<h3>Background</h3> School-aged Japanese children receive shokuiku (food and nutrition education) to encourage them to eat well-balanced diets [cereal grains (shushoku), proteins (shusai), vegetables (fukusai)]. However, few young adults regularly eat well-balanced diets. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine the causal structure of the effects of school shokuiku on young adults' dietary habits and the association of current eating and lifestyle behaviors. <h3>Study Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> The subjects were 148 female university students (48.6% living alone) among 161 who completed a 2020 self-administered questionnaire (99.4% response rate) in a cross-sectional study of first- to fourth-year nutrition course students in Hyogo Prefecture. <h3>Outcome Measures and Analysis</h3> A hypothetical model was developed using factors potentially associated with well-balanced dietary habits (twice daily or more), including school shokuiku (three variables: past conversation about dietary balance consisting of the "three food groups"; major nutrients; and importance of breakfast) and current eating and lifestyle behaviors as limiting factors. A covariance structure analysis was performed by living arrangement (living alone or with family). <h3>Results</h3> Simultaneous multi-population analysis by living arrangement showed acceptable goodness of fit (GFI = 0.918, AGFI = 0.852, CFI = 0.966, RMSEA = 0.040, AIC = 113.168) and a significant positive path from school shokuiku (living alone: standardized estimate 0.29, <i>P</i> = 0.004; with family: 0.32, <i>P</i> = 0.006) and a negative path from eating-out frequency (–0.19, <i>P</i> = 0.039; –0.24, <i>P</i> = 0.017) toward well-balanced dietary habits. A significant negative path was identified from bedtime (–0.45, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and home-meal replacement (ready-to-eat foods) frequency (–0.24, <i>P</i> = 0.010) in those living alone, and from late-night snacking frequency (–0.27, <i>P</i> = 0.007) if living with family. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Well-balanced dietary habits in female university students may be positively affected by school shokuiku and limited by late bedtime and home-meal replacement use if living alone and late-night snacking if living with family, plus by eating out. <h3>Funding</h3> None