and several of the common methods for its measurement and evaluation. A living document on the AAPM website provides vendor-specific step-by-step instructions for performing these tests to facilitate accurate and reproducible B0 homogeneity evaluation on a routine basis.

Uji Efektivitas Gel Ekstrak Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L.) sebagai Penyembuhan Luka Sayat

Indonesia is known for having abundant biological riches and many plants that can be used as medicine. One of the medicinal plants that is often used by Indonesian people is Jatropha curcas leaves. Jatropha plants are currently used as traditional medicine to treat wounds. One common medication used for cuts is povidone iodine which is effective against bacterial infections. However, povidone iodine also has side effects such as irritation, toxic reactions and burning skin. Jatropha leaves have strong antioxidant activity, so it is necessary to innovate in wound treatment using natural ingredients in the form of gel preparations. The gel preparation was chosen because it is practical, not sticky, easily absorbed by the skin, and works directly on wound tissue. The aim of this study was to assess how well a gel made from ethanol extract of jatropha leaves accelerates the healing of cut wounds in white mice. Jatropha curcas leaves were extracted using the maceration method using 96% ethanol as the solvent. Gel stability testing was carried out organoleptically, homogeneity test and spreadability test. Jatropha leaf extract gel was tested on mice that had been given incisions 1.4 cm long with formulations of 10%, 15% and 20% jatropha leaf extract concentrations. Observations were carried out for seven days. Research findings showed that giving white rats gel containing jatropha leaf extract significantly accelerated their ability to repair wounds

Examination of the Relationship Between Stress Coping and Problem Solving Skills of Physical Education Teachers

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between coping with stress and problem-solving abilities among physical education teachers. The research sample comprised 64 female and 89 male physical education teachers, totaling 153 individuals, employed in schools under the Ministry of National Education in Mardin. Data collection instruments included a personal information form developed by the researcher, the Coping with Stress Scale developed by Türküm (2002), and the Problem Solving Inventory developed by Heppner and Peterson (1982) and adapted into Turkish by Şahin, Şahin, and Heppner (1993). Statistical analyses involved testing for variance and homogeneity, employing independent t-tests for pairwise comparisons, One-Way ANOVA for multiple comparisons, and conducting Correlate analysis to determine relationships. Results revealed no significant differences in mean scores for coping with stress or problem-solving skills among physical education teachers based on gender, school type, or years of service in the profession. However, a positive low-level relationship was identified between the coping with stress scores and problem-solving scores of the physical education teachers. In summary, the study revealed notably high mean scores for both coping with stress and problem-solving skills among physical education teachers, suggesting their adeptness at managing stressors and addressing challenges effectively. Additionally, it is postulated that physical education teachers who exhibit effective stress coping mechanisms are also proficient in resolving encountered problems.

The Influence of Image Media And Puzzle Games on Conceptual Understanding (Research on Social Studies Lesson (IPS) at Elementary School)

Conceptual understanding is a person's ability to understand what is taught, capture the meaning of what is learned, and utilize the contents of the material being studied, as well as solve problems related to the material being studied. This study aims to determine the effect of using picture and puzzle media on conceptual understanding in social studies lessons in elementary schools. This research method is Quasi Experimental Design, this research instrument uses a test to measure conceptual understanding. The sample in this study was 20 students of class VA as the control class and 20 students of class VC as the experimental class. Data analysis techniques used the Normality Test, Homogeneity Test and t-Test. The results of the study showed that the application of picture media and puzzle games on students' conceptual understanding in social studies learning was better and showed a significant effect than those who did not use learning media. This is evidenced by the results of the hypothesis test, namely to 2.03> 1.90 for conceptual understanding. There is a difference between the control class and experimental class, the test results of the experimental class are greater than the control class. So it can be said that picture media and puzzle games can be used as an alternative in the learning process in the classroom.

THE INFLUENCE OF CARD SORT LEARNING MEDIA ON THE ACTIVE LEARNING OF IPS STUDENTS IN CLASS VII SMP AL-IKLAS LUBUKLIGGAU

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of active social learning on class VII students at Al-Ikhlas middle school Lubuklinggau after the card sort learning media was implemented. This research method uses the experimen method. The data celloction technique used was a questioner. The population in the study were students at Al-Ikhlas middle school Lubuklinggau, which consisted of 3 classes, namely A,B,C totaling 63. The sample in this study used 2 classes, namely class B as the experimental class, totaling 21 and control class totaling 21 students. sData analysis techniques determine the average value and standard deviation, normality test, homogeneity test. The result of this research can be seen from the t-test, namely tcount (32,9) > ttable (2,02), meaning that Ho is rejected and ha is accepted. This shows that the learning activity of experimental class students is not the same as the control class (( ), so it can be concluded that there is an influence of the use of card sort media on the social studies learning activity of class VII students at Al-Ikhlas middle school Lubuklinggau.

Enhancing High School Character Development through the Integration of Songket Melayu Riau Wisdom in Character Education

Character education rooted in indigenous knowledge offers a remedy for instilling traditional values into students' character development. The local wisdom of Riau Malay Songket is one of the local wisdom that provides a strong cultural foundation for students to build a solid identity and understand the importance of cultural diversity. The objective of this study is to evaluate how effective character education based on the local wisdom of Songket Melayu Riau is in shaping the character of high school students. This research uses quantitative methods with a one-group pretest-posttest Design approach. Purposive sampling strategies were used to choose 30 class X students from SMAN 1 Riau as the research subjects. A questionnaire that the researcher created was employed as the study tool. The data analysis for this study used the paired t-test, N-Gain test, homogeneity test, and normality test. With a significance level below 0.05, the study's findings show a significant difference in students' character development before and after character education based on Songket Melayu Riau's local wisdom. Furthermore, the N-Gain evaluation indicates a score of 31.53, indicating a 32% rise in quantifiable character. Therefore, implementing character education aligned with Songket Melayu Riau's traditional wisdom effectively develops students' moral character.

Unveiling the Power of Nation Branding: Exploring the Impact of Economic Factors on Global Image Perception

Nation branding, which demonstrates countries’ power on an international platform, has gained prominence in the literature in recent years. How countries can build their strategies around these factors and make themselves attractive has become an issue of increasing interest to countries in recent years. Increasing a country’s role in the political arena, making the country more attractive to tourists, increasing the volume of foreign trade and foreign direct investment, and making the country more attractive in terms of skilled labor will improve its reputation and image, as perceived by other countries. The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment, tourism expenditure, human capital, and export on nation branding in the ten countries with the highest value in nation branding (USA, Germany, China, Japan, England, France, Italy, Canada, India, South Korea) applying the dynamic panel data model for the period 2010–2020. In the present study, we use the cross-sectional dependence, the slope homogeneity test, the CIPS unit root test, and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method, one of the dynamic panel data methods. This study examined the factors involved in nation branding and found a positive and statistically significant relationship between exports, foreign direct investment, tourism, human capital, and nation branding.