Homemade Feed Research Articles

Comparative Study of Growth and Survival of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on Different Feed Types

This study aimed to compare the growth and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with three different feed types: homemade feed (control), commercial feed, and earthworm-enriched feed. A total of 135 Nile tilapia with an average weight of 6.2 g and length of 6.5 cm were stocked in 9 hapas, with 15 fish per hapa. The fish were reared for 62 days, and growth performance, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. The results showed that the final average weight and length of Nile tilapia fed with earthworm-enriched feed were higher than those fed with homemade and commercial feed. The highest mean weight gain (18.45 g) and mean length gain (4.7 cm) were observed in Nile tilapia fed with earthworm-enriched feed (T3R1). The FCR of Nile tilapia fed with earthworm-enriched feed (1.65) was lower than that of the other two groups. Moreover, the survival rate of Nile tilapia fed with earthworm-enriched feed was 100%, while the survival rate of Nile tilapia fed with homemade and commercial feed was 93.3% and 66.7%, respectively. In conclusion, earthworm-enriched feed showed superior performance in terms of growth and survival rate of Nile tilapia. This feed type can be considered as a potential alternative to the traditional homemade and commercial feed in the aquaculture industry. Further studies on the economic feasibility of using earthworm enriched feed for Nile tilapia are recommended.

Pemanfaatan Ikan Sapu-Sapu (Hyspostosmus sp) Sebagai Pakan Ikan Di Danau Tempe

The results showed that the use of broom fish as fish feed in Tempe Lake, Tempe sub-district, Wajo Regency, had a high nutritional content. The content of broom fish is 37.07 ± 3.50 % crude protein, 16.85 ± 4.35% crude fat, 1.92 ± 1.09% crude fiber, 33.25 ± 3.99% ash and gross energy 4559 ± 1244.37 kcal/g. The results of the analysis carried out, mixing feed with broom fish meal was better than without using broom fish meal. Study. The purpose of this study was to determine the feed formulation of broom fish (Hyspostosmus sp) and to determine the chemical quality of fish feed in Lake Tempe. The research method used an experimental research approach with a quantitative approach in analyzing the data obtained and described in the form of numbers. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and each treatment was repeated three times, so that 12 experimental units were obtained. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Chemistry and Animal Feed, Hasanuddin University. broom fish can be used as raw material for making feed which can be pursued by making homemade feed through simple techniques by utilizing relatively cheap sources of raw material for broom fish in Lake Tempe.

Study of Different Protein Content of Feeding of Local Raw Materials on Gourami Fish (Osphronemus goramy Lac.) Aquaculture Performance

Gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lac.) is one of the freshwater fish commodities that has high economic value because of its delicious meat taste which is very popular with all people. However, the feed commonly used by carp cultivators is factory-made feed, namely commercial feed which usually costs quite a bit because some of the ingredients for commercial feed are imported from abroad. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution to reduce the cost of aquaculture production by replacing commercial feed with homemade feed made from local raw materials. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of local raw materials formulated to make feed suitable for the growth of gourami and to analyze the cost of producing carp feed made from local raw materials. This study consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replications using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments consisted of treatment A (Protein 30%), B (Protein 33%), C (Protein 36%), and D (Commercial). The results of this study showed that the treatment of feed A, B, and C produced the same growth as commercial feed, and treatment of feed A resulted in the lowest cost of feed production compared to other treatments.

Pemanfaatan Kubis sebagai Bahan Pakan Buatan untuk Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan Lele Mutiara (Clarias gariepinus)

Pearl catfish has the main advantage of fast growth. To maximize this growth, one of the things that must be considered is the feed given. The use of factory feed for catfish seeds is common, so it is necessary to use feed raw materials that are around to be used as raw materials for homemade feed. Vegetable waste such as cabbage and tofu dregs can be used as fish feed which is processed into pellets. Cabbage vegetable waste, tofu dregs, bamboo shoots and bran have protein and carbohydrates that can be used for fish growth. This study consisted of 2 stages, namely stage 1 analyzing the comparison between factory feed and homemade feed and stage 2 analyzing the difference in dosage of homemade feed on the growth and efficiency of pearl catfish (C. gariepinus) seed feed. Data were analyzed using 2 independent samples (unpaired) t-test and ANOVA test. The results showed that the provision of factory feed and homemade feed did not have a significant effect on the growth of length, weight, and feed efficiency of catfish fry. Catfish seeds can be fed homemade feed with ingredients from fermented cabbage waste, tofu dregs flour, rebon flour, bran flour, plus vitamins and minerals. The results of the analysis of variance in the treatment of different feed doses (4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, and 10% per fish body weight), had a significant effect on the growth of catfish length and weight, and had no significant effect on feed efficiency. The higher the dose given for the maintenance period of 30 days of catfish fry gave a good effect with the best dose of 10% per fish body weight

KAJIAN PEMBERIAN PAKAN BERBAHAN BAKU LOKAL DENGAN KANDUNGAN PROTEIN YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN IKAN GURAME (Osphronemus goramy Lac.)

Gourami fish (Osphronemus goramy Lac.) is a freshwater fish commodity that has high economic value because its very popular with all people. But the feed commonly used by gourami fish cultivators is factory-made feed, which is a commercial feed that usually costs quite a lot of money due to the material for making commercial feed, some of which still import from abroad. Therefore it is necessary to find a solution to reduce the cost of cultivation production by replacing commercial feed with homemade feed made from local raw materials. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of local raw materials formulated to make feed suitable for the growth of gourami fish (Osphronemus goramy Lac.) And to analyze the production costs of goramy feed made from local raw materials. This study consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replications using the completely randomized design (CRD) method. The treatments consisted of treatment A (30% protein), treatment B (33% protein), treatment C (36% protein), and treatment D (commercial). The results of this study indicate that the treatment of feed A, B, and C produced the same growth as commercial feed, and treatment of feed A resulted in the lowest feed production costs compared to other treatments. Key word: feed, growth, local raw materials, Oshphronemus goramy

Importance of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus angularis for improved survival rate of early life‐history stages of pangasius catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

A study on the use of freshwater rotifers (Brachionus angularis) as initial live feed for pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) larvae was undertaken to assess whether this initial feed improved P. hypophthalmus survival during the first 20 days of rearing. This study was comprised of three trials. The first trial contained three treatments and assessed the effectiveness of freshwater rotifers as initial feed compared to homemade feed and water flea (Moina macrocopa). In the second trial, P. hypophthalmus larvae were fed with (a) 100% freshwater rotifers, (b) 100% water fleas and (c) a combination of freshwater rotifers and water fleas (freshwater rotifers fed during first 3 days and then water fleas fed for remainder of experiment). In the third trial, the fish larvae were fed 3 densities of freshwater rotifers and then water fleas (3, 5 and 7 individuals per ml) to determine the most suitable feeding density for P. hypophthalmus larvae. Mouth opening was measured at days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20, whereas growth and survival were assessed at the end of each trial. These experiments demonstrated that P. hypophthalmus larvae: (a) exhibited a significant increase in survival rate when fed B. angularis rotifers or Moina micrura water fleas compared to homemade feed, (b) exhibited a significant increase in growth and survival rates when fed a combination of freshwater rotifers (first 3 days) and then water fleas (remainder) compared to feeding either freshwater rotifers or water fleas only, and (c) preferred a density of 5 to 7 individual freshwater rotifers and then water fleas per ml.

Farmers’ perception on quality of fish feed, brood stock and fingerling produced in commercial fish farms of Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, aquaculture has expanded, diversified, intensified and technologicallyadvanced due to the decline in fish production from the open water natural sources. Quality seedsare prime requirements for aquaculture production. Quality of seeds depends on the quality ofbroods used for spawning. Breeding performance depends on the quality of feeds and feedingmanagement during brood stock rearing. The present study focused on the evaluation of qualityof feed used in the fish farms, the performance of brood stock and fingerlings of selected carp,catfish and perch farmed in Bangladesh through a survey. On the basis of top fish productiondistricts, we divided the whole country into four hubs, such as Mymensingh, Jashore, Cumillaand Rajshahi. Data were collected from 300 individual respondents of commercial fish farms, 75from each hub. It has been found that most of the farm owners (91%) used commercial feedinstead of homemade feed, though a considerable number of respondents replied that quality ofhomemade feed was better than commercial feed. Although most of the farm owners collect fryfrom private/own hatcheries (69%), a considerable number of grow out farms owners replied thatthe fry of government hatcheries/brood bank, river and BFRI were better than private hatcheriesin terms of growth performance, disease resistance and survivability. Therefore, for sustainableaquaculture, farm owners should be careful for the selection of feed, brood and fingerling.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN FEED PRODUCTION TOWARDS SELF-SUPPORTING CATFISH LIVESTOCK

Feed is the main key to success in small and large scale catfish farming. If we keep catfish in a large scale, we must be smart to make feed management, of course. It is undeniable that many catfish farmers failed and went bankrupt because they did not know the correct technicalities in catfish farming. Where production costs in catfish cultivation are almost 70% in feed management.
 One alternative that can be done to reduce production costs is to make homemade feed through simple techniques by utilizing local sources of raw materials (including the utilization of agricultural industrial waste) which is relatively cheap. In addition to meeting their own needs, the artificial feed produced can also be sold to markets / other fish farmers so that it can provide multiple benefits. It is not an easy matter indeed to make fish feed itself, it requires special skills to be able to practice it themselves. Farmers must understand what content must be contained in the fish feed.
 In connection with this, it is deemed necessary to provide training in making their own catfish feed through simple techniques. It is also necessary to provide guidance and training that enables partners to calculate total sales revenue and total costs so that they are able to find out how much profit is earned per month.
 It is expected that after mentoring, partners will become more knowledgeable and able to apply it in their daily work. Thus partners will be more developed, become more economically independent, increase income, become more productive and become more optimistic in their efforts so that the entrepreneurial spirit is built.

Antibiotic residues in farmed raised tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) of southwest region of Bangladesh

The objectives of this investigation were to seek out the residue level of nitrofurans and chloramphenicol in cultured tilapia muscle in south west region of Bangladesh. Ninety samples were collected randomly from various fish farm of different Upazillas of Khulna, Satkhira and Bagerhat districts during August-December, 2017, where each district was contained 30 samples. Antibiotic residues level present in the animal muscles were detected using ELISA in the Quality Control Laboratory of the Department of Fisheries, Khulna, Bangladesh. To collect information about the status of feed type questionnaire interviews were performed during sample collection from the respective farmers. The overall results revealed that nitrofuran metabolites and CAP residue existed in all the samples within the MRL (Maximum Residue Level) with the exception of 3.33%, 6.66% and 3.33% samples of Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira district respectively. Antibiotic residue data showed all nitrofuran metabolites like SEM, AOZ, AMOZ, AHD and CAP were present in all samples in which SEM was highest in Shatkhira district and lowest in Khulna district. In case of AHD, highest residue was found in Khulna and lowest was Satkhira district. Additionally, AOZ was highest in Khulna district and lowest in Bagerhat district and AMOZ was highest in Bagerhat district and lowest Satkhira district. CAP was found highest in Satkhira district while that was lowest in Bagerhat district. The results of the also revealed that contamination of nitrofuran metabolites and chloramphenicol were more in tilapia farms where home-made feed was used compared to commercial feed.
 Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2019, 4 (2), 102-108

Estimation of daily nutrient allowances for pigs fed with alternative feed resources in smallholder enterprises in Kenya.

This study estimated the daily nutrient allowances from conventional commercially compounded feed and alternative feeds resources in smallholder pig enterprises in Busia, Nakuru, and Kiambu counties in Kenya. Feeding data from 144 pig enterprises was used to compute the daily dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and metabolisable energy (ME) supplied to pigs per kilogram bodyweight. Analysis of variance of the mean values was computed using SPSS statistical software and SAS® systems with Tukey's test to separate the means. Results showed that the daily nutrient allowance provided by some alternative feed resources was generally very low; however, home-made feed formulations supplied reasonably sufficient dietary energy and CP. Swill was the most popular feed resource in Busia County; however, the amount of energy supplied from swill was very low (ME = 19.98kcal/kg body weight). The daily CP allowance for pigs fed on swill, farm residue, and market waste was very low ranging between 1.1 and 3.6g/kg body weight. The findings of this study indicate that there is need for capacity development for farmers with respect to feeding practices that have no capacity to supply sufficient nutrient allowances. Research should focus more improving supply of nutrients from viable alternative feed resources through use of technology.

Efeito do tipo de alimentação de cães saudáveis sobre análises clínicas e aspectos comportamentais

RESUMO Objetivou-se estudar o efeito da alimentação caseira, da ração comercial a granel e da ração comercial fechada para cães adultos sobre análises clínicas e aspectos comportamentais de ingestão das dietas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos, sendo o tratamento 1 constituído de dieta caseira, o tratamento 2 por ração a granel tipo premium, e o tratamento 3 por ração comercial fechada do tipo premium. Foram utilizados três cães em cada um dos tratamentos, totalizando nove animais. As variáveis analisadas foram: teste de glicemia, odor fecal, escore fecal, volume fecal, análise química da urina (pH urinário, presença de proteína, sangue, corpos cetônicos, bilirrubina e glicose), avaliação visual do pelo e consumo voluntário da dieta. Os cães submetidos à dieta caseira apresentaram menor resultado de glicemia sanguínea (83,90). A urina apresentou pH mais alcalino para cães que receberam a ração a granel (8,06). Cães da dieta caseira apresentaram o mais alto escore para a qualidade do pelo. Houve um maior volume das fezes de cães que receberam a dieta de ração a granel. Cães que receberam a dieta de alimentação caseira ou a ração comercial fechada apresentaram um consumo total do alimento em menos de 10 minutos. A maioria dos resultados foi semelhante entre a dieta caseira e a ração fechada do tipo premium. A ração a granel apresentou os piores resultados.

Studies on seafood production systems in the South-west Region of Bangladesh

The present study was conducted to understand existing production system of shrimp and prawn (seafood) with gher1 farming in the south-western region of Bangladesh from January to March 2014. Three gher farming clusters in three Upazilas of Bagerhat district were selected to carry out this study to assess the fact above using focus group discussion, key informant interview, questionnaire survey, physical observation, and literature review. The study revealed that gher farming system has changed the cropping patterns dramatically. This diversified farming system produces prawn, carp fish, boro paddy, and vegetable in the field where only single crop of paddy was cultivated. Gher dikes were used to produce vegetables, fruits and the central part for rice cultivation. Whereas the whole water body (during monsoon) and canals (during dry season) were used to culture finfish and prawn. Farmers were mainly found to use commercial feed with a rare amount of homemade feed because of the availability of commercial feed. Most of their investment goes for buying feed, PL and were found to take loan with high interest from banks or depot owners. Decreased salinity due to siltation in Mongla river resulted in increased overall production. The evidence presented in the study confirms that gher farming system impacting positively in the south-west region of Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(1): 123-132, January 2017

Residual veterinary antibiotics in pig excreta after oral administration of sulfonamides.

Sulfonamides (SAs) are applied widely as feed additives in the farming of livestock and poultry. It can lead to the excretion of large amounts of SAs in manure and result in persistent environmental pollution. We evaluated the fate of four SAs, sulfamerazine (SM1), sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), sulfadimoxine (SDM') and sulfaquinoxaline (SQ), from oral administration to excretion in urine and feces in pigs. The four SAs were added to homemade feed to make them reach the required concentration gradient, which were 0, 50 and 100mg/kg (low, normal and high concentrations, respectively). In different treatments, excretions of the four SAs were 35.68-86.88%. With regard to total excretion, the order was SQ>SCP>SM1>SDM' for all treatments. The concentration of SAs in the feed had significant effects on the amount of the four SAs excreted every day. The concentration of SAs in feces and in the urine for different treatments was 15.03-26.55 and 14.54-69.22%, respectively. In each treatment, excretions of SCP, SDM' and SQ in feces were lower than that in urine. The four SAs remained longer in urine than in feces. Excretions in urine and feces were lower if SAs were administered orally rather than by injection.

Microbiological Quality of Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) and Tilapia (Tilapia Mossambica) Obtained from Wet Markets and Ponds in Malaysia

The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) obtained from wet markets and ponds in Malaysia. A total of 108 samples (32 catfish, 32 tilapia, and 44 water samples) were obtained from nine wet markets and eight ponds in Penang, Malaysia. The feed in fish ponds were chicken offal, spoiled eggs and commercial fish feed. Using standard procedures, aerobic plate counts (APC), coliform, fecal coliform including E. coli were performed. A total 31/32 of catfish and 31/32 of tilapia exceeded the recommended microbiological standard for the APC. E. coli was less than 3 MPN/g for all catfish and tilapia samples. Temperature and pH of water ponds ranged from 26 to 27.5oC and 6 to 6.8, respectively. Homemade feed using chicken offal and spoiled egg may contribute to the microbiological quality in fish. This highlights the importance of feed in aquaculture system.

Growth and Production Performance of Monosex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed with Homemade Feed in Earthen Mini Ponds

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of monosex tilapia using homemade feed with Peninsula Group fish meal and commercially available feed with local fish meal in earthen mini ponds from June-September 2010. Three ponds (T1) were supplied with prepared feed and the other three ponds (T2) with commercially available fish feed. Fish were fed at the rate of 10% of their body weight for the first thirty days then gradually reduced to 6% for the next ten days, 2% for the next ten days and 3% for remaining days. The temperature were ranged from 31.5-33.0 degrees C, DO from 5.5-15 mg L(-1) in T1 and 6.5-14 mg L(-1) in T2, pH from 7.1-8.0 in T1 and 7.1-7.7 in T2, alkalinity from 105-160 mg L(-1) inT1 and 100-145 mg L(-1) in T2, nitrate was 0.06 mg L(-1) in both treatments and ammonia from 0.02 and 0.04 mg L(-1) in T1 and T2, respectively. The results of the present study showed that the best weight gain was observed as 123.48 g in T1 than T2 (111.82 g). The Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was recorded 3.09 and 2.97 and the Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) was 1.51 and 1.40 in T1 and T2, respectively. There was significant (p < 0.05) variation among the survival rate (%) of fishes which were 75.55 and 90.37% in T1 and T2, respectively. The fish productions were 19076 and 16312.11 kg ha(-1) in T1 and T2. The highest net profit (Taka/ha/70 days) of Tk. 15, 83,213 was obtained with T1 So, the prepared feed showed better performance with monosex tilapia in compared with commercial fish feed with local fish meal.

Monitoring the presence of chloramphenicol and nitrofuran metabolites in cultured prawn, shrimp and feed in the Southwest coastal region of Bangladesh

Presence of nitrofuran and chloramphenicol in farmed prawn and shrimp is a major concern in the export sector of Bangladesh. Rejections of consignments by the foreign buyers have been recurrent for the last couple of years due to detection of these banned antibiotics. The increasingly complex requirements for food safety assurance and traceability set by major export markets represent a threat to the trade of this significant sector. In this study, the status and trends of the presence of nitrofuran and chloramphenicol in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) and marine shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) and in their feeds in the Southwest coastal region of Bangladesh were investigated. The prawn/shrimp farmers, feed manufacturers and feed sellers were interviewed with well structured pre-tested Questionnaires. Antibiotic residues present in the animal muscles, feeds and feed ingredients were detected using LC–MS–MS by the Fish Inspection and Quality Control Wing of the Department of Fisheries. The study reveals that farmers did not deliberately use those banned antibiotics, but these chemicals were detected in many M. rosenbergii and P. monodon samples in 2008, 2009 and 2010, in both fresh muscles, pre-export and post-export consignments. The percentage of contamination with this banned antibiotics in M. rosenbergii samples were 17.74%, 22.89%, 13.60% and in P. monodon samples were 12.65%, 15.79%, 11.85% in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Antibiotic residue data of 2008, 2009 and 2010 showed: (i) contamination of nitrofuran and chloramphenicol was more in M. rosenbergii than P. monodon; (ii) among four nitrofuran metabolites, nitrofurazone was found more frequently but in smaller quantities in 2009 and 2010; (iii) contamination of nitrofuran metabolites was more in prawns fed with commercial feed than those with home-made feed; and (iv) there has been a decreasing trend of the presence of nitrofuran and chloramphenicol in prawn and shrimp of Bangladesh.

Response of shika-brown pullet chicks and layers to home made and commercial feeds in Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria

Two separate experiments were conducted to test the response of Shika brown pullet chicks and layers to home-made and commercial feeds in Zaria metropolis of Kaduna state, Nigeria. In both experiments a homemade chick ration and layer ration were formulated using feed ingredients available in the locality. These were compared with two prominent commercial chick mash and layer mash feeds sold in Zaria. There were three feeds in each experiment and each feed constituted a treatment. Each of the treatments was replicated three times (making a total of 9 replicates in each study) in a complete randomised design. Two hundred and seventy chicks and layers respectively were used in each experiment, with 30 birds in each of the nine replicates. Results obtained for the chick study showed that the final weight, body weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and feed cost per kilogramme gain in weight were significantly (P<0.05) better for the commercial feed A than for the other two feeds. Results obtained for the layers study showed that although birds fed commercial feed A performed significantly (P<0.05) better in terms of final weight, body weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and percent henday egg production, the birds fed the homemade feed were significantly (P<0.05) better in terms of income above feed expenses, which is a measure of profitability.

Use of dogs as indicators of metal exposure in rural and urban habitats in NW Spain

Many different species have been used in environmental biomonitoring studies in diverse habitats including forest, farmland, and urban and sub-urban areas. However, there is little information on domestic animals living in rural or urban habitats and exposed to the same pollutants as the human population. In this connection, pets could prove to be good indicators of human metal exposure since they closely share the same environment as their owners, and are therefore exposed, at least in part, to the same pollutants. The present study investigated toxic metal exposure in dogs in NW Spain and compared metal exposures between dogs from rural and urban habitats, considering the influence of diet, sex and age. Samples of liver and kidney from 57 male and female dogs, aged between 6 months and 18 years, were collected after euthanasia at veterinary clinics. Samples were acid-digested and metal concentrations determined by ICP-MS. Geometric mean concentrations of metals in the liver and kidney (microg/kg wet weight) were 12.6 and 15.9 for arsenic, 58.0 and 175 for cadmium, 32.7 and 53.4 for mercury, and 57.7 and 23.1 respectively. Hepatic lead concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) in dogs fed commercial diets than dogs fed home-made feed (32%) or a mixture of commercial and home-made feeds (95%). Mercury concentrations in the kidney were significantly higher (3-fold, p<0.05) in dogs from urban areas than in dogs from rural areas. Cadmium levels in kidney were significantly higher (p<0.05) in females (67%) and increased with age (p<0.001). Although no human samples were obtained in this study and no direct correlations between dogs and human metal exposure have been conducted, given our results pets could be suggested as surrogate indicators of human metal exposure.

Food inputs, water quality and nutrient accumulation in integrated pond systems: A multivariate approach

A participatory on-farm study was conducted to explore the effects of food input patterns on water quality and sediment nutrient accumulation in ponds, and to identify different types of integrated pond systems. Ten integrated agriculture–aquaculture (IAA) farms, in which ponds associate with fruit orchards, livestock and rice fields were monitored in the Mekong delta of Vietnam. Pond mass balances for nitrogen (N), organic carbon (OC) and phosphorus (P) were determined, and pond water quality and sediment nutrient accumulation were monitored. Data were analyzed using multivariate canonical correlation analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. The main variability in pond water quality and sediment nutrients was related with food inputs and water exchange rates. Water exchange rate, agro-ecological factors, pond physical properties and human waste input were major variables used to classify ponds. Classification was into: (1) low water exchange rate ponds in the fruit-dominated area, (2) low water exchange rate ponds in the rice-dominated area receiving homemade feed, and (3) high water exchange rate ponds in the rice-dominated areas receiving wastes. Pond water exchange rate was human-controlled and a function of food input patterns, which were determined by livelihood strategies of IAA-households. In the rice-dominated area with deep ponds, higher livestock and human wastes were found together with high water exchange rates. In these ponds, large organic matter loads reduced dissolved oxygen and increased total phosphorus concentrations in the water and increased nutrient (N, OC and P) accumulation in the sediments. In the rice-dominated area with wide ponds, higher homemade feed amounts were added to the ponds with low water exchange rate. This resulted in high phytoplankton biomass and high primary productivity. The contrary occurred in the fruit-dominated area, where fish were grown in shallow and narrow ponds, receiving more plant residue which resulted in lower phytoplankton biomass and lower sediment nutrient accumulation.