Home Town Research Articles

Did you see James Mason in town today? A case study in transatlantic and local identities in British stardom

American films have often been seen as agents of Americanisation. James Mason's long career as an actor seems to support such a trajectory, from inhabitant of a locality to a transatlantic star. Likewise audiences have been considered as following a similar journey, as they transported themselves to America via seats in the cinema and their living rooms. This article examines Mason's relationship with his home town of Huddersfield in order to explore the development of his sense of place, as he first distanced himself from the town and then, as he got older, adopted a Yorkshire identity. In response, audiences in Huddersfield used Mason's stardom to express their civic identities.

Kodu käsitlused Jaan Kaplinski luules

The article focuses on the evolution of the concept of home in the poetry of Jaan Kaplinski, one of the internationally most acclaimed Estonian poets. The discussion draws on the understanding of the notion of home emerging in the classic works of the phenomenologically inclined human geographers Edward Relph and Yi-Fu Tuan, as well as the influential French philosopher Gaston Bachelard.Kaplinski’s early poetry features lonely wanderers who have been cast into the world; their being on the road is eternal with no points of security or attachment. Such poetry tends to be a poetry of homelessness that accepts the lack of the feeling of being at home. If the concept of home does appear, it is an abstract rather than a denoted space that can be experienced with the senses in an unmediated way.* This is connected with the human condition – being cast into the world in a state of existentialist alienation, the acknowledgement of which is the only way of creating a certain sense of belonging and fellow feeling with other people. It is difficult to differentiate between the feelings of being at home or in non-home in Kaplinski’s early poetry, which thus often features what might be termed as existentialist homes.For Bachelard, a home provides one with a sense of security, which the phenomenologist sees as being connected with one’s childhood home. When homes related to particular buildings appear in Kaplinski’s verse, these do not guarantee such security. They are perishable, crumbling houses that may disappear, particularly in a fire like that which consumed the centre of Tartu, the poet’s childhood home town, during WWII. Yet the texts that feature such an understanding of home become more dependent on bodily memory, on an actual reliving of space. The home that is retrospectively connected with the past may replace the more abstract existentialist home, but is no source of security, serving as an ephemeral home.However, Kaplinski’s poetic homes gradually develop the quality of being inhabited, appearing as nodes of lived relationships between people – interpersonal homes. Family members whose space is such a home, are now related to a certain location where the home space has developed around them. In addition to being the result of intimate relationships within a family, such a home that occupies a particular place requires permanent engagement and care to make it retain the quality of an intimate space; it needs to be inhabited and maintained.When a home acquires boundaries as a place, it is necessarily surrounded by non-place, an undivided space offering a plethora of possibilities for movement and travel, being away from home and the possibility of returning, particularly of returning to the second home in the country, experienced as authentic and intimate in Kaplinski’s verse. The house, the shell of the home, now becomes established with a certainty that allows leaving it without the sense of it disappearing. While the poet occasionally still contemplates [or, “reflects on”] being an exile in Estonia, his father having been originally from Poland, and thus questions the sense of rootedness connected with the concept of home, the real home is still defined by the presence of children rather than by ancestors.Kaplinski’s poetry moves towards a dialectic of home and homelessness, reminiscent of Bachelard’s dialectic of the internal and the external. The dialectic home finds a continuation in the internalised home that does not require descriptions or, for that matter, even mention, for its existence is so self-evident. Home as a self-evident starting point, a place from which the poetry originates, is rather more characteristic of the poet’s later work that has moved towards the Relphian state of existential insideness. While a strict periodisaton of the evolution of the concept of home in Kaplinski’s poetry may not be feasible, it still manifests a general tendency of movement towards a stronger sense of being at home in a particular place, a greater intimacy and acceptance.

P.16.4

Among 67 neuromuscular patients searching for psychoanalysis treatment (in the Psychoanalysis Clinic, Human Genome Center), facioscapulohumeral (FSHD) patients constitute an important group. Ten patients with clinical course ranging for very mildly to severely affected have asked for treatment with complaints of depression to date. Two patients, L. and J., described below, both with a family history of FSHD whose diagnosis were confirmed by molecular analysis, illustrate the positive effect of such approach. L., aged 45, father of three children was only mildly affected. He never told his family that he had a genetic disorder. When his younger son started to show clinical signs of FSHD he found out he could not hide it any more but did not know how to deal with this situation. After 3 months of treatment he had not only revealed the truth to his family but also had decided to launch a similar psychoanalysis approach in his home town. In his last visit he declared: “For the first time in my life I took off my shirt and enjoyed swimming in the ocean”. J., aged 31, was examined for the first time at the HGC when she was 20 years old. She referred that since she was 12 years-old she had difficulty raising her arms and she was never able to whistle. Currently, she has significant hypotonia, upper limbs proximal asymmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy, facial weakness (inability to whistle, smile and close the eyes), severe lumbar hyperlordosis, scapular winging and proximal lower limbs weakness. Her mother and other maternal relatives are also affected but less severely. After psychoanalysis treatment she abandoned her resignation “feeling” and rejected others compassion “feeling” towards her. Despite her severe body deformity she decided to pursue her dream to be a teacher and went back to college. Similarly to the first patient she is now not ashamed of her body and they found another way to cope with their own sexuality.

The Influence of Hometown Size on the Development of Gender Stereotypes in Children

Abstract The study aims at investigating the influence the size of the home town has on the evolution of gender stereotypes in Romanian preschool children (N=126). We investigated the differences in gender attributions made by girls and boys raised in a small town as opposed to a big city, in order to reveal particular ways of counterbalancing those stereotypes. The responses of children from the large city showed statistically significant differences on the items of “goodness”, “courage” and “hard work”. Preschoolers from the small town offered significantly different attributions to the items of “kindness”, “friendliness”, “hard work” and “courage”. Means of counterbalancing these stereotypes are suggested.

Qualifying and quantifying medical uncertainty in 10th-century Baghdad: Abu Bakr al-Razi

Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya’ al-Razi (d. 925) was one of the most interesting and innovative clinicians of the medieval world.1 He distinguished smallpox from measles, experimented on an ape to establish the toxicity of quicksilver (mercury) and used a control group to assess whether bloodletting was an effective treatment for ‘brain fever’.2–5 Al-Razi stated in one of his treatises: My aim and objective is [to provide] things useful to people who practise and work, not for those engaged in research and theory5 (pp. 112–13). Hospitals in 10th-century Baghdad Al-Razi rose to become a hospital director both in Rayy (his home town, and now a suburb of Tehran) and Baghdad. This hospital environment proved important for his medical research. By the 10th century, hospitals in Baghdad had developed into quite sophisticated institutions. For instance, in the 920s and 930s, a powerful vizier by the name ‘Ali ibn ‘Isa endeavoured to improve public health, both by maintaining hospitals and sending doctors to areas where there was inadequate medical provision. The hospitals were Islamic charitable foundations with sometimes substantial endowments, so they benefitted from both legal and financial security; but ‘Ali ibn ‘Isa specified that they should serve non-Muslims as well as Muslims.6 Moreover, the medicine practised in these hospitals was not based on religious beliefs, but on the humoral pathology inherited from the Greeks, as the writings of the hospital physician al-Kaskari demonstrate.7 In this sense, the Islamic hospitals offered – somewhat paradoxically – a non-religious and non-sectarian service: physicians and other practitioners from various backgrounds catered for equally diverse patients in a non-confessional medical system. The development of the hospitals meant that elite medicine moved to them, and some of the most highly regarded doctors looking after patients in the upper echelons of society worked and taught in them. In addition, given their large numbers of patients, hospitals provided an infrastructure for research.

Renegotiating dissonant heritage: the statue of J.P. Coen

Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629) is a controversial figure in Dutch history. As the governor general of the Dutch United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie), he founded the basis for the Dutch colonial enterprise in south-east Asia. In the late nineteenth century, Coen was seen as a national hero and his statue erected on the central square of his home town. Since then, appreciation of Coen has changed considerably. In 2011, a group of citizens petitioned the local authority to have the statue removed because they considered him responsible for genocide. After much discussion, the local authority decided to leave the statue in place and replace the old text on the statue with a new description of Coen. The local museum organised an exhibition about Coen in the form of a trial, asking visitors to vote on whether he deserves a statue or not. Following Ashworth et al. the selective ways in which Coen’s statue has been used as a heritage resource are explored. In particular, reference is made to the concept of heritage dissonance. The ways in which the local authority and museum acted to renegotiate meanings ascribed to the statue and reduce the levels of dissonance are described and analysed.

Max Weber, emigracja i tożsamość artysty

MAX WEBER, EMIGRATION AND THE ARTIST’S IDENTITY Many artists who emigrated came from the Eastern regions of Poland. Max Weber is one of the most famous among them. He was a world famous artist, considered the creator of modern American art. He was born in a factory town in a family of a Jewish tailor Krywiatycki. When he was 10 he left his home town and moved to New York. He was interested in art from a very early age and he subjugated his entire life to plans linked with it. Weber’s creative activity took on several major turns, after his parents death the artist returned to traditional Jewish culture. The content of this article is an attempt to find an answer to the question about the role of the place of the artist’s origin on the development of his creative interests.

Mecanização do corte da cana-de-açúcar e desemprego

The alcohol and sugar sector, considered one of the most important economic activities in the State of Sao Paulo, has always involved a large contingent of labor to work in the plantations, mainly related to the cutting of sugar cane. Individuals from other states travel to the interior regions of the State to work in factories, leaving their regions of origin. But with the onset of increased mechanization of agriculture, due to environmental protocols and reports of maltreatment in the countryside, many cutters will lose their jobs, replaced by machines, on one hand do not harm the environment, but otherwise has caused structural unemployment. This research aims to analyze what is being done to support this number of unemployed workers, what they actually intend to do after they leave their jobs, and most importantly, what leaders of the home towns and dormitory towns, inserted in the region of Catanduva / SP are doing, or at least planning on performing, to promote public policies that include so many unemployed people. For this will be used individual interviews, a significant literature review, and documentary analysis, with the objective to explore the problem and achieve the desired objective.

David Cox, a counsellor of geneticists

On 21 January this year, David Cox, 66, MD, PhD, a world-renowned academic, founder of two companies, Mercator Genetics and Perlegen Sciences, and senior vice president with Pfizer since 2008, suddenly passed away. He went like he was: happy, optimistic, and on a journey. He dozed off on the shuttlebus to the hotel and just never woke up. He leaves a big gap in the lives of his family of four and the countless friends and colleagues who had the privilege to know him, work with him, and regularly get his visionary, unorthodox counsel. David wasn't a cheer leader of large consortia, someone who would move an army to tackle a complex biological problem by increasing the workforce. Rather, he would work out a clever approach which might get you there by an unorthodox but valid method, and get going with a few colleagues. He was the developer of ‘radiation hybrid' mapping, yielding one of the earliest, high-resolution physical maps of the human genome.1 And later he co-founded Perlegen Sciences, which, using the Affymetrix chip technology, and in parallel to much larger and far more heavily funded academic efforts, generated a high-resolution genetic map of three world populations.2 He had an almost uncanny view around the corner of current developments in human genetics, and passionately stimulated colleagues in academia and companies, investors, and governmental agencies around the world in doing something about improving the life of patients and caregivers. He projected this vision clearly and engagingly, in seminars, advisory boards, and personal discussions in the bar or at a dinner table. He made us achieve the impossible by a simple ‘Don't worry, it'll be OK'. On the other hand, in committee meetings he could be brutally candid about pitfalls, and he could graciously annihilate scientific posturizing at conferences. In his inimitable David Cox way, walking up to the microphone and friendly summarizing in under ten words the stretch of the claim. His funny outspokenness was very refreshing. To a packed room at a public session of an ASHG meeting in his beloved home town San Francisco, he once discussed the genetic gender testing in sports, and the personal grief the new genetics sometimes brought. ‘Finally', he ended, ‘they went back to doing it how it worked so well before—by just looking at them'. David was a true world-citizen, at home in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Travelling and lecturing, sitting on HUGO Council or other committees, he has crucially contributed to shaping the human genome project and today's large-scale genetics and biobanking. Aiming at advancing science as well as the social fabric, he was passionate about the value and vulnerability of the worlds' cultural differences, as well as about the need for public–private partnerships. In an interview in 2010, he said, ‘Call me a dreamer, but I think if you look at the people who participate in trials, or contribute to population or clinical biobanks, what they ultimately want, the reason they participate, is an altruistic one: they want to help improve society by providing the materials and data that will help scientists and companies to improve the quality of peoples' lives' (http://bbmri.nl/images/stories/hub2_web.pdf). We will sorely miss him. Starting as a paediatrician/genetic counsellor, he became a counsellor of geneticists. We gratefully acknowledge his teachings. The best way to fulfil the debt we owe him for his lifelong efforts is to continue what he has set in motion: academia, industry, the patient community, and the public at large joining forces to improve biological insights to make better treatments.

Citizen-Breadwinners and Vagabond-Soldiers: Military Recruitment in Early Republican Southern Mexico

This article is about the village-internal politics of military recruitment in the largely indigenous Mixteca mountains in Oaxaca, in the southwest of Mexico, in the first decades after independence. While Indians had not been allowed to serve in New Spain's armed forces in the late colony, in the new republic the requirement that communities send some of their members for armed service became one of the principal demands by which the state inserted itself in local life. The article argues that the politics of recruitment played a crucial role in local forms of Mexican state formation. On the one hand, in petitions protesting their recruitment it forced indigenous commoners and their families to adopt a language of citizenship that abstracted notions of male individuality as expressed through hard labor and patriarchal responsibility from the communal contexts that had embedded the political self-representation of indigenous villagers in the colonial period. On the other hand, it gave rise to a discourse of exclusion that equated recruitment and, by extension, the military with wrong-doing, vagabondage, and crime. This discourse powerfully contributed to the categorical division between civilian and military life that became so pronounced a feature of postcolonialMexican society, while at the same time giving army deserters, prevented from returning to their home towns by the stigma of soldiery, little chance but to really join the ranks of vagabonds or bandits that became such an acutely felt threat to the legal sovereignty of the new nation.

A Tidy Affair

A Tidy Affair

Locating Migrant Hometown Ties in Time and Space

This article addresses the under-theorization of locality in migration scholarship and its impediments. It develops a framework to analyze the variation of migrant settlement processes and their translocal dynamics in space and time beyond a national scale. Questions about the temporal dimension of emergent hometown ties and Home Town Associations of migrants in Europe from two cities in Turkey are used to show how these translocal dynamics relate closely to these cities’ efforts to reposition themselves, and how they have also enabled the insertion of emigrants as social actors in these processes. The article argues that the emplacement of migrant translocal dynamics in time requires a spatialized reading of this process while also drawing attention to the resilience of methodological nationalism.

Creating Jewish Space: German-Jewish Schools in Moravia

In 1911 malt factory owner Ignatz Briess of Olmütz/Olomouc wrote a memoir to explain the nature of Jewish life in small town Moravia before the Revolution of 1848 to his children and grandchildren. He related that he had attended a German-JewishTrivialschule, a German-language elementary school run by the Jewish community for Jewish children, in his home town of Prerau/Přerov in the late 1830s and early 1840s. At the school, the children had two to three hours of German subjects every morning; and at the end of every year, the state school inspector, a local priest, examined them on their studies. At the same time, Briess learned Hebrew, Bible, and Talmud in thecheder, the traditional Jewish school, for seven more hours every day. Thecheder, he remarked, was just like those inHalbasien, that is, Galicia, or Eastern Europe. Despite his reference to Karl Emil Franzos's negative evaluation of Galician Jewish life, Briess described the chaotic conditions in thechederpositively and with considerable warmth. His father, a grain dealer and manager of a noble estate who had studied at the famous Pressburg yeshiva in Hungary and who read Goethe, Schiller, Shakespeare, Spinoza, Mendelssohn, and Kant in his spare time, made sure that his son received a thorough Jewish education. The memoir, a nostalgic evocation of a vanished world, describes a Jewish community that was deeply pious, enmeshed in the world of Jewish religious tradition yet also influenced by secular, German-language culture, much of it expressed in Jewish terms. At his bar mitzvah in 1846, Briess gave adroschoh(a traditional learned discourse) for which the traditional rabbi helped him prepare, and a “German sermon,” on which he worked with hisTrivialschuleteacher.

The Transformation of Pediatric Education With a Focus on the Subspecialists

* Abbreviations: ABP — : American Board of Pediatrics ACGME — : Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education FOPE — : Future of Pediatric Education GME — : graduate medical education IIPE — : Initiative for Innovation in Pediatric Education MedPAC — : Medicare Payment Advisory Commission R3P — : Residency Review and Redesign in Pediatrics Members of the academic societies, colleagues, and friends: I’m deeply honored to receive the Joseph W. St Geme Jr Leadership Award today on its 25th anniversary in my home town of Boston with the opportunity to share the joy with my family. As I review the names of the previous recipients, I am humbled to be in their company. Although I did not know Dr St Geme personally, I have had the wonderful opportunity to work closely with many of the recent recipients of this award, who have served as mentors, role models, colleagues, and indeed, close friends. Since I have not been as fortunate as many other recipients in having the opportunity to work directly with Dr St Geme, in preparation for this address I took time to review and reflect on a wonderful series of commentaries that he wrote in the 1980s that were published in Pediatrics .1–6 I learned a number of things about Dr St Geme. He wrote and spoke with great clarity. He was straightforward in his approach and he cared passionately about education, training, and the quality of care that we provide to our patients. He carried forth a message of optimism, always looking toward the future and anticipating change. I suspect he would be very surprised, and perhaps bothered by, some of the changes under consideration in the realm of pediatric education today. But I hope he would be pleased with the rigor and the thoughtfulness that have been brought to this endeavor. I would like to use this opportunity to address pediatric education and its current transformation with particular focus on the subspecialties. Just as societal mandates for quality, accountability, and evidence-based assessment of clinical outcomes are transforming pediatric health care and the way in which we practice pediatrics, … Address correspondence to Gail A. McGuinness, MD, American Board of Pediatrics, 111 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. E-mail: gmcguinness{at}abpeds.org

Expect the Unexpected. Essays über Tomi Ungerer zu seinem 80. Geburtstag ed. by Daniel Keel, et al (review)

Reviewed by: Expect the Unexpected. Essays über Tomi Ungerer zu seinem 80. Geburtstag ed. by Daniel Keel, et al Dr. Reinbert Tabbert Expect the Unexpected. Essays über Tomi Ungerer zu seinem 80. Geburtstag [Expect the unexpected: essays about Tomi Ungerer on his eightieth birthday]. Edited by Daniel Keel, et al. Zürich: Diogenes, 2011. 254 pages. Tomi Ungerer: obsessive, creative, provocative. The mild Maurice and the wild Tomi? They must have made a remarkable pair, producing images and picture books in the hectic city of New York in the 1950s and 1960s. When Maurice Sendak completed the series of his popular bear books with A Kiss for Little Bear, Tomi Ungerer countered with No Kiss for Mother, a picture book about bad kitty Piper Paw, which caused outrage in the United States. Probably most readers had not noticed the hidden explosive in Sendak’s final picture, and even less so the gesture of reconciliation at the end of Ungerer’s [End Page 83] story. It seems that the son of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe and the enfant terrible from Alsace, who grew up under German and French repression, are closer than they may seem at first glance. “All minorities,” Ungerer suggested in 1997, “share the same humour: Jews, the Irish, Alsatians. Black humour” (112). On November 28, 2011, Tomi Ungerer, who now lives in Ireland following long years in New York and the Canadian Nova Scotia—with many interludes in his home town of Strasbourg—celebrated his eightieth birthday. In honour of this birthday, Diogenes published a celebra-tory volume of essays on him, authored over the last forty-four years by drawing and writing colleagues, including Ungerer himself. They feature an obsessively creative man and the impressively wide spectrum of his creations. Even readers primarily interested in his books for children will gain from learning more about his work not suited or intended for younger audiences. Because the sense of uneasiness with the modern adult world so vividly expressed in his commercial, personal, and political art also informs Ungerer’s work for children, it prevents it from indulging in the children’s book genre’s wide-spread harmlessness. This overall subversive consciousness is rightly highlighted by the contributors who work in the field of children’s literature criticism (Ute Blaich, Roswitha Budeus-Budde). Essays reflecting this more subversive strand include contributions on the early caricaturesque drawings of a U.S.-American society besottet with sex and technology (Jonathan Miller, Walter Killy), on provocative political posters (Hellmuth Karasek), and punchy, facetious advertising graphics (Robert Gernhardt). Ungerer himself reflects on his illustrations of Das große Liederbuch [The great book of song], which cannot deny their nostalgic origin despite their darker duplicity. Friedrich Dürrenmatt, the great Swiss playwright, observes how opposites converge in Ungerer’s work: the idyllic in the Song Book and Heidi illustrations on the one hand, and the monstrosities in Fornicon and Babylon on the other, modelled on nineteenth-century precursors as varied as Ludwig Richter and Honoré Daumier. In her honorific speech to the Kästner Prize, Jutta Limbach draws out the parallels between Ungerer and Kästner, who passed equally harsh judgement on adults while openly reaching out to children—Kästner did so in writing, Ungerer mainly in pictures. Art historian Werner Spies digs deeper, analyzing Ungerer’s art in relation to modern art, especially the works of Picasso and Max Ernst. Andreas Platthaus draws on his intimate knowledge of Ungerer’s art to profile the oeuvre of this verbal-visual genius in its uniqueness. In a second contribution focusing on Ungerer the writer, Platthaus traces two models to the picture book cat Piper Paw: the recalcitrant tomcat Piper in Heute hier, morgen fort [Here today, gone tomorrow] and the author himself as child in Es war einmal mein Vater [Once upon a time my father] (205). Personal memories of Reinhard Stumm and Thomas [End Page 84] David’s description of a day in Ungerer’s Irish workshop give insight into the artist’s creative process. Overall, readers will regret the publisher’s decision not to include any illustrations in this collection of essays, especially when specific images are referenced. Readers can instead...

“Whom should We Help First?” Transnational Helping Practices in Ecuadorian Migration

AbstractCollective remittances, in the framework of migrant transnationalism, have been recently dealt with in some empirical research, especially on the Mexican‐US migration system. Far less studied is their significance in different migration flows, including their real contribution – as desirable as this may be – to local development. The article is concerned with a bottom up analysis of a migration flow where collective remittances – as the only way for emigrants to keep helping their local communities, well beyond their own families – are still in their infancy. It explores, through a translocal ethnography of Ecuadorian migration to Italy, the underlying attitudes, personal meanings and expectations – as well as the structural opportunities and constraints – accounting for helping practices at a distance. Charitable transfers to communities of origin are reconstructed as to their motivations, their main aims and beneficiaries, their embeddedness in mutual networks among immigrant co‐nationals. How is it that some of them decide to help “people in need” in their own communities overseas, or in their home towns, or in both? Is this an expression of communal belonging, or a matter of social status maintenance, or something else?Further reflections on the dilemmas inherent in transnational helping practices are then developed. Concluding remarks emphasize the relatively poor scope for such initiatives, in a recent and first‐generation flow over a long distance. While co‐ethnic solidarity overseas is a precondition for transnational helping practices, the latter are also affected by the developments of public policies in the countries of origin and of destination. Overall, an effective integration overseas is necessary for collective remittances to have some currency and impact.

The Good Doctor

The Good Doctor

Tinctoris’s Family Origins: Some New Clues

Although a reasonable amount of information has been accruing over the past thirty years or so concerning Tinctoris’s life, especially in France and Italy, it has been difficult to root his musical and legal careers in terms of family background in fifteenth-century Brabant. A newly recovered repository of documents in Tinctoris’s home town of Braine-l’Alleud, along with some others from the Belgian state archives, now enables some early context to be sketched for at least some aspects of his later, multi-faceted working life, in particular as local background to his later law studies at the University of Orleans. These documents, mainly relating to the echevinage of Braine-l’Alleud, show clearly that various members of the Tinctoris (Le Taintenier) family, including his father, had an established involvement with the local governance of both the franchise, or village itself, and its surrounding forainete. As an indirect consequence of some of the detail suggested by this new archival material, we can als...

Analysis of the association between air pollution and allergic diseases exposure from nearby sources of ambient air pollution within elementary school zones in four Korean cities

The objectives of this study were to survey elementary school students regarding the environmental conditions of their elementary schools and to assess the relationship between air pollution and allergic disease using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Therefore, this study was designed as a cross-sectional study. In this study, seven elementary schools were selected and they were classified into three categories. The selection included one school with no traffic-related or other pollutants, three with traffic-related pollutants, and three with traffic-related and other pollutants from industrial and filling station sources. The ISAAC questionnaire survey was given to all of the students except to those in the 1st grade who were presumed to be less likely to be exposed to the school environment than the remainder of the students attending those seven schools. The assessment of allergic disease was conducted on a total of 4,545 students. Three school zones with critical exposure were selected within each school and they were evaluated based on the levels of black carbon (BC), PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3. There was a significant increase in the risks based on the odds ratios of treatment experiences (within 1 year) for allergy-related diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (a) in the school group with traffic-related pollutants and the school group with complex pollutants were 2.12 (1.41-3.19) and 1.59 (1.06-2.37), respectively, in comparison to the school groups with no exposure to pollutants. This was determined based on the odds ratio of symptoms and treatment experiences for allergy-related diseases by group based on the home town zone as a reference. Also, in the case of atopic dermatitis, the odds ratio of treatment experiences (within 1 year) was 1.42 (1.02-1.97), which indicated elevated risks compared to the students in the S1 school. A regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the substances and the symptomatic experiences within the last year. There were significant increases in the odds ratio of the symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis and the BC and SO2 in the complex pollution areas. The results of the assessment of the relationship between atopic dermatitis-associated symptoms and O3 showed that the odds ratio increased with statistical significance.

東京大都市圏郊外部における小規模知識サービス企業の集積プロセス

This paper analyses the accumulation process of small sized knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) in the suburbs of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, with a focus on the outer-suburban KIBS accumulation at Kamakura-Zushi(KZ) seaside area. Through interviews with KIBS owners, following conclusions were obtained: (1) Most business owners in KZ area commenced their business career in central Tokyo, and later relocated their office to the current location in their 20's and 30's. (2) Major determinants of small KIBS location in KZ area were: proximity to owner's home town, personal familiarity to the place, better working environment compared to central Tokyo, flexible life style and the creative atmosphere. (3) Many of the business owners highly appreciate the value of the regionality of KZ area mainly for the following reasons: abundant opportunities of regional contribution activities, business opportunities generated from casual conversation with other corporate managers, mental rewards gained from nature and people and inspiration from its history.