Home Territory Research Articles

Long-distance dispersal of wolves in the Dauria ecoregion

Using remote tracking (GPS+GSM module) we documented long-distance natal dispersals of two yearling wolves (Canis lupus) from The Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Russia. From the arithmetic center of natal home ranges the collared male and female traveled the straight-line natal dispersal distance of 280 km and 332.8 km, over 82 days and 34 days, respectively. Minimum distances of the entire tracking period were 3090.7 km (male) and 2056.7 km (female); the estimated actual travel distance of the entire tracking period was 9849 km and 4530 km, respectively. The travel speed of the wolves varied between phases (pre-dispersal, dispersal, and post-dispersal) and movement patterns (directional, nondirectional, and cluster). The mean travel speed of both wolves was the highest during dispersing (34.6 and 39.5 km/day), calculated as a minimum distance. It was one of the highest dispersal speeds among reported. The highest hourly mean travel speed was during pre-dispersing at dawn, moving directly (the male, 5.77 ± 4.25 km/h; the female, 4.09 ± 2.44 km/h). During pre-dispersing forays they returned several times to their home territories. During dispersal, yearlings crossed at least 5 territories of other packs. Wolves explored the steppe and forest-steppe in less modified habitats of the Russian part of the Dauria ecoregion and in the human-dominated Chinese part of the ecoregion.

Coppery titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus) pairs display coordinated behaviors in response to a simulated intruder.

Mate guarding and coordinated behaviors between partners are important for the maintenance of monogamous pair bonds. To study the effects of a perceived unfamiliar social intruder on females' behavior, we used coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus). We examined the effects of male aggressive temperament on females' behavior and the effects of each behavior performed by the male on the same female behavior. Using a mirror, we simulated a social intruder in the home territory and scored behaviors using an established ethogram. Based on our analysis of self-directed behaviors, females do not recognize themselves in the mirror. We then used general linear mixed models to predict percent change in females' behaviors as a function of (a) males' temperament, (b) males' behavior, and (c) an interaction between males' temperament and behavior. Male temperament did not significantly predict female behavior for any of our best fitting models. For percent change in female lip-smacking, male lip-smacking significantly predicted female lip-smacking (β = 0.74, SE = 0.22, t = 3.39; p = .004). There was a positive correlation between male and female agonistic behaviors such as back-arching/tail-lashing (β = 0.51, SE = 0.23, t = 2.22; p = .04) and for anxiety-related behaviors such as leaving the partner (β = 0.50, SE = 0.19, t = 2.68; p = .015), locomotion duration (β = 0.19, SE = 0.06, t = 2.98; p = .02), and locomotion frequency (β = 0.71, SE = 0.14, t = 5.17; p < .001). These findings on coordination of pair-mate behaviors may explain how titi monkeys display pair bond strength and ensure their reproductive success.

Wandering woodpeckers: foray behavior in a social bird.

In many cooperatively breeding taxa, nonbreeding subordinates, or helpers, use extra-territorial forays to discover dispersal opportunities. Such forays are considered energetically costly and foraying birds face aggression from conspecific members of the territories they visit. In contrast, breeders in cooperatively breeding taxa are expected to foray seldomly. We used novel tracking technologies to follow 62 acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), a cooperatively breeding bird, to study extra-territorial foray behavior. Both helpers and breeders engaged in extra-territorial forays routinely and often several times per day. Helpers forayed earlier in the day and invested more time when foraying to high-quality territories. Unexpectedly, breeders forayed as often and as far as helpers. Breeders from high-quality territories forayed closer to their home territories than breeders from low-quality territories, reflecting a potential trade-off between foraying and territory defense. Such a routine pattern of extra-territorial forays in both helpers and breeders suggests that the motives behind forays differ by sex and social status and involve more than simply searching for dispersal opportunities.

Apostle of Progress: Modesto C. Rolland, Global Progessivism, and the Engineering of Revolutionary Mexico. By J. Justin Castro

Political and cultural histories of Mexico prior to, during, and following the Revolution of 1910 abound. In most of these histories, ideas about material progress and capitalist development, as well as changes to the built environment, are present but often relegated to a tertiary position in narrative and analysis. Moreover, the historiography of the Revolution and its aftermath tends to be told from a confined national perspective, despite a recent scholarly current to globalize its actors and significance. It is for these reasons that Justin Castro’s Apostle of Progress is a welcome addition to historical scholarship. By following the life story of Modesto Rolland, one of twentieth-century Mexico’s leading engineers, inventors and thinkers, this book highlights many of the most underexplored aspects of the revolution and the period of reconstruction through about 1946: the political reformism of followers of Francisco Madero, the Constitutionalist revolutionaries’ progressive vision and influential reach into U.S. intellectual and political circles, the “socialist” experimentation in states such as Yucatán, the role of the technocrat in spurring post-revolutionary reconstruction, and the challenge of bringing peripheral regions into the national fold. Rolland’s influence was seemingly everywhere, making him the ideal subject of such a biography. He cut his teeth in Mexico City, introducing construction with reinforced concrete and playing a pivotal role in the gradual “Mexicanization” of U.S.-controlled railways, before being driven into exile after the reactionary Victoriano Huerta ousted Madero in 1913. One of the more fascinating chapters is when Castro discusses Rolland’s role in convincing U.S.-American liberals and progressives to back Venustiano Carranza and his “constitutionalists” over Villa and Zapata. This is the apex of global Progressivism, and Castro does a fantastic job situating Rolland in these discussions about governance, city planning, agrarian reform and taxation policies, as well as the early feminist movement. An acolyte of Henry George, Rolland persistently called for a land-value tax and a national land distribution to smallholders in order to resolve Mexico’s obdurate “agrarian problem.” He put put some of these ideas into practice under Salvador Alvarado’s “socialist” experiment in Yucatán in 1916 and 1917. Learning from municipal-level progressivism emphasizing democratic referenda and public health improvements in the U.S. and Ebenezer Howard’s garden city theories, Rolland tirelessly advocated for democratic municipal governance and, working in Xalapa, proposed a new city design centered on a stadium and surrounding worker neighborhoods. An unbending believer in capitalist development, albeit without an overbearing U.S. corporate presence, Rolland was instrumental in establishing the free port trading system, railroad construction connecting Yucatan to Mexico City, opening up the isthmus of Tehuantepec to extractivism, fostering the expansion of radio networks, and constructing infrastructures to peripheral areas, including his home territory (now a state) Baja California Sur.

Using Continuous Quality Improvement Tools to Promote Tobacco Cessation Among Primary Caregivers in a Home Visiting Program in Alabama.

Alabama's Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting-funded program was one of 10 state teams accepted to participate in the first wave of the Federal Home Visiting Program State and Territory Continuous Quality Improvement Practicum. This article reports methods and results of Alabama's continuous quality improvement (CQI) project and lessons learned in developing CQI capabilities among state and local public health practitioners. The Alabama team tracked CQI data weekly for the duration of the practicum using an annotated run chart. Participants included 20 identified tobacco users in 2 participating LIAs. This article highlights specific CQI tools to achieve the project aim. On the basis of CQI interventions, Alabama reached its goal; 12 of 20 primary caregivers in 2 home visiting programs made quit attempts. Alabama utilized multiple CQI tools to reach an ambitious, behavior-based aim; these same concepts could be broadly applied to quality improvement initiatives in any federal or state public health program to guide process- and outcomes-based improvement efforts.

A Colonial Expedition? French Soldiers’ Experience at the Dardanelles

As many French soldiers as ANZACs fought at Gallipoli. Their preconceptions had more to do with colonial campaigning than with the dominant French experience of the Great War — mass mobilisation to defend the nation on home territory. Moreover, a significant proportion of the troops at the Dardanelles were colonial. Yet the French soldiers discovered at Gallipoli a ‘front’ that was part of the mutual siege that ringed Europe and that bore more than a passing resemblance to the front in France. The article explores the experiences and perceptions of the French soldiers facing this paradox.

Does Helping-at-the-Nest Help? The Case of the Acorn Woodpecker

Cooperative breeding groups often involve “helpers-at-the-nest”; indeed, such behavior typically defines this intriguing breeding system. In few cases, however, has it been demonstrated that feeding nestlings by helpers, rather than some other behavior associated with helpers’ presence, leads to greater reproductive success. One prediction of the hypothesis that feeding behavior per se is responsible for the fitness benefits conferred by helpers is that there should be close congruence between the patterns of helping-at-the-nest and the fitness effects of helpers. Here we look for such a relationship in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) in order to begin to identify the behaviors of helpers that drive the increased fitness benefits they confer. In terms of young fledged, a helper male confers approximately the same fitness benefits to a group as does a helper female; more dramatically, the effects of helper males increases with increasing food supply, most importantly the prior year’s acorn crop on which this species depends, whereas that of helper females does not. These patterns do not match the nest-feeding patterns of helpers, which are greater for females than males and do not increase with a larger acorn crop the prior autumn. In contrast, the proportion of time helpers spend tending acorn-storage facilities (granaries) and are present in or near their home territory is greater for males than females and, at least for males, positively related to the size of the acorn crop. These results fail to support the hypothesis that the primary benefit conferred by helpers is feeding young in the nest; rather, they suggest that behaviors such as territorial defense and predator detection are more important. Understanding exactly what those behaviors are in this, and most other cooperatively breeding systems, remain to be determined.

Smart Home Automation Using Google Assistant

Internet of Things (IOT) is an advancement that interfaces all things and the Internet in smart spaces. By executions of information with recognizing devices, IOT has been comprehensively associated with different fields for instance homes, the application fields in keen homes consolidate brilliance into home territories for comfort, wellbeing, security, medicinal services, and vitality protection. The requirement for comfort and helpful life are particularly imperative in keen homes. In this manner, home mechanization is a standout amongst the most basic and basic segments for the IOT-based shrewd home innovation. Home robotization frameworks are utilized to control home gadgets or machines in keen homes and give programmed remote control inside or outside homes. The main target of this venture is to build up a home robotization framework utilizing hub MCU ESP 8266 and Arduino board which is remotely controlled by google partner in any Android advanced mobile phone. As innovation is progressing so houses are likewise getting more intelligent. Present day houses are step by step moving from ordinary changes to brought together control framework, including remote controlled switches. Before long, common divider switches arranged in different pieces of the house makes it troublesome for the customer to go close them to work. Altogether more it ends up being increasingly troublesome for the older or physically hindered people to do in that capacity. Remote controlled home computerization system outfits a most present day course of action with cutting edge cell phones.

Thinking with Literature: Towards a Cognitive Criticism by Terence Cave

Reviewed by: Thinking with Literature: Towards a Cognitive Criticism by Terence Cave Jiang Lei (bio) and William Baker (bio) Terence Cave. Thinking with Literature: Towards a Cognitive Criticism. Oxford UP, 2016. xiii +199 pp., $39.95. The winner of the 2009 Balzan Foundation Prize for “Literature since 1500,” Terence Cave is a specialist in early modern French literature, thought, and culture and formerly the director of the Balzan Interdisciplinary Seminar “Literature as an Object of Knowledge,” based at the St John’s College Oxford Research Centre. A product of Cave’s engagement with the Seminar is his pioneering work Thinking with Literature: Towards a Cognitive Criticism that concisely explicates the concepts of cognitive literary criticism. The book is expansive in scope but focuses on certain innovative approaches, some of which, for instance “kinesis,” and “relevance theory (cognitive pragmatics),” (198–99), have so far been understated in literary criticism. For Terence Cave, literature is perceived as “an object of anthropological and cognitive study, a human phenomenon operating within the constraints of human phylogenetic and cultural evolution” (139). In order to make literary studies cognitively informed, Cave believes that the study of literature should be placed under an interdisciplinary scope, with discussion drawing upon cognitive linguistics and neurological methodology. Cave claims that his book is written for anyone who is interested in reading literature; however, it is “neither an introductory handbook, nor a systematic account of one more cognitive approaches to literature” (vi). Instead, the study renders insightful ideas and fundamental principles or perspectives as it explores theories or arguments of cognitive approaches to literature to renew the understanding of specific texts. [End Page 537] In his initial chapter, appositely titled “Openings” (1–11), Cave examines, in addition to reviewing what he is going to do in subsequent chapters, specific basic issues of cognitive studies and pays particular attention to fresh perspectives for literary studies. These include the study of “the cognitive environment of the reader” (5), and “ecologies of the imagination” (6–7). In his detailed second chapter, “Cognitive Conversations” (12–31), Cave brings to literary study the discourse of linguistics and cognitive science. In this chapter, Cave uses “the notion of ‘mirror neurons’ or ‘motor resonance’ or ‘mind reading’” borrowed from neurological or cognitive psychological science in order to serve as new openings for use in literary study. Sensitive to the ramifications of his borrowings from other fields of inquiry, Cave admits there are dangers in bringing such ideas to literary criticism. He writes that he “can only adopt [them] if one acknowledges that this . . . mode of transfer risks becoming a kind of pirate raid in which one grabs some interesting-sounding ideas and carries them off for consumption on home territory” (17)—cognitive literary criticism. The idea that literature is, after all, the art of language that allows the possibility of applying linguistic theory to literary studies is deeply rooted in Cave’s ideas. To amplify this, Cave utilizes “cognitive pragmatics” and in particular “Relevance Theory” proposed by Paul Grice “on the logic of conversation” (24) in his Studies in the Way of Words published by Harvard University Press in 1989 and developed by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber in the second edition of their Relevance: Communication and Cognition (Blackwell, 1995). The engagement with “Relevance Theory” and other cognitive theories enables Cave to create useful fresh terminologies for literary studies. The term “Kinesis, or motor resonance” (28–30) is drawn upon from Kinetics, referring to a neutral readiness to perform similar actions naturally arising when reading words or lines offered by the literary works. In other words, Kinesis is “a faint but distinct echo in the reader’s own motor response system of what it takes in sensorimotor terms to perform a highly specific gesture” (29). It is subsequently applied to illuminate passages from W. B. Yeats’s “The Balloon of the Mind” (38–40). Another useful term is “Cognitive Fluidity,” by which Cave means “the ability to shift between different mental representations, imagine alternative possibilities, [and] predict possible outcomes” (69). Cave’s third chapter (32–45) is mainly a close reading of Yeats’s poem “The Balloon of the Mind.” In his meticulous analysis of the single-quatrain...

Mujeres en tránsito: viaje, identidad y escritura en Sudamérica (1830–1910) by Vanesa Miseres

Reviewed by: Mujeres en tránsito: viaje, identidad y escritura en Sudamérica (1830–1910) by Vanesa Miseres Natalie Love Miseres, Vanesa. Mujeres en tránsito: viaje, identidad y escritura en Sudamérica (1830–1910). Chapel Hill: North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 2017. 240 pp. ISBN: 978-14-6963-580-4. Mujeres en tránsito provides an innovative, multifaceted study of the travel narratives of four female writers who ventured to South America from Europe, travelled within their home territory of South America, or departed from the region to explore Europe and the United States during the transitory period of nation formation in nineteenth century Latin America. These writers include the French Peruvian Flora Tristan, the Argentines Juana Manuela Gorriti and Eduarda Mansilla, and the Peruvian Clorinda Matto de Turner. According to Miseres, while these authors of dissimilar backgrounds write under different models and travel to diverse places for distinct motives, what connects them is their "imaginario transnacional" that allows them to challenge predominate notions of national identity in turn of the century Latin America (14). Rather than defining the nation as a homogenous entity with clearly established cultural, geographical and political borders, Miseres shows how these female travellers writing from the margins develop a more complex vision of a nation composed of heterogeneous identities and fluid boundaries that permit contact with diverse regions, histories and voices. By describing these women as "in transit," Miseres does not simply refer to the displacement of these authors from one geographical place to another, but the way in which their travels place them in a continual movement between two or more cultures, leading them to negotiate identity on a personal, national and international level. In her discussion of Tristan's Peregrinaciones de una paria, Miseres describes how the author's voyage to Peru from her birth country of France to claim her paternal inheritance leads the author to envision herself as a "paria," an individual with an ambiguous national identity who lacks a full sense of belonging to one particular nation or another. According to Miseres, Tristan simultaneously identifies with and distances herself from her French and Peruvian nationalities as a strategy to expose the political inefficiencies of the Peruvian Republic, while highlighting opportunities for female agency. Upon clinging to her "yo europeo" Tristan establishes her authority as an outsider who sees behind the corruptness of Peru's educational, military and religious institutions (39). However, by reclaiming her South American origins, Tristan appeals to readers from the country and crafts a fictional bond with Peruvian women who share her transitory sense of identity and use it as a mechanism to subvert patriarchal control. By analyzing Gorriti's discourse on traveling within the South American homeland, Miseres displays how the author destabilizes dominant political ideologies of nineteenth century Argentina, while uncovering histories and voices marginalized by national projects that looked to unify the population under a homogenous identity. In her speech to El Club Literario de Lima, Gorriti utilizes the topic of traveling through "la tierra natal" to reject the hegemonic notion of the "Grand Tour," a trip made by the aristocratic youth to educate themselves in the high society of Europe (87). In the author's voyage to her home of Salta after a long exile in La tierra natal, [End Page 158] Gorriti challenges "the official history" of Argentina by evoking the country's colonial past, indigenous roots and political tensions between the Unitarians and Federalists (101). Finally, in Peregrinaciones de una alma triste, Gorriti reverses discriminatory classifications of gender, class and race established by the dominant sector through the liberating local travels of the female protagonist. Eduarda Mansilla travels from France to the United States with her diplomatic husband, placing her in a cultural, linguistic and political triangulation between Argentina, Europe and the United States. Miseres highlights Mansilla's transnational vision in Recuerdos de viaje by showing how the author authoritatively judges various aspects of United States society from a trained ideal of beauty and a series of "escenas de traducción," both of which are products of her elite Argentine status and knowledges acquired during her travels through Europe (137). From her European/South American perspective...

A telemetry study to discriminate between home range and territory size in Tawny Owls

ABSTRACTOver a two-year period (2013–2015), we trapped and radio-tracked 20 Tawny Owls at two study sites in northern Spain. We obtained 4257 radio-tracking locations, 328 of which were associated with vocal activity. Home ranges were significantly different between the two study sites (95% minimum convex polygon (MCP) = 125.79 ha vs. 95% MCP = 50.96 ha). Territory size was significantly less than 95% MCP home ranges and not significantly different from 70% MCP home ranges at both study sites, but was significantly larger than 50% MCP home ranges in the second site. Locations with vocal activity tended to be significantly closer to the home range border than random non-vocal locations. However, Tawny Owls focused vocal activity over the 50% MCP and close to the border of 70% MCP at both study sites. Home ranges were not significantly different between sexes for any of the three spatial scales, but male territories were significantly larger than female territories. The vocal behaviours of some owls, mainly females, were negligible or anecdotal (less than five vocalizations detected during the study period), and female territories were significantly smaller than male territories.

Effects of aggressive temperament on endogenous oxytocin levels in adult titi monkeys.

Coordination of oxytocin (OT) activity and partner interactions is important for the facilitation and maintenance of monogamous pair bonds. We used coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) to identify the effects of male aggressive temperament on OT activity, affiliative partner-directed behaviors, aggressive partner-directed behaviors, anxiety-related behaviors, and hormone-behavior interactions. We used a mirror technique, simulating an intruder in the home territory of pairs to elicit behavioral responses, and quantified behaviors using an established ethogram. Plasma concentrations of OT (pg/ml) were quantified using enzyme immunoassay. We used general linear mixed models to predict 1) percent change in OT as a function of aggression score, and 2) percent change in behaviors as a function of aggression, OT, and OT by aggression interactions. High-aggressive males exhibited a significant drop in OT concentration relative to control when exposed to the front of the mirror (β = -0.22, SE = 0.10, t = -2.20, p = 0.04). High-aggressive males spent significantly less time in contact with their mates (β = -1.35, SE = 0.60, t = -2.26, p = 0.04) and lip-smacked less (β = -1.02, SE = 0.44, t = -2.32, p = 0.03) relative to control. We also saw a trend toward an interaction effect between OT and proximity such that High-aggressive males displaying a drop in OT exhibited a smaller percent increase in social proximity (β = 6.80, SE = 3.48, t = 1.96, p = 0.07). Males exhibiting a decrease in OT also trended toward back-arching and tail-lashing less in response to the mirror (β = 4.53, SE = 2.5, t = 1.82, p = 0.09). To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study to examine interactions between OT and temperament in adult monogamous primates. Future studies should incorporate measures of pair-mate interactions and early-life experience to further understand variation in responses to social stressors and their effects on pair bonding.

Social Dominance Modulates Stress-induced Neural Activity in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Projections to the Basolateral Amygdala

Stress is a contributing factor in the etiology of several mood and anxiety disorders, and social defeat models are used to investigate the biological basis of stress-related psychopathologies. Male Syrian hamsters are highly aggressive and territorial, but after social defeat they exhibit a conditioned defeat (CD) response which is characterized by increased submissive behavior and a failure to defend their home territory against a smaller, non-aggressive intruder. Hamsters with dominant social status show increased c-Fos expression in the infralimbic (IL) cortex following social defeat and display a reduced CD response at testing compared to subordinates and controls. In this study, we tested the prediction that dominants would show increased defeat-induced neural activity in IL, but not prelimbic (PL) or ventral hippocampus (vHPC), neurons that send efferent projections to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) compared to subordinates. We performed dual immunohistochemistry for c-Fos and cholera toxin B (CTB) and found that dominants display a significantly greater proportion of double-labeled c-Fos + CTB cells in both the IL and PL. Furthermore, dominants display more c-Fos-positive cells in both the IL and PL, but not vHPC, compared to subordinates. These findings suggest that dominant hamsters selectively activate IL and PL, but not vHPC, projections to the amygdala during social defeat, which may be responsible for their reduced CD response. This project extends our understanding of the neural circuits underlying resistance to social stress, which is an important step toward delineating a circuit-based approach for the prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathologies.

Dominance relationships in Syrian hamsters modulate neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to social stress

Stress is a well-known risk factor for psychopathology and rodent models of social defeat have strong face, etiological, construct and predictive validity for these conditions. Syrian hamsters are highly aggressive and territorial, but after an acute social defeat experience they become submissive and no longer defend their home territory, even from a smaller, non-aggressive intruder. This defeat-induced change in social behavior is called conditioned defeat (CD). We have shown that dominant hamsters show increased neural activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) following social defeat stress and exhibit a reduced CD response at social interaction testing compared to subordinates. Although the vmPFC can inhibit the neuroendocrine stress response, it is unknown whether dominants and subordinates differ in stress-induced activity of the extended hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Here, we show that, following acute social defeat, dominants exhibit decreased submissive and defensive behavior compared to subordinates but do not differ from subordinates or social status controls (SSCs) in defeat-induced cortisol concentrations. Furthermore, both dominants and SSCs show greater corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression in the basolateral/central amygdala compared to subordinates, while there was no effect of social status on CRH mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Overall, status-dependent differences in the CD response do not appear linked to changes in stress-induced cortisol concentrations or CRH gene expression, which is consistent with the view that stress resilience is not a lack of a physiological stress response but the addition of stress coping mechanisms.Lay summaryDominant hamsters show resistance to the behavioral effects of acute social defeat compared to subordinates, but it is unclear whether social status modulates the neuroendocrine stress response in Syrian hamsters. This study indicates that dominant social status does not alter stress-induced activity of the extended hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which suggests that the ability of dominants to cope with social defeat stress is not associated with changes in their neuroendocrine stress response.

Changing Work Patterns of the Skolt Sámi

Abstract This article explores changing work patterns in the Skolt Sámi reindeer herding community of Sevettijärvi, northern Finland. As a result of the Second World War, Finland lost the original home territory of the Skolt Sámi to the Soviet Union. The Skolt Sámi of the old Suenjel village moved to the Sevettijärvi area in Finland. In this article I present major changes in three areas of this group’s work patterns: 1) combinations of livelihood; 2) forms of cooperation and reciprocity; 3) social constructions of work situations. The main causes of cultural change in the rein-deer herding community have been the mechanisation of reindeer herding and the centralisation of reindeer ownership. In anthropological studies, traditional forms of behaviour have at times been seen as obstacles to economic development. My argument is different: traditional forms of culture – in this case forms of reciprocity – can increase possibilities for economic development. The research data shows that the centralisation of reindeer ownership has decreased the possibilities for economic development in additional forms of livelihood among Skolt Sámi reindeer herders. The number of herders has decreased and the entrepreneurial collaboration is arranged so that there is less and less traditional reciprocity between separate households.

University Sports Rivalries Provide Insights on Coalitional Psychology : Territorial Context Influences Reactions to Vocal Signals of Allegiance.

Sports are an excellent venue for demonstrating evolutionary principles to audiences not familiar with academic research. Team sports and sports fandom feature dynamics of in-group loyalty and intergroup competition, influenced by our evolved coalitional psychology. We predicted that reactions to expressions signaling mutual team/group allegiance would vary as a function of the territorial context. Reactions should become more prevalent, positive, and enthusiastic as one moves from the home territory to a contested area, and from a contested area to a rival's territory during active rival engagement. We also predicted that men would be more responsive than women based on sex differences in evolved coalitional psychology. The research team visited public places immediately prior to 2016-2017 collegiate football and basketball games. A male research confederate wore a sweatshirt displaying the logo of one of the competing university teams and vocalized the team's most popular slogan when he saw a fan displaying similar logos. Observers followed 5m behind, recording reactions (N = 597) and response positivity/enthusiasm. Reaction tone was most positive in the rival territory, least positive in the home territory, and intermediate in the periphery and contested territory. Rates of "no reaction" were lowest in the rival territory but were highest in the periphery. Men had higher reaction rates and more positive and enthusiastic reaction tones than women. Reactions generally followed predictions based on expected signal value. This project provides evidence that coalitional psychology influences dynamics related to university sports team rivalries and that context matters for expressions of alliance.

Space use of suburban pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus): insights on the relationship between home range, core areas, and territory.

Home range, territory, and core areas are concepts that have been used to describe a species' space use. However, little research has been done to understand potential spatial relationships between them. While the relative importance of different areas of the home range has been addressed with utilization distributions, there is a lack of such analysis for territories. We mapped the locations of territorial advertisements (calls and drumming) of the pileated woodpecker in suburban areas to determine a more objective, behavior-based approach to define areas of importance within territories, which we called 'highly-defended areas'. We then analyzed the relationship between such highly-defended areas and a bird's home range and territory. On average, territories represented 69.6 ± 0.06% (mean ± SE) of a woodpecker's home range, and highly-defended areas were 34.3 ± 0.03% of their home range. Highly-defended areas objectively determined the portion of the territory that was important for fitness. For example, they contained a significant proportion of the nests and roost sites of pileated woodpeckers, which are important for reproduction and survivorship. This approach could be useful to further incorporate behavior in the study of the spatial ecology of species.

Co design może zdziałać? Dom jako zespół relacji

An interpretation of „Better Shelter” by Ikea provides a point of departure for cultural analysis of the term „home”. By asking what design can do and how it affects different understandings of home territories, I prove that common meaning of „home” is a justification for the antagonistic division into us and them. As an alternative, I suggest that home territories should be seen as performative spaces (David Morley). I analyze „The Microbial Home” with reference to Judith Butler’s theory of bodies-as-living-set-of-relations in order to show that homes are analogous sets-of-relations. In this context, design would be a way of thinking that creates inclusive spaces and addresses social issues (i.e. global migrations, environmental degradation).

Sports Leagues’ Game Exposure Policies: Economic and Legal Complexities

ABSTRACTSports leagues have developed an economic business model where they sell national media rights on behalf of all of the teams and the teams sell media rights in their home territory without competition. To protects a home team's territory, leagues blackout some games in certain geographic regions. Recent policies include blacking out local team's games on league-wide satellite and Internet-based digital media packages. To obtain access to most of a local team's games fans, thus, need to purchase a subscription to a regional sports network. These territorial arrangements that restrict game exposure have been construed by some as anticompetitive, leading to limited choice and increased prices for consumers. Sports leagues contend these restrictions are necessary to protect individual team broadcast revenue and ensure competitive balance. The recent Laumann v. NHL and Garber v. MLB lawsuits questioned whether leagues broadcast policies were more harmful or beneficial to consumers and if assigning exclusive regional broadcast territories violated United States antitrust laws.

A Brief Introduction to Mass Migration: Then and Now.

To provide a context, this introduction presents a bird's-eye view of migration history, of some differences between voluntary and forced motivation for leaving home territories, and the significance of large group relocations.(mass migrations). The challenges of adjustment and acculturation as well as the interactional effects on migrants and host populations, including mental health issues and facilities, are considered.