Home Zone Research Articles

Model Pemilihan Rute Antara Jalan Nasional dan Jalan Tol Surabaya (Bundaran Waru)-Jombang dengan Metode Pembebanan Bertahap

The interactions that occur between the City of Surabaya and the City of Jombang are not only influenced by economic factors, but are also influenced by social factors of life. Residents who are outside the Jombang City area will try to choose the fastest route from several routes that connect their home zone with Jombang City. This research was conducted based on factors that influence the process of choosing a travel route from Surabaya City to Jombang City using class I, class II and class III vehicles. The influencing factors are travel time and vehicle flow. The available route options are via national roads and toll roads. In this research, an analysis of route selection was carried out using the gradual loading method. The gradual loading method was chosen because it can determine the relationship between traffic flow and travel time, without depending on driver assumptions and road network characteristics. After carrying out the analysis using the gradual loading method, the wardrop balance value can then be calculated, the results of which can show that the conditions are balanced and the driver can determine which route to take. From the results of a simple linear regression analysis, a model of the flow - travel cost relationship on the Surabaya - Jombang National Road route was obtained with the equation form 55.63 + 0.031X, while on the Surabaya - Jombang Toll Road route the equation form was 32.044 + 0.024X. The wardrop balance value at a uniform fraction loading of 25% was found to be 0.18 and at a uniform fraction loading of 10% and a non-uniform fraction of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% the value was 0.03. This value is relatively small and can be interpreted that the condition is close to wardrop equilibrium.

Design and Construction Aspects of Concrete Block Paved Vertical Traffic-Calming Devices Located in Home Zone Areas

In recent years, speed reduction measures have been increasingly used, especially in heavily urbanised areas. If local conditions allow, traffic-calming schemes are implemented, which include a variety of traffic-calming measures (TCM). Some of the most common traffic-calming measures are concrete block paved vertical traffic-calming devices (VTCDs), including speed tables, speed humps, speed bumps and raised pedestrian crossings. Different design and construction recommendations apply to the respective VTCD types. The aim of this article is to examine the effectiveness of VTCDs in speed reduction and the impact of horizontal forces on pavement conditions, both within and beyond VTCDs, after over a dozen years of exposure to traffic. For this purpose, speed surveys were carried out on selected two-way streets running through home zones in Poland. The pavements on selected VTCDs were identified and visually assessed for damage, and subsidence areas were estimated using the terrestrial laser scanning (TSL) technique. The analysis resulted in the development of the Deviation Model 3D (DM3D), showing local deviations from the theoretical surface, obtained by superimposing the two models, the Real Surface Digital Terrain Model (RS DTM) and the Theoretical Surface Digital Terrain Model (TS DTM). A comparative analysis of the pavement surface condition and the magnitudes of horizontal forces allowed us to identify the locations of critical spots in VTCDs. The results were used as the basis for developing recommended pavement structures and deriving engineering recommendations for concrete block paving in VTCDs.

Design of Concrete Block Paving in Home Zone Traffic Circle Areas

Contemporary street space upgrade or regeneration projects tend to include setting up home zones that are located in large city suburbs, smaller towns or spas. These home zones feature one-way streets, merging of a pavement and carriageway into one level surface and various traffic calming measures (TCM), including speed tables and traffic circles (TC). Concrete paving blocks are the preferred surfacing material. As part of this study, traffic surveys were carried out in a small seaside spa in Poland to determine the accelerations and decelerations of vehicles passing through four traffic circles that have different central island heights and different streetscape characteristics. A visual assessment of the pavement condition was also carried out. The pavement deformation changes were analysed using 3D models derived on the basis of the terrestrial laser scanning data obtained with the Trimble SX10 scanning total station. The existing pavement structure was analysed as part of this study. Next, the areas that require strengthening were identified based on subsidence and horizontal forces analyses, with the latter calculated from the observed decelerations and accelerations of the passing vehicles. Finally, design guidelines are given for concrete block surfacing in high traffic impact locations.

Variability in body weight and morphology of Uganda's indigenous goat breeds across agroecological zones.

Indigenous goat breeds in Uganda are classified based on average body size parameters and coat color. However, variations in the body size of animals may be influenced by several factors, including management and the environment. To understand the effect of the agroecological zone on the physical characteristics and live weight of Uganda's indigenous goats, this study evaluated the body size characteristics of the three indigenous goat breeds of Uganda across ten agroecological zones. The cross-sectional survey was conducted in 323 households from the ten zones, where 1020 goats composed of three breeds (Mubende, Kigezi, and Small East African) were sampled and measured for body weight, linear body size, and age. We confirmed that Mubende and Kigezi goats from the original homeland had a higher mean body weight than reported in FAO reports. In addition, Mubende appeared to perform better in pastoral rangelands, with a higher mean body weight (38.1 kg) and body size being significantly higher (P < 0.0001) compared to other zones. The mean body weight for the Kigezi breed in the original homeland (34 kg) was comparable to those from Western Savannah grasslands and pastoral rangelands and less than that initially reported by FAO (30 kg). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the linear body size characteristics of Kigezi goats in the home zone of highland ranges relative to those found in other agroecological zones (P > 0.05). Although the Small East African goats were originally found in Northwestern Savannah grassland and Northeastern dryland zones, they performed poorly regarding mean body weight and body size characteristics in the former zone. In the Northwestern Savannah grasslands, the mean body weight (23.8 kg) was even less than that reported by FAO, which ranged between 25 and 30 kg. Finally, we confirmed that Mubende and Kigezi goats are significantly heavier than small East African goats (p ≤ 0.0001). The results of this study can be useful in designing precise management strategies to improve indigenous goat productivity in different environments in Uganda.

Traffic Circle—An Example of Sustainable Home Zone Design

A significant number of new metered parking systems have been introduced in recent years by the local authorities of various spa towns in Poland in connection with home zone conversion projects. The traffic signs posted in these locations were limited to the beginning and end of the demarcated parking area. Traffic circle (TC) is an example of a traffic calming measure (TCM) used in home zones to slow down the traffic (case study—home zone in a small spa village). This article presents the results of a study investigating the speed reductions obtained within a home zone and a traffic circle used as traffic calming measure. The indispensable speed surveys were carried out in relation to this study in two periods: in summer when the streets are crowded with tourists and in September with little pedestrian traffic. Two research hypotheses were formulated as part of the speed data analysis to verify the slowing effect of the traffic circle and the relevance of the traffic circle’s design parameters and location, road function and the surrounding streetscape. For each hypothesis, statistical analyses were carried out using two nonparametric tests: two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and median test. The third research hypothesis formulated in this study was related to sustainable development factors related to fuel consumption and traffic-related air pollution, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons. This hypothesis was verified by estimating the amount of air pollution in the home zone under analysis in three different situations (scenarios): in summer with the travel speed reduced by pedestrian traffic to ca. 8–10 km/h, in September with a small number of pedestrians and 20–25 km/h resulting speed between traffic circles, reduced at the traffic circle, and in a theoretical 30 km/h zone with 25–30 km/h assumed speed between traffic circles, dropping at the traffic circle. These analyses confirmed the appropriateness of the traffic circle as a home zone traffic calming measure, as long as its design is based on a detailed analysis of the relevant factors, including location, road function and the surrounding streetscape.

Home Zone Home Range: Resiliensi Lingkungan Aman Nyaman untuk Keluarga

The title of this Artistic Research is Home Zone Home Range: Resilient Safe and Comfortable Environment for Families During the Pandemic. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the concept of home zone and home range in simple residential interiors, especially the arrangement of furniture layouts related to social distancing and circulation. The data collection method is in the form of deepening related literature and field documentation of related objects as well as interviews with related resource persons. Data analysis refers to an interactive analysis model combined with a pre-design alternative model which includes three components, namely: data reduction, data display (displaydata) and data validation (verification). The results of the study indicate that a good residential design must start from a well-planned surrounding environment and well-planned interior design, including meeting health and safety standards as a Healthy Home that fulfills physiological and psychological functions. The results of this study are expected to be an evaluation material for relevant stakeholders in the fulfillment of development facilities in the future.

Imagining Supremacy

Imagining Supremacy Wilfred Reilly (bio) In Imagining the Heartland: White Supremacy and the American Midwest, authors Britt E. Halvorson and Joshua Reno do something fascinating: use contemporary academic theory to render the answer to a rather simple question almost incomprehensible. Imagining the Heartland—a dense and often quite well-written text—is focused on one core question: why is the American Midwest seen as it is? The authors argue that the midwestern region of the U.S. is often seen and presented as a sort of idealized, mostly-White heartland of the country. Empirically speaking, this claim seems to have three component prongs: that the Midwest is depicted as very White in population terms (13, 18, 44); that it is described as a sort of pioneer-settled American core; and that it is viewed as an agrarian region (22–24), often in contrast to giant ant-hill cities which may be seen as decadent, over-civilized, and perhaps not truly American. One immediate and obvious observation is that the reason citizens believe most of these things is that they are true.1 Five minutes of research reveals that the Midwest, generally defined as containing the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota, is by far the whitest large region of the U.S.2 Iowa, perhaps the archetypal Midwest state, was 84.1% White (and only 4.3% Black) as of the 2020 census.3 Typical "Plains Midwest" state North Dakota is 83.2% White today—down from 90%—with the largest number of racial minorities being Native Americans and people who are half White, and African Americans making up 3.5% of the population. And so forth. Even states like Wisconsin, which is home to the good-sized and diverse city of Milwaukee, do not disrupt the mold: the Badger [End Page 157] State is 80.2% non-Hispanic White as of 2020, with Blacks stable at 6.8% of the population. Not to belabor this point, but the most diverse Midwestern state is probably my own heimat of Illinois, which was 60.0% White, 14.7% Black, and 18.0% Hispanic or Latino. In contrast, the most racially diverse mainland U.S. state is California, which is just 35.2% non-Hispanic White. Against virtually any other region, the Midwest is seen as "heavily White" because it is. Similarly, the Midwest is seen as a pioneer-settled national core because it was exactly that. The midwestern states fall in almost the exact geographic center of the United States: the current population/demographic center of the country is located in central Missouri.4 In cartographic terms, our actual geographic center is Lebanon, Kansas.5 The Midwest and Great Plains were the primary areas settled under the pioneer-driving Homestead Act, which was focused specifically on "opening up" the middle of the North American continent to western agriculture and development.6 Along these same lines, the primary reason the Midwest is seen as agrarian is that much of it IS. Even today, the region has both "the greatest number of farm operations and farmland acres operated in the nation," and contains fully 36% of the 2,042,220 working farm operations in the United States.7 The next-highest performing American agricultural region, the Southeast, comes in at 20%—and the drop is sharp from there. Things used to be still more rustic in my home zone, with even Halvorson and Reno (22) noting that 53% of all residents of Wisconsin were farmers in the fairly typical historical year of 1850. A logical extrapolation from all of this uncontested data might be that American writers and artists have largely seen the Midwest as it is, or at least in terms of its more prominent distinguishing characteristics—albeit while employing the same slight romanticization used to present all New England as Protestant and stoic, or la belle Nouvelle Orleans as a boozy Disneyland for adults. Even to the extent that this largely White and agrarian region is seen as a nostalgic reminder of an America past—and, today, it is presented at least as often as the failing and opiate-addled...

Cruising for Parking with Autonomous and Conventional Vehicles

Parking is a cumbersome part of auto travel because travelers have to search for a spot and walk from that spot to their final destination. This conventional method of parking will change with the arrival of autonomous vehicles (AV). In the near future, users of AVs get dropped off at their final destination and the occupant-free AVs search for the nearest and most convenient parking spot. Hence, individuals no longer bear the discomfort of cruising for parking while sitting in their vehicle. This paper quantifies the impact of AVs on parking occupancy and traffic flow on a corridor that connects a home zone to a downtown zone. The model considers a heterogeneous group of AVs and conventional vehicles (CV) and captures their parking behavior as they try to minimize their generalized travel costs. Insights are obtained from applying the model to two case studies with uniform and linear parking supply along the corridor. We show that (i) CVs park closer to the downtown zone in order to minimize their walking distance, whereas AVs park farther away from the downtown zone to minimize their parking search time, (ii) AVs experience a lower search time than CVs, and (iii) higher AV penetration rates reduce travel costs for both AVs and CVs.

A discussion on child-friendly cities through a critique on the experience of the body

Social changes resulting a significant shift in philosophical thinking in the renaissance brought the idea of individuality to the forefront, radically changing the social requirements and desires of individuals, the ideas of freedom of all individuals collectively, their relations with society and their environments, and also their participation in urban life. As a result of the industrialization activities, wars and migrations experienced in the twentieth century, this direct participation of the individual in the urban space was negatively affected. Especially due to globalization, the changing physical appearance and quality of life of metropolitan cities have created disconnections in human interactions with the city and their bodily experience with the environment. Monetary system which have dominated urban life, has taken business life to the forefront separating the residential fabric from the zones where business life develops, and accordingly lively streets have been surrendered to motor vehicles over time. One of the social groups most affected by these changes, is the young generation. The cities where the scale has changed radically, the sacrificed areas were usually the recreational environments, and children's play areas. Within this context, it is also mentioned in the literature that adults (politicians, planners, and municipalities) easily ignore the fact that cities are also for children; the developmental characteristics of young people, their needs for age, play and experience necessary for their healthy growths are ignored. Therefore, it should be admitted that cities should have a lot to offer children. It is necessary to organize the streets, to plan the transit routes of motor vehicles, redefine new speed limits, and re-evaluate the streets to make them pedestrian-friendly again taking into account the possibility of danger to children. So, as a part of the theoretical background discussed in the context of environment and behavior theories, the debate covers how the urbanites, children in particular –every urbanite is considered as a body in this paper– are affected by the rapid change of urban space. Also, through the introduction of global models such as woonerf and home zone on how the city can regulate physical and social components that can contribute both to the socialization of adults and to children’s development and freedom in relation to their own age and needs, a fruitful insight is endeavored to be provided to the potential for these kinds of practices to be implemented in metropolitan cities especially in the residential fabric of cities.

The multi-response of root foraging strategy to a neighbor, soil heterogeneity and earthworm

Despite a broad understanding of behavioral aspects of plant root foraging, most studies have investigated plant responses to single soil factors. Whether plants consistently respond to specific aspects of the soil environment, or whether they express highly contingent foraging responses to combinations of factors is unclear. We conducted a growth room experiment with two plants species (Chenopodium glaucum L. and Chloris virgate Sw.) in which we manipulate plant competition, soil heterogeneity, earthworm presence to answer (1) whether root foraging strategies reflect combinations of these treatments, and (2) whether changes in root foraging are associated with altered competition and pot-level biomass yield. After five weeks of growth, we measured above- and below-ground biomass and root length of each individual in each of four soil zones (shared, owned, and two adjacent zones). These data were used to estimate the degree a plant was suppressed by its neighbors (competitive response), the coefficient of variation in root length among the four zones, and the degree to which a plant concentrated its roots in its home zone vs. in the zone of a neighbor (home aggregation index). Plant neighbors, earthworms, and soil heterogeneity influenced above- and belowground growth and foraging in species-specific ways. The homogenization effect of earthworms on the root distribution of C. glaucum growing alone was changed into heterogenization when it grew with its competitor. Though the root foraging strategy of C. glaucum was relatively conservative while that of C. virgate was relatively aggressive, neither species in this study presented a singular root foraging strategy, and instead, root placement was highly contingent upon local soil factors and planted social context. The avoidance root foraging strategy our plants demonstrated clearly reduced the competitive pressure and increased total productivity per pot which empirically links root foraging to competitive interaction. These findings suggest that the multiple soil-related predictors are integrated to determine the root foraging strategies with a species-specific variation in spatial root distribution, and the shifts in foraging strategy were associated with changes in the strength of plant-plant interactions and impacted total productivity. This work has potential impacts on understanding the contingent root performance, undetermined interspecific relationships and possible species coexistence in a context-specific environment.

Living in between a house and a home: Where’s the comfort zone anyway? Dislocated identities in Morrison’s "The Bluest Eye" and Cisneros’ "The House on Mango Street"

This paper aims to provide a reflection on literary representations of home alternatively to current collocations in the media, in the psychological and sociological realm (home vs comfort zone). The selection of two postcolonial texts, one by Morrison, The Bluest Eye (1970), and another by Cisneros, The House on Mango Street (1984), provides ways-in to discuss changing social and cultural experiences with a focus on characters’ search for identity in a multicultural and multilingual setting, as is the one in the United States. The study will depart from a brief theoretical survey (Anderson 1991) to a corpus-based approach which maps such shifts and changes (Baker 2006) while resorting to a close analysis of contexts of occurrence of the keywords home and house, along with their patterns of collocation, in the texts under scope (from the sentence to the textual levels, following Biber et al. 1998; Sinclair 2004, among other). The analysis is meant to unveil ways in which writers make use of linguistic structures and most importantly what it means to be at home when characters never felt welcome there, or characters’ inner / outer struggle to develop a sense of belonging in disrupted settings.

Trajectory Planning and Vehicle Control at low speed for home zone manoeuvres

Abstract Trajectory Planning and Vehicle Control at low speed is the automation of traditional manual vehicle maneuvers in home zones. We refer to living streets that are designed primarily to meet the needs of pedestrians, cyclists, children and residents and where the speeds and dominance of the cars are limited. In this study, we present the trajectory planning and vehicle control by using model predictive control (MPC) both for lateral and longitudinal dynamics. In particular, the lateral control of the vehicle solves a convex optimization with steering and lateral travel range constraints. It is based on a linear model of vehicle kinematics which is synthesized from nonlinear dynamics by using time-state control form (TSCF) transformation. The longitudinal model predictive control is based on a simple double integrator model with longitudinal travel and speed references. The performance of the proposed method is verified with a V-cycle model-based approach, starting from Model-in-the-Loop simulation through vehicle experiments on Jeep Renegade prototypal vehicle.

Trip generation and distribution modelling in Budapest

The last decades brought social and economic changes. Together with the technical developments and more conscious mobility planning and travelling of people called for a new transport model for Budapest. Additionally, for the sake of coherent project appraisal a strategic, macro level decision supporting and project appraisal tool was developed based on open and transparent methods to give more insight for users and accommodate the best practice for all professionals. In order to reflect person-specific influence factors of the travel behaviour, based on the latest observations and house-hold surveys, 20 population segments and 14 trip purposes were identified. The numerous demand strata led to pretty realistic trip generation figures. The destination choice behaviour model is tour based instead of the most common home-based trip-pair practice. Trip distribution functions implies a gravity approach by logit functions applying general utility. The tour based model works with non-symmetric generation – attraction matrices and the distinction between home zone and non-home zone made the use of area specific variables (e.g. parking fee for non-residents) possible. The aim of the paper is to describe the model structure but also explaining what observations were made, what were the key finding in terms of transportation characteristics and what decisions led to the applied model components. The fitting to the observed volumes and the sensitivity and validity of the model is fairly good, thus against the preceding model set-ups the direct use of observed matrices was not necessary.

Effect of built environment measures on trip distance and mode choice decision of non-workers from a city of a developing country, India

This paper investigates the influence of built environment measures on trip distance and walking decision of non-workers by segmenting the populace based on trip purpose, vehicle ownership, and the presence of school-going children in households. The built environment measures of home zone of individuals considered for the present analysis include zonal population density, zonal school enrolment, land use mix diversity index, and an indicator variable that captures if neighbourhoods have footpaths of adequate width available. Statistical analyses conducted on home-based trips indicate that an increase in the land use diversity of a zone has its strongest negative effect on distance travelled for participating in personal/household business activities. The non-vehicle owning group exhibit a higher tendency to walk than the vehicle-owning group for an increase in the land use diversity of zones. Further, the study suggests that school-enrolment in a zone also influences the travel decisions of non-workers in families with school-going children.

"Living in a Communal Garden" Associated with Well-Being While Reducing Urban Sprawl by 40%: A Mixed-Methods Cross-Sectional Study.

The extent to which novel land-efficient neighborhood design can promote key health behaviors is examined, concentrating on communal outdoor space provision (COSP). To test whether a neighborhood (Accordia) with a higher ratio of communal to private outdoor space is associated with higher levels of resident's (a) self-reported local health behaviors and (b) observed engagement in local health behaviors, compared to a matched neighborhood with lower proportion of COSP. Health behaviors were examined via direct observation and postal survey. Bespoke observation codes and survey items represented key well-being behaviors including "connecting," "keeping active," "taking notice," "keep learning," and "giving." The questionnaire was validated using psychometric analyses and observed behaviors were mapped in real-time. General pursuit of health behaviors was very similar in both areas but Accordia residents reported substantially greater levels of local activity. Validated testing of survey dataset (n = 256) showed support for a stronger Attitude to Neighborhood Life (connecting and giving locally) in Accordia and partial support of greater physical activity. Analyses of the behavior observation dataset (n = 7,298) support the self-reported findings. Mapped observations revealed a proliferation of activity within Accordia's innovative outdoor hard spaces. Representation is limited to upper-middle class UK groups. However, Accordia was found to promote health behaviors compared a traditional neighborhood that demands considerably more land area. The positive role of home zone streets, hard-standing and semi-civic space highlights the principle of quality as well as quantity. The findings should be considered as part of three forthcoming locally led UK garden cities, to be built before 2020.

The effectiveness of ‘shared space’ residential street interventions on self-reported activity levels and quality of life for older people

The role of the built environment in facilitating physical activity is well recognised. However, longitudinal studies into the effects of changes to the built environment on levels of activity and quality of life outcomes are lacking, especially for older people. This paper presents results from a longitudinal study of ‘home zone’ style changes to residential streets, designed to make streets more ‘liveable’ by reducing the dominance of vehicular traffic and creating shared space. The interventions were focused in deprived areas, where the changes followed an inclusive, community-led approach. The intervention sites were matched with comparison sites receiving no intervention. Whilst existing studies into the outcomes of home zone type interventions have tended to focus on tangible measures such as road casualties or traffic speeds, this study examines broader, self-reported behavioural (i.e. activity levels and perceptions), health and quality of life outcomes. Results were gathered pre-intervention in 2008 and then, post-intervention, in 2010 or 2011 for participants aged 65 or older. They show that interventions are associated with a significant improvement in perceptions of how easy it is to walk on the street near home. Participants also considered that they were significantly more active post-intervention. However, there was less evidence of positive change in health, quality of life, frequency of activities outdoors, time spent outdoors, or better social connectedness. One potential reason is that a greater time period post-implementation is needed for such outcomes to become manifest.

Understanding Inhabitants' Spatial Experience of the City of Doha Through Cognitive Mapping

Despite the current fast track urban development process that characterizes the city of Doha, very few studies have addressed several important growth aspects, including the examination of the way in which its inhabitants comprehend and react to its built environment and the resulting spatial experience. This paper examines inhabitants' spatial experience in the city by applying cognitive mapping procedures coupled with an attitude survey. 108 responses were received, analyzed, and classified in three categories a) living, working, and visiting patterns; b) comprehension of home range, home zone, and movement; and c) ethnic affiliation: Qataris and other Arab expatriates. The findings contribute to an in-depth understanding of the inhabitants' spatial experience. The study concludes with an emphasis that by establishing knowledge generated from research findings that are derived from direct experience of inhabitants including movement patterns and the rhythm of geographical locations within the city, the various aspects of how certain areas work within the urban structure of the city can be elucidated.

A household-level activity pattern generation model with an application for Southern California

This paper develops and estimates a multiple discrete continuous extreme value model of household activity generation that jointly predicts the activity participation decisions of all individuals in a household by activity purpose and the precise combination of individuals participating. The model is estimated on a sample obtained from the post census regional household travel survey conducted by the South California Association of Governments in the year 2000. A host of household, individual, and residential neighborhood accessibility measures are used as explanatory variables. The results reveal that, in addition to household and individual demographics, the built environment of the home zone also impacts the activity participation levels and durations of households. A validation exercise is undertaken to evaluate the ability of the proposed model to predict participation levels and durations. In addition to providing richness in behavioral detail, the model can be easily embedded in an activity-based microsimulation framework and is computationally efficient as it obviates the need for several hierarchical sub-models typically used in extant activity-based systems to generate activity patterns.

Street Design and Street Use: Comparing Traffic Calmed and Home Zone Streets

This research compares the street activity in two very comparable streets over exactly the same period using time lapse cameras. The aim of the research has been to assess which approaches to street design might encourage the street life and activity most envisioned in the UK's national residential street guidance Manual for Streets. The two streets are directly comparable apart from their design qualities. One has been traffic calmed and the other has had home zone features applied to one section. This work found that residents stayed in the home zoned section of the street for relatively long periods, engaging in optional activities and also socializing. This is in contrast to the traffic calmed street which has emerged through a public involvement process, and where the resulting street did not show any significant change in the way that the street was being used.

Determinants of annual–perennial plant zonation across a salt–fresh marsh interface: a multistage assessment

Vegetation zonation patterns in coastal marshes are hypothesized to be the result of both physical stress and competitive interactions. How these patterns may be driven by these factors at different life history stages remains poorly understood. We investigated the relative importance of species tolerance (response to physical stress) and competitive ability in determining the distributions of two dominant marsh species across a salt-fresh marsh interface in the Yellow River Estuary, China. There is a steep gradient in salinity across this interface and Suaeda salsa, an annual, dominates the saline side of the interface, while Phragmites australis, a perennial species, dominates the freshwater side. Using a series of field transplants, we examined the roles of physical stress and competition in mediating this zonation at different life history stages. Suaeda salsa performed well in its home zone, but seedling emergence, seedling survival, adult survival and adult growth were significantly suppressed by competition in the freshwater P. australis zone. Emergence, survival and growth of P. australis were inhibited in the saline S. salsa zone, regardless of neighbor treatments, but it performed well in its home zone. The magnitude of the competitive effect on the performance of S. salsa differed among the life history stages. Competition from P. australis had a much stronger effect on S. salsa seedling emergence and adult growth than on seedling survival and adult survival. Our results reveal that both physical stress and competition contributed to the observed zonation patterns in this marsh system. However, for S. salsa, the effect of competition varied with life-history stage. Insight into these ecological processes is critical to understanding how the zonation pattern in the marsh system is formed and maintained.