Home Location Research Articles

Prevalence and factors associated with anaemia in children aged 6-24 months living a high malaria transmission setting in Burundi.

In very young children, anaemia has been linked to increased morbidity, mortality and poor cognitive development. Although Burundi has a high burden of anaemia, which may be worsened by the high burden of malaria, little is known about the extent of the problem in very young children who are most at risk of severe disease. We estimated the prevalence, and assessed the factors associated with anaemia in children aged 6-24 months using baseline data collected as part of an on-going study evaluating the effect of Micronutrient supplementation on anaemia and cognition among children in high malaria transmission settings in Burundi. Between February and March 2020, surveys were conducted in 498 households within the catchment area of Mukenke Health Center. One child aged 6-24 months was selected per household to participate in the survey. Following written informed consent, we administered a questionnaire to the child's primary caregiver to capture information on child's demographics, nutritional status, food intake, health (status, and morbidity and treatment-seeking practices), as well as the household markers of wealth. A physical exam was conducted, and a blood sample was collected to: 1) assess for presence of plasmodium infection using a rapid diagnosis test; 2) estimate the haemoglobin levels using a portable haemocue machine. A stool sample was also collected to examine for the presence of helminth infections. The prevalence of anaemia was 74.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 61.5%-84.0%), with most of the anaemic study participants classified as having moderate anaemia (59.2%). A total of 62 (12.5%) participants had positive malaria rapid diagnosis tests. Factors significantly associated with higher odds of developing anaemia included not receiving deworming medication (adjusted Odd ratio [aOR] = 3.54, 95% CI 1.79-6.99, p<0.001), the child's home location (Mukenke II: aOR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.89-2.62, p<0.001; Mukenke: aOR = 2.76, 95% CI 2.46-3.10, p<0.001 and Budahunga: aOR = 3.12, 95% CI 2. 94-3.31, p<0.001) and the child's age group (Children aged 6-11 months: aOR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.32-3.91, p<0.001). Education level was inversely associated with less odds of anaemia: child's primary care giver with a secondary (aOR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.47-0.95, p = 0,024) and tertiary education level (aOR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.38-0.61, p<0.001). Anaemia is highly prevalent among young children in high malaria transmission setting. Anaemia is more prevalent among children who not dewormed and those with malaria. To prevent the long-term adverse outcomes of the anaemia in children, policy makers should focus on improving uptake of the deworming and malaria prevention programs, promote preventive interventions and improve the education of women especially in families with very young children.

Commuting Analysis of the Budapest Metropolitan Area Using Mobile Network Data

The analysis of human movement patterns based on mobile network data makes it possible to examine a very large population cost-effectively and has led to several discoveries about human dynamics. However, the application of this data source is still not common practice. The goal of this study was to analyze the commuting tendencies of the Budapest Metropolitan Area using mobile network data as a case study and propose an automatized alternative approach to the current, questionnaire-based method, as commuting is predominantly analyzed by the census, which is performed only once in a decade in Hungary. To analyze commuting, the home and work locations of cell phone subscribers were determined based on their appearances during and outside working hours. The detected home locations of the subscribers were compared to census data at a settlement level. Then, the settlement and district level commuting tendencies were identified and compared to the findings of census-based sociological studies. It was found that the commuting analysis based on mobile network data strongly correlated with the census-based findings, even though home and work locations were estimated by statistical methods. All the examined aspects, including commuting from sectors of the agglomeration to the districts of Budapest and the age-group-based distribution of the commuters, showed that mobile network data could be an automatized, fast, cost-effective, and relatively accurate way of analyzing commuting, that could provide a powerful tool for sociologists interested in commuting.

Location-specific psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity and sedentary time in young adolescents: preliminary evidence for location-specific approaches from a cross-sectional observational study

BackgroundA better understanding of the extent to which psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity are specific to locations would inform intervention optimization.PurposeTo investigate cross-sectional associations of location-general and location-specific variables with physical activity and sedentary time in three common locations adolescents spend time.MethodsAdolescents (N = 472,Mage = 14.1,SD = 1.5) wore an accelerometer and global positioning systems (GPS) tracker and self-reported on psychosocial (e.g., self-efficacy) and environmental (e.g., equipment) factors relevant to physical activity and sedentary time. We categorized each survey item based on whether it was specific to a location to generate psychosocial and environmental indices that were location-general or specific to either school, non-school, or home location. Physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were based on time/location match to home, school, or all “other” locations. Mixed-effects models investigated the relation of each index with location-specific activity.ResultsThe location-general and non-school physical activity psychosocial indices were related to greater MVPA at school and “other” locations. The school physical activity environment index was related to greater MVPA and less sedentary time at school. The home activity environment index was related to greater MVPA at home. The non-school sedentary psychosocial index was related to less sedentary time at home. Interactions among indices revealed adolescents with low support on one index benefited (i.e., exhibited more optimal behavior) from high support on another index (e.g., higher scores on the location-general PA psychosocial index moderated lower scores on the home PA environment index). Concurrent high support on two indices did not provide additional benefit.ConclusionsNo psychosocial or environment indices, including location-general indices, were related to activity in all locations. Most of the location-specific indices were associated with activity in the matching location(s). These findings provide preliminary evidence that psychosocial and environmental correlates of activity are location specific. Future studies should further develop location-specific measures and evaluate these constructs and whether interventions may be optimized by targeting location-specific psychosocial and environmental variables across multiple locations.

Associations between household garden size and childhood obesity in Wales, UK.

ObjectivesPhysical inactivity directly contributes to the global issue of obesity. Small-scale garden-based interventions have positively impacted on children’s physical activity levels. However, no studies have objectively measured household gardens and assessed associations with childhood obesity on a population scale. We linked garden measures with administrative data for a national population. ApproachOur cross-sectional study examined the relationship between garden size and BMI in 154,444 children aged 5 years living in Wales between 2013-2019. We linked garden size at the home location with individual-level BMI measurements and socio-demographic data in the SAIL databank; a secure research environment. BMI measures were derived from the Child Measurement Programme and were standardised using the LMS method. We calculated descriptive statistics for our cohort and used Generalised Additive Models to investigate associations between garden size and BMI. Our results include adjustment for confounding variables such as deprivation. We stratified our analysis by gender and rurality. ResultsOur cohort consisted of 52% male and 49% females. 18% lived in the most affluent quintile and 28% lived in the most deprived quintile. 74% of the cohort lived in urban areas whilst 26% lived in rural areas. Average garden size was 176m2 and the mean number of individuals living in the home was 4. We found a non-linear statistically significant negative association between garden size and BMI (edf = 2.37, p &lt; 0.01). When we stratified our analysis by gender, for males we found a linear statistically significant negative association between garden size and BMI (edf = 1, p &lt; 0.01). For females we found a non-linear statistically significant association between garden size and BMI (edf = 2.67, p &lt; 0.05). ConclusionOur study is the first to link routinely measured objective household variables with BMI data for a national cohort. Our results suggest that garden-based interventions could be focussed on to increase physical activity in children. Further research is required to investigate the pathways between garden, physical activity and reducing obesity.

Associations between viewable greenspace and adolescent wellbeing in Wales.

ObjectivesMental wellbeing can deteriorate throughout adolescence; females and children from low-income families more likely to experience mental health conditions. Views of greenspace from home positively impact cognition, but links with wellbeing has not been explored in children. We linked environment and survey data for 14 year olds in Wales, UK. ApproachOur cross-sectional study examined the relationship between views of greenspace and wellbeing for &gt;1000 children aged 14 years living in Wales between 2015-2016. We linked data on views of greenspace from the home location with individual-level wellbeing and socio-demographic data in the SAIL Databank; a secure research environment. Our health outcome was derived from self-reported wellbeing measures in the Millennium Cohort Study. Views of greenspace were derived from LiDAR data and quantified on a continuous scale (0-1). We used Generalised Additive Models to investigate associations between views of greenspace and wellbeing; adjusting for factors such as parent wellbeing and deprivation. ResultsHomes in coastal areas had larger views of greenspace than non-coastal residences. Individuals living in the most deprived areas had smaller views of greenspace (mean = 0.03) than least deprived (mean = 0.12). Overall, individuals living in detached homes had the greatest views of greenspace (0.4) and flats had the poorest views of greenspace (mean = 0.02). We will report our final regression analyses at the conference investigating the association between views of greenspace and adolescent wellbeing. Our models will be fully adjusted and sub-analyses will be stratified by gender and urban/rural status. We will also report findings on whether deprivation mediates for any relationships. ConclusionOur study is the first to link objectively measured views of greenspace with wellbeing data for a national cohort. Our results can be used to develop interventions to support good wellbeing in adolescents. Further longitudinal research is required to investigate the causal pathways between views of greenspace and adolescent wellbeing.

‘It was a departure of sorts’: glocal homes in recent short fiction by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Efemia Chela, Chibundu Onuzo and Lesley Nneka Arimah

ABSTRACT This article takes off from two of the angles of contention found in critical responses to Paul Gilroy’s The Black Atlantic and subsequent Atlanticist studies: asymmetries and exclusions along gender lines, and insufficient attention to the dynamics of contemporary global capital. It examines what gets articulated when recent African short fiction is approached via a frame centered on the location of home, gendered labour, sexual and reproductive economies, and the interrelation of the domestic and capitalism. In particular, it is informed by Alexis Pauline Gumbs’s counter-heuristic to Gilroy, the Black Feminine Domestic. Gumbs’s attempt to make visible such a subject position and forms of labour prompts my focus on domestic workers and analogous figures, often migrant and low paid and sometimes found only at the edges of texts. I discuss Efemia Chela’s ‘Chicken’ (2014), Chibundu Onuzo’s ‘Sunita’ (2015), Lesley Nneka Arimah’s ‘Skinned’ (2019), and, from Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s collection The Thing Around Your Neck (2009), the stories ‘Imitation,’ ‘The Thing Around Your Neck’ and ‘On Monday of Last Week.’ Here the tropes of circulation and regimes of rationality identified by Gilroy find counterparts in the structuring of workforces, the reach of body and biopolitics, and discourses of national borders and migration. The lens of ‘women’s work’ permits an intersectional shift in and beyond Black Atlantic frames and the heteropatriarchal imagination, but the selected material and preoccupations here also seek to offer another opening on debates about, and genres of, ‘African’ writing.

Exercise preferences among women survivors of sexual violence by PTSD and physical activity level: Implications and recommendations for trauma-informed practice

BackgroundThis analysis reported (1) interest in exercise programs made for women survivors of sexual violence (SV), (2) preferences for the structure and content of these programs, and (3) comparisons of interest and preferences by physical activity and PTSD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among women aged 18–65, who had self-reported a history of SV, and were in the United States. Willingness to participate in exercise programs, and preferences for content and structure, were assessed and compared by PTSD and physical activity status. Results: Of 974 respondents, 528 met the inclusion criteria, and 355 met data quality requirements to be included in the analysis. Most women indicated they were interested (n = 197) or may be interested (n = 137) in exercise programs. Women with PTSD and who were active were most likely to be interested (ps < 0.05; Cramer's Vs = 0.15–0.25). Women reported favoring exercising at home, alone or in group formats, and with female instructors. They also preferred moderate intensity, sessions lasting 30 min to an hour, 3–4 times per week. Insufficiently active survivors were more likely to prefer at home locations, low-moderate intensities, and shorter durations when compared to active survivors (ps < 0.05; Cramer's Vs = 0.16–0.20). Women with PTSD were more likely to prefer at home options, with women instructors, moderate-high intensity, longer sessions, and longer program durations, compared to women without PTSD (ps < 0.05; Cramer's Vs = 0.18–0.50). Top endorsed modes were walking, jogging, and yoga. Conclusion: Results add new knowledge on understanding best practices for integrating trauma-informed physical activity into trauma recovery programs for women survivors of SV.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) risk factor analysis and prevalence prediction: a machine learning-based approach

BackgroundAlthough previous epidemiological studies have examined the potential risk factors that increase the likelihood of acquiring Helicobacter pylori infections, most of these analyses have utilized conventional statistical models, including logistic regression, and have not benefited from advanced machine learning techniques.ObjectiveWe examined H. pylori infection risk factors among school children using machine learning algorithms to identify important risk factors as well as to determine whether machine learning can be used to predict H. pylori infection status.MethodsWe applied feature selection and classification algorithms to data from a school-based cross-sectional survey in Ethiopia. The data set included 954 school children with 27 sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. We conducted five runs of tenfold cross-validation on the data. We combined the results of these runs for each combination of feature selection (e.g., Information Gain) and classification (e.g., Support Vector Machines) algorithms.ResultsThe XGBoost classifier had the highest accuracy in predicting H. pylori infection status with an accuracy of 77%—a 13% improvement from the baseline accuracy of guessing the most frequent class (64% of the samples were H. Pylori negative.) K-Nearest Neighbors showed the worst performance across all classifiers. A similar performance was observed using the F1-score and area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) classifier evaluation metrics. Among all features, place of residence (with urban residence increasing risk) was the most common risk factor for H. pylori infection, regardless of the feature selection method choice. Additionally, our machine learning algorithms identified other important risk factors for H. pylori infection, such as; electricity usage in the home, toilet type, and waste disposal location. Using a 75% cutoff for robustness, machine learning identified five of the eight significant features found by traditional multivariate logistic regression. However, when a lower robustness threshold is used, machine learning approaches identified more H. pylori risk factors than multivariate logistic regression and suggested risk factors not detected by logistic regression.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that machine learning approaches are positioned to uncover H. pylori infection risk factors and predict H. pylori infection status. These approaches identify similar risk factors and predict infection with comparable accuracy to logistic regression, thus they could be used as an alternative method.

Integration of shallow geophysics, archaeology and archival photographs to reveal the past buried at Ingleside Plantation, Piedmont North Carolina (USA)

AbstractGround penetrating radar supported by electrical resistivity tomography and gradiometer surveys were used to map buildings and infrastructure documenting sequential property use by three generations of the Jacob Forney family who began as farmers in the backcountry of North Carolina and rose to prominence in government and industry within the Southeastern United States. At Ingleside, the antebellum plantation house has been preserved, and the adjacent property remains relatively undisturbed. Context for the geophysical surveys was provided by archival photographs, written accounts including monographs and newspaper articles, and an archaeological excavation of the stone hearth within the plantation's summer kitchen. The location of an early log home with a stone‐lined cellar with ties to the Piedmont Campaign of the American Revolution (in 1781) was newly discovered. In addition, a historic road, kitchen garden, and the postholes from an early post‐in‐the‐ground building were imaged within the subsurface. The external summer kitchen and privy are associated with the plantation house constructed in 1817. Several cesspool vaults of potential privies are ingrown with trees. The results of the geophysical surveys document the evolving land use within one family in the American South and can be connected to a specific event in history, a goal of historical archaeology.

Moderating Influence of Home Location and School Type Across Time on Cardiometabolic Risk and Active School Commuting: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study.

Background: We examined the moderating influence of home location and school type across time on cardiometabolic risk and active school commuting over 5 years in a sample of children from southern Brazil. Methods: We recruited a sample of children (n = 154; baseline age = 9.6 ± 1.5 years old; 56.8% female) who were followed for 5 years from 2011/2012 to 2016/2017. We collected home location, school type, and school commute data using self-report methods and collected cardiometabolic risk measures to calculate a cardiometabolic composite risk score (cMetSyn). General and generalized linear mixed effects models were employed to examine the moderating influence of home location and school type across time on cardiometabolic risk and active school commuting. Results: We found a significant three-way home location × school type × time interaction on cMetSyn scores (b = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-1.12, p = 0.014), indicating that children who were living within rural areas and enrolled in state schools during 2016/2017 had higher cardiometabolic risk compared with children enrolled in municipal schools and living in urban areas at the end of the study. Additionally, we found that children living in rural areas had an 86% lower rate of active school commuting compared with students living in urban areas (rate ratio = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.07-0.32, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that Brazilian children enrolled in state schools and living in rural areas had higher cardiometabolic risk scores at the end of the study and that southern Brazilian children residing in rural areas had a much lower rate of actively commuting to school.

Nature deficit and senses: Relationships among childhood nature exposure and adulthood sensory profiles, creativity, and nature relatedness

Nature deficit poses critical developmental challenges to the future generations. Louv, for example, stated that children needs adequate nature exposure for healthy development of their sense, learning, and creativity. However, it remains unknown whether individuals having various levels of nature access during childhood may develop different sensory processing patterns. The current study reports relationships between retrospective life course measure of childhood nature exposure and sensory profiles in young adulthood. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shanghai, China, with 700 Chinese young adults (18–25 years old) who grew up in diverse geographies across the country. Sensory Profile was measured using the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) with four quadrants; creativity using the Alternative Uses Task (AUT), and nature-relatedness using the Nature-Relatedness (NR) scale. Perceived childhood nature exposure was calculated as a cumulative score from up to three childhood home locations, weighted by duration of residency. Ordinary least square (OLS) and structural equation models (SEM) were fitted to examine the direct and indirect relationships. After adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, low childhood nature exposure was associated with low sensory registration. Regarding the relationship between childhood nature exposure and adulthood creativity and nature-relatedness, significant direct paths and indirect paths through low sensory registration were observed. Results suggested that children who had lower levels of nature exposure grew up to exhibit a high tendency to miss subtle sensory stimuli, and this sensory processing pattern in turn is associated with lower levels of affinity to nature and creativity. Notwithstanding the preliminary nature of these findings, this study offers implications for designing child-friendly urban space that facilitates sensory explorations and allows children to acquire the ability to recognize various sensory inputs.

We Know You Are Living in Bali: Location Prediction of Twitter Users Using BERT Language Model

Twitter user location data provide essential information that can be used for various purposes. However, user location is not easy to identify because many profiles omit this information, or users enter data that do not correspond to their actual locations. Several related works attempted to predict location on English-language tweets. In this study, we attempted to predict the location of Indonesian tweets. We utilized machine learning approaches, i.e., long-short term memory (LSTM) and bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) to infer Twitter users’ home locations using display name in profile, user description, and user tweets. By concatenating display name, description, and aggregated tweet, the model achieved the best accuracy of 0.77. The performance of the IndoBERT model outperformed several baseline models.

MALAY LITERATURE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ONLINE LEARNING EXPERIENCES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

Background and Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the landscape of human life all over the world, including the conventional face-to-face teaching method, which has been replaced with online classes. The drastic changes without a holistic planning makes online teaching prone to various shortcomings. Thus, this article aims to address two research objectives. The first objective is to determine Malay Literature students ‘online learning experiences, and the second objective is to analyse the demographic factors influencing students’ perceptions of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methodology: This descriptive study employed a survey questionnaire to gather data. A sample consisting of 67 undergraduate students majoring in Malay Literature at a public university were recruited as respondents in the present study using a simple random sampling method. After following 14 weeks of online lessons, a questionnaire form was distributed to the students. The research instrument is a questionnaire, which has been adapted and modified from a study by Baczek et al. (2020). The questionnaire form consists of two sections. Section A contains eight items related to respondents’ demographic background. Section B contains items related to students’ perceptions of online learning, in which six items are related to the benefits of online learning, five items are based on the disadvantages of online learning, and four items on students’ general perceptions of online learning. The responses from the questionnaire were analysed using Statistical Package for the Sosial Science 22.0 for descriptive analysis.&#x0D; &#x0D; Findings: The study found that online learning is perceived by students as being more disadvantageous than beneficial. Respondents concluded that the advantage of online learning is that they could learn from their own homes according to the suitability of their time. They also acknowledged that they could access learning resources better in online classes. One of the factors influencing students’ perceptions of online learning is the speed of Internet connection.&#x0D; &#x0D; Contributions: The study highlights the need for lecturers to be adequately prepared and to consider factors such as quality of Internet access, home location, students’ readiness and constraints faced by students.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: COVID-19, learning, literature, online learning, quality education.&#x0D; &#x0D; Cite as: Veeramuthu, S. P., Ganapathy, M., Abdul Rahman, M. L., Harun, J., &amp; Ramganesh, E. (2022). Malay literature students’ perceptions of online learning experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic at a public university. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(2), 44-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss2pp44-60

Implementasi Program Belajar dari Rumah dan Identifikasi Learning Loss selama Pandemi: Studi Kasus pada R.A. di Daerah Terpencil

One of the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic is learning that must be carried out at home. Learning loss is found in some learning from home due to the digital divide, especially in rural areas. The learning process is closely related to the cognitive development of children. This article aims to explain the implementation of the learning from the home program at the Raudhatul Athfal (RA) Institute, Aluh-Aluh District, Banjar Regency. In addition, this article also identifies aspects of the child's development of the home learning model. This research uses an exploratory case study method in 4 RA institutions, Aluh-Aluh District, Banjar Regency. The results showed that the three RA institutions carried out a learning program with the help of parents to carry out and submit the results of their child's learning evaluation to the institution every week. One other institution implements home visits by gathering students who have close home locations without differentiating their study groups. The evaluation format carried out in-home visits is more varied than others because teachers can meet children directly. Aspects of cognitive development are often stimulated while other aspects of development are left out.

An Agent-Based Home Exchange Model to Reduce Commute Times of University Students

This article reports results of a study on reducing commute times in Istanbul, Turkey with special reference to university students. In order to reduce commute times in cities with high population density, this study proposes a mutual home exchange model for university students. The proposed model searches for suitable matches that can reduce commute times for residents in the case that they want to exchange their houses. A new matching algorithm has been designed in the context of this study. Agent-based approach has been preferred to define and solve home exchange problem and each home location is considered as an agent. Furthermore, two main one-sided matching algorithms, which are Irving’s Stable Roommate matching algorithm and Gale’s Top Trading Cycles matching algorithm, have been implemented for the home exchange problem. The proposed algorithm and two matching algorithms have been applied on a virtual data. The results of home exchange matching algorithms are presented.

Quantifying spatial disparities and influencing factors of home, work, and activity space separation in Beijing

Due to rapid informatization and increasing urban sprawl, currently, metropolitan residents are facing challenges regarding spatial imbalance between their home, workplace, and activity locations, which seriously affects the quality of life and subjective well-being of urban residents. However, only a few existing studies have analyzed the relationship between home, workplace, and other activity spaces of urban residents and the influence mechanism of spatial separation of the three locations. In this study, we used the mobile phone signaling data of the residents of Beijing for May 2019 to explore the degree of mutual separation of the three locations, based on the identification of the homes, workplaces, and main activity spaces of over 2.3 million residents in Beijing. Leveraging these data, we discussed the influence mechanism of activity separation, in terms of the built environment and socioeconomic factors. The results indicated that the degree of the home-workplace separation was the highest, followed by the home-workplace-activity space separation, and the home-activity space separation was the lowest. Notably, the three types of spatial separations had significant spatial disparities. Attribution analysis indicated housing price as the dominant factor affecting the spatial separation of the residents, while the accessibility and location also having important effects. Moreover, the interaction of these factors had a stronger explanatory power for the spatial separation of the daily activity spaces of the urban residents. This study is the first to estimate the degree of spatial separation among the homes, workplaces, and other activity spaces of urban residents and analyzed their correlation using geographic context factors. Our results can provide useful scientific insights to explore the spatial characteristics of the home-work-activity relationship with respect to metropolitan residents and optimize the spatial distribution of urban functions.

EXAMINING THE CARSHARING SYSTEM IN TERMS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION

With the increasing population in the world, individual vehicle ownership is increasing day by day. The increase in individual vehicle ownership causes heavy traffic jams in the city centers. In addition to traffic congestion, noise pollution, harmful gas emission, parking lot problems also increase. Besides, the fact that most of the vehicles use petroleum derivatives, which are a depleted energy source, pose big problems for the economy. In this context, various studies are carried out to reduce the use of individual vehicles and to prevent the mentioned problems. One of these studies is the carsharing system. In this study, the applicability of the vehicle sharing system was investigated by surveys of Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality personnel. The city is divided into certain regions, taking into account the locations of individuals' homes. Later, the carsharing model was created with the mobile application designed for individuals living in the region. Monthly total economic gain and savings per individual were calculated in the analysis made as a result of the model. Thanks to the study, it has been revealed that the carsharing system within the institutions provides feasibility and many advantages.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department visits for genitourinary trauma

IntroductionThe mean number of emergency department visits for all-cause traumas has declined significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aim to identify how a global pandemic and social distancing could affect the trends and pattern of genitourinary traumas.MethodsWe queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System to obtain consumer product-related genitourinary injuries leading to emergency department visits. Using three key events in 2020, we divided the study period to three intervals: January 20, when the first COVID-19 case was confirmed in the United States; March 13, when a national state of emergency was declared; April 20, when Texas became the first state to start a phased reopening of economy. We compared the injury characteristics in 2020 to their identical intervals in 2019.ResultsDaily emergency department visits dropped significantly during the national lockdown (mean 131.5 vs. 78; Δ-40.7%; p < 0.01). The genitourinary injuries decreased significantly in children ≤ 17 years (p < 0.01), males (p < 0.001), and White population (p < 0.01). However, it did not change significantly in adults 18–64 years (p = 0.92), old adults ≥ 65 years (p = 0.37), females (p = 0.60), Black population (p = 0.90), other/unknown races (p = 0.93), and for injuries sustained at home (p = 0.75) and public (p = 0.11) locations. During the lockdown period, injuries associated with toilets/toilet seats (− 320, − 74.6%), day wear (− 266, − 77.7%), beds/bedframes (− 209, − 64.2%) decreased while injuries associated with knickknacks/statues/vases (+ 154, n/a), sofas/couches/divans (+ 130, 2,684%), and razors/shavers (+ 99, n/a) increased.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 lockdown had a significant impact on genitourinary traumas. The contributing factors could be investigated further to prevent such injuries during deconfinement periods.

Handling the MAUP: methods for identifying appropriate scales of aggregation based on measures on spatial and non-spatial variance

Abstract. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem or MAUP is frequently alluded to but rarely addressed directly. The MAUP posits that statistical distributions, relationships and trends can exhibit very different properties when the same data are aggregated or combined over different reporting units or scales. This paper explores a number of approaches for determining appropriate scales of spatial aggregation. It examines a travel survey, undertaken in Ha Noi, Vietnam, that captures attitudes towards a potential ban of motorised transport in the city centre. The data are rich, capturing travel destinations, purposes, modes and frequencies, as well as respondent demographics (age, occupation, housing etc) including home locations. The dataset is highly dimensional, with a large n (26339 records) and a large m (142 fields). When the raw individual level data are used to analyse the factors associated with travel ban attitudes, the resultant models are weak and inconclusive - the data are too noisy. Aggregating the data can overcome this, but this raises the question of appropriate aggregation scales. This paper demonstrates how aggregation scales can be evaluated using a range of different metrics related to spatial and non-spatial variances. In so doing it demonstrates how the MAUP can be directly addressed in analyses of spatial data.

P.066 The protective effect of influenza vaccination against stroke in adults

Background: Respiratory infection can be an immediate precursor to stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). Influenza vaccination is associated with reduced risk of MI. This relationship has also been suggested for stroke although it is unclear if the effect is consistent across age and risk groups. Methods: Using administrative data in Alberta from September 2009 – December 2018 we modelled the hazard of any stroke for individuals recently exposed (&lt; 182 days) to the influenza vaccine compared to those without recent exposure adjusted for age, sex, anticoagulant use, atrial fibrillation, COPD, diabetes, hypertension, income quintile, and rural/urban home location. Results: 4,141,209 adults (29,687,899 person-years) were included; 1,769,565 (43%) received at least one vaccination in the 10-year time span. 38,126 stroke events were recorded. Adjusted for demographics and comorbidities, recent influenza vaccination significantly reduced the hazard of stroke (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.76 – 0.79). This effect persisted across all stroke subtypes and across all ages and risk profiles. Conclusions: There is a 23% reduction in hazard of stroke among those recently vaccinated against influenza compared to those who were not. Protection extended to the entire adult population and was not limited to high-risk groups only.