Home In Spain Research Articles

Changes in young people's discourses about leaving home in Spain after the economic crisis.

The increasing complexity of young adults' leaving-home trajectories, combined with the effects of the economic recession, has led to an upturn in academic interest in this question. Nevertheless, the impact of the economic recession on young adults' housing imaginary has yet to be extensively addressed. This article analyses the way social discourses on leaving home evolved before and after the economic downturn. Using a diachronic, qualitative design to compare discussion groups from 2007 and 2014 in Spain, a relevant change can be observed: flexible patterns of leaving home appear that were previously rejected or only mentioned by upper-middle class young. Our findings highlight the way that expectations, values and norms about leaving home have altered, opening the debate about how Spanish young people will approach this transition in the future, but also how they did in the past.

Long goodbyes: pathways of leaving home by gender and destination in Spain

Abstract This article examines the pathways of leaving home in Spain by differentiating between moving out to live with a partner (marriage or cohabitation) and without one. We analyzed the relationship between these pathways, personal and family characteristics, and various life course events in both men and women. The analysis uses Spain’s 2018 Fertility Survey data, applying logistic regression, and competing risk models. The results revealed a major transformation in these pathways between generations, with women recording a greater diversity of situations. In general, there is a delay in leaving home among the younger generations and greater relevance of economic factors. Personal and family characteristics related to modern values are associated with new destinations, namely, cohabiting, and living without a partner, while the traditional pathway involving marriage has lost ground. Finally, life-course events are closely related to different destinations, representing the gendered professional career effect. Finding a job and building a career are positively associated with all kinds of departures among men; however, they are negatively associated with leaving home to marry among women.

Empowering patients to co‐design Covid‐19 responses: the role of online health communities

Covid‐19 has paved the way for major disruptions to conventional healthcare systems accelerating participatory health enabled by interactive virtual environments. The role of the ‘patient voice’ as a fundamental resource in an effective Covid‐19 response has moved centre stage. In this time of extraordinary crisis and health system disruptions, patient‐centred models offer opportunities for embedding shared decision‐making to improve health outcomes using digital tools. Through an exploratory case study, this paper examines patient action during Covid‐19 and how co‐design methods can be adapted to an online environment in response to Covid‐19 restrictions to improve the Covid‐19 patient and family experience of care. Experienced‐based co‐design was employed to map the care journey of patients with Covid‐19 confined at home in Spain – one of the hardest‐hit countries in the pandemic – to identify quality improvements. Main touchpoint needs were explored in online co‐design workshops leading to improvement projects including the development of a Covid‐19 patient online health community (OHC) to deliver patient‐centred care during the outbreak. The Covid‐19 patient OHC has become an instrument that facilitates Covid‐19 patient’s recovery, especially psychological resilience. OHC participation has clear potential for empowerment and transformative agency as it enables Covid‐19 patients to control the content and flow of the information available to them. This paper offers valuable insights on how co‐design can be adapted to an online format to enable more meaningful patient input to healthcare design when faced with uncertainty and ambiguity during health crises.

A Flamenco Tale in Edinburgh: Recreating Home

A Flamenco Tale in Edinburgh: Recreating Home

Planned Home Birth in Low-Risk Pregnancies in Spain: A Descriptive Study.

Previous studies have shown that planned home birth in low-risk pregnancies is a generally safe option. However nowadays, only 0.5 percent of deliveries have been at home in Spain. This study sought to understand the characteristics of planned home births with qualified healthcare professionals in low-risk pregnancies and their results on maternal and neonatal health in the Balearic Islands. The study followed a retrospective descriptive design to investigate planned home births from 1989 to 2019 (n = 820). Sociodemographic data of women, healthcare professional intervention rates, and maternal/fetal morbidity/mortality results were collected. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the IBM SPSS Version 25 software package. The results indicated that women with low-risk pregnancies who planned home births with a qualified midwife had a higher probability of spontaneous vaginal birth delivery and positive maternal health results. Furthermore, the risk of hospital transfer was low (10.7%) and the rate of prolonged breastfeeding (>1 year) was extremely high (99%). Moreover, the study showed that planned home births can be generally associated with fetal well-being. The conclusions and implications of this study are that planned home births in low-risk pregnancies attended by qualified midwives in the Balearic Islands achieve positive results in both maternal and newborn health, as well as low rates of obstetric intervention.

COVID-19. Effect of Moral Messages to Persuade the Population to Stay at Home in Spain, Chile, and Colombia.

Analyze whether the content of three moral messages (deontological, ethical utilitarianism, ethical virtue) and a control message differentially affect the probability of engaging in four behaviors: Washing their hands, participating in public gatherings, staying at home/avoiding social contact, and forwarding the message to inform more people. In our study, the sender of the message is a university professor. These variables are measured in terms of their behavioral intentions and others' behavioral intentions (beliefs about others' behavior). Randomized Controlled Trial. Our study includes the analysis of the possible moderating effect of the country of residence (Spain n = 1,122, Chile n = 1,107, and Colombia n = 1,433). The message with content referring to ethical virtue and staying at home obtains statistically significant lower scores on the probability of carrying out public health behaviors and sharing the message received. Regarding beliefs about the behavior of others, the message of ethical virtue has the same negative effect, but only on the likelihood of other people washing their hands, staying at home, and sharing the public health message. Institutional messages aimed at promoting public health behaviors are necessary in a pandemic situation. Our recommendation is to use deontological and utilitarian, or non-moral, content.

Analysis of dehydration in older people in a nursing home in Spain: prevalence and associated factors

Background: dehydration in institutionalized elderly people has not been extensively studied. There are not clear data on the Spanish context. Aim: to estimate the prevalence of dehydration and to identify the associated factors in institutionalized older people in a nursing home. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out. Dehydration was measured through the colour of urine. For the identification of the associated factors, sociodemographic, clinical, functional, and mental variables were selected. Results: the total sample studied was comprised of 96 individuals with a mean age of 86.6 years (± 7.1), of whom 80.2 % were women. The prevalence of dehydration was 31.3% (95 % CI, 22.0 to 40.6). The factors that were independently associated with dehydration were the presence of sunken eyes (OR = 8.67; p = 0.004), low fluid intake (OR = 3.96; p = 0.041), and both functional (OR = 0.97; p = 0.012) and cognitive (OR = 1.10; p = 0.009) impairment. Conclusions: this study highlights the problem of dehydration in institutionalized older people in Spain. An urine colour table may be used routinely, non-invasively, and cheaply. So, it may well be the best simple method for detecting dehydration in this population. Taking into account that chronic dehydration is most prevalent in elderly people, the identification of associated factors is a key factor for a successful approach.

The impact of international videoconferencing among older adults and secondary students

ABSTRACT This study explores young adults’ emotional affect and attitudes towards ageing, as well as older adults’ emotional affect and self-esteem following participation in the intergenerational videoconferencing programme Smile Connect (SC). The sample consisted of 94 participants (46 older Spanish adults living in a care home in Spain and 48 young Italian adults -secondary students- learning Spanish at school in Italy). Each age group was divided into an intervention and control group. SC consists of twelve 30-minute chat sessions conducted via Skype between the target groups over six weeks. Pre and post evaluations were made to assess the affect level in both groups, self-esteem among older people, and the level of negative stereotypes about ageing among young adults. At the end of the SC, the intervention group of older adults recorded significantly improved scores in self-esteem compared to the control group. Young adults recorded a reduction in their negative stereotypes about old age after taking part in the SC programme compared to those who did not. These findings suggest that involvement in the SC programme helps to improve the emotional affect of older adults living in care homes, as well as change the negative stereotypes about ageing among young adults.

La relación entre la alimentación fuera del hogar y la obesidad: Un estudio sociológico del caso español

Food Studies that link obesity and eating outside home have developed from the finding of increased food away from home in the development process of modern societies. The health consequences of this increase have been analyzed from the field of nutrition to find out the relation with the increase of obesity. However, the results are contradictory. Some authors show that eating out produces obesity, others do not find this causal relationship. In this paper we will offer a sociological approach that clarifies these contradictory results. To this end, it is incorporated into the traditional analysis of consumption frequencies, the analysis of the motivations, the social relationships and the attitudes that sociologically frame for eating out behavior. The data show that food outside home in Spain has particularities that compel a sociological reflection about its relationship with obesity.

The youth emancipation in Spain: a socio-demographic analysis

This article presents a critical discussion of the socio-demographic factors which determine leaving parental home and provides new empirical evidence of gendered differences in leaving the parental home in Spain. The study is based on a subsample of young people 19 to 29 years old included in the Youth 2012 survey, which was carried out in Spain by the Youth Institute. Our findings address the importance of employment status, having a partner, and the labour situation to leave home among men. The most important factor affecting early residential leaving home among women seems to be the partnership (marriage or cohabitation), while employment status does not appear to be significant. Economic support from parents is negatively correlated with the odds of being living out of the parental home for both men and women.

Music Intervention With Reminiscence Therapy and Reality Orientation for Elderly People With Alzheimer Disease Living in a Nursing Home: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week nursing intervention consisting of 2 weekly sessions of music and reminiscence therapy together with the application of reality orientation techniques. Our expectation at the onset of the study was that listening to music that was familiar and connected with the memory of past events would, due to the music's emotional impact, stimulate memory associations, leading, in turn, to a positive effect on depression and anxiety in people living with dementia. We carried out a pre-/posttest intervention design with a sample of 19 patients divided into 2 groups-a 10-patient control group and a 9-patient intervention group-in a nursing home in Spain. Goldberg tests for depression and anxiety have been assessed at baseline and postintervention in both groups. Our results confirm the valuable effect of music therapy and reminiscence therapy together with reality orientation techniques on depression in patients with mild Alzheimer disease. Our study may constitute an important starting point for further research on nursing interventions based on the provision of music and/or reminiscence therapy together with reality orientation techniques that is implemented on a daily basis in nursing homes.

Predictive Clinical Rule for Readmissions in OPAT. Improving in Security

BackgroundOutpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy (OPAT) is a safe, effective and beneficial practice but studies report 10–20% of readmissions rate. The risk factors for readmissions in OPAT have been investigated, although there are no clinical tools that allow us to predict these situations. The main goal of this study is to develop and validate a predictive model for readmission in OPAT patients.MethodsProspective study was conducted during 1 year (10/2012–09/2013), 1488 patients with OPAT were recruited at 8 units of Hospital at Home in Spain. Potential risk factors related to patient demographics, lead-time factors, clinical and microbiologic features were collected. We developed the prediction model in a derivation sample and after that, we validated this model in the validation sample. Sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve were obtained and the calibration capacity of the models were evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (H-L).ResultsThe mean age of patients was 63 years (range 11–102), 58.74% men and most common diagnoses were urinary tract infections (23%). Our readmission rate during OPAT episode at home was 8.67% and the 30-days readmissions were 12.29%. The 72% of the readmissions during OPAT episode was related to the infectious pathology and 27.90% to the the patient’s comorbidity.The leading indicators for readmission were: gender, age, presence of caregivers, risk factor for infection, Charlsonand Barthel Index, microorganisme number, presence of multirresistent or micotic infection, venous access, antibiotic type and creatinine, proteine and leucocyte level at admissions. Finally, those factors included in the model were: antibiotic type (OR 3.93; IC 95% 1.90–8.11; P = 0.0002), presence of infection risk factor (OR 2.53; IC 95% 1.47–4.38; P = 0.001) and leucocytosis at admission (OR 2.21; IC 95% 1.32–3.71; P = 0.003). The AUC for the model was 0.72 (IC 95% 0.66–0.78) and the H-L value was 0.23. After the validation the AUC was 0.71 (IC 95% 0.64–0.78) and H-L value 0.9.ConclusionPatients at high risk of readmission during OPAT may be identified using predictive rules. This will allow us to implement measures that reduce the rate of readmissions and contribute to increase the safety of this therapy.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Installing Telecare, Installing Users

This article reports on ethnographic research into the practical and ethical consequences of the implementation and use of telecare devices for older people living at home in Spain and the United Kingdom. Telecare services are said to allow the maintenance of their users’ autonomy through connectedness, relieving the isolation from which many older people suffer amid rising demands for care. However, engaging with Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature on “user configuration” and implementation processes, we argue here that neither services nor users preexist the installation of the service: they are better described as produced along with it. Moving beyond design and appropriation practices, our contribution stresses the importance of installations as specific moments where such emplacements take place. Using Etienne Souriau’s concept of instauration, we describe the ways in which, through installation work, telecare services “bring into existence” their very infrastructure of usership. Hence, both services and telecare users are effects of fulfilling the “felicity conditions” ( technical, relational, and contractual) of an achieved installation.

Perception of quality of care among residents of public nursing-homes in Spain: a grounded theory study

BackgroundThe quality of care in nursing homes is weakly defined, and has traditionally focused on quantify nursing homes outputs and on comparison of nursing homes’ resources. Rarely the point of view of clients has been taken into account. The aim of this study was to ascertain what means “quality of care” for residents of nursing homes.MethodsGrounded theory was used to design and analyze a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews with a theoretical sampling including 20 persons aged over 65 years with no cognitive impairment and eight proxy informants of residents with cognitive impairment, institutionalized at a public nursing home in Spain.ResultsOur analysis revealed that participants perceived the quality of care in two ways, as aspects related to the persons providing care and as institutional aspects of the care’s process. All participants agreed that aspects related to the persons providing care was a pillar of quality, something that, in turn, embodied a series of emotional and technical professional competences. Regarding the institutional aspects of the care’s process, participants laid emphasis on round-the-clock access to health care services and on professional’s job stability.ConclusionsThis paper includes perspectives of the nursing homes residents, which are largely absent. Incorporating residents’ standpoints as a complement to traditional institutional criteria would furnish health providers and funding agencies with key information when it came to designing action plans and interventions aimed at achieving excellence in health care.

Back to the Future: The Up Series

The final word in 56 Up—the latest installment in director Michael Apted's longrunning documentary series that follows the lives of a group of Britons—belongs to Tony. A gamesome cab driver and former trainee jockey, Tony operates as a stand-in for "new Britain," with a holiday home in Spain, a rowdy bonhomie, and an up-by-the-bootstraps biography in keeping with the optimism of East London's much-touted "regeneration." With the air of a practiced showman, he takes the viewer to the places that were important to him as a child growing up in London's East End forty-nine years before.

Preconceptions about institutionalisation at public nursing homes in Spain: views of residents and family members

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article was to ascertain nursing home residents' preconceptions about institutionalisation and analyse the causes and circumstances of and the justification for their admission. Grounded theory was used to design and analyse a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews in a theoretical sampling of 20 persons aged over 65 years with no cognitive impairment, and eight proxy informants of residents with cognitive impairment, institutionalised at a public nursing home in Spain. Our analysis revealed that preconceptions about nursing homes differ between residents and relatives, and are strongly influenced by the views held by society about such centres and by previous experiences. Regarding the causes and circumstances underlying nursing home placement, while the principal cause of institutionalisation among residents with cognitive impairment was the ineffectiveness of informal care systems, in the case of residents without cognitive impairment reasons tended to revolve around two main themes: social causes (loneliness, not be a burden to the others, household-related, comfort and absence of relatives in the vicinity), and limitations in physical functioning, with the former predominating. This study shows society's perception of such centres and the circumstances surrounding admission. These points of view are useful for analysing why informal care systems prove inadequate, and are crucial for designing programmes targeted at acceptance and successful adaptation to institutionalisation when this becomes necessary.

Through Spanish Eyes: Robert Southey's Double Vision in Letters from England: By Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella (1807)

In Letters from England, written ostensibly from Don Manuel Espriella to his family at home in Spain, Southey declares he will also incorporate ‘what I think respecting this country and these times’ (‘Letter to Charles Watkin Williams Wynn’). One of the aspects of society that concerned Southey was the state of the labouring classes and the detrimental effect of industrialisation on rural life. His Spanish tourist, who is ‘bigoted to his religion, and willing to discover such faults and such symptoms of declining power here as may soothe or gratify [his] natural inferiority’, makes a comparative study of the treatment of the poor in England and Spain (‘Letter to Charles Watkin Williams Wynn’). Espriella comments negatively on the growth of manufacturing industries, the effects of the enclosure acts, and the migration of rural communities to the cities. He suggests that the English nation has lost its once stable social order, when landowners and religious institutions felt a moral obligation for the welfare of the peasantry. And, despite Southey's antipathy towards the Catholic faith after his visits to Spain (in 1795–6 and 1800–1), he states Espriella's conviction that shared religious belief is a cohesive force that binds hierarchical society together. With the help of his Spanish alter-ego, Southey invokes an idealised, English feudal past to oppose contemporary legislative solutions to rural poverty, such as workhouses and poor laws. Espriella's reverence for ancient historical sites, his criticism of commercialism, and his concern that new religious sects will imperil the religious and social order, would seem to belie his nationality and his youth. However, they complement Southey's argument that the treatment of the rural poor is one more symptom of how far England has travelled from its Arcadian past. In this article, the ‘double vision’ of Letters from England is examined to demonstrate how Southey interweaves the observations of his European commentator into the British social politics that he seeks to present.

La résidence secondaire en Espagne : profils sociodémographiques et territoriaux

Résumé Prenant en compte les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, résidentielles et territoriales des ménages qui disposent d’une résidence secondaire en Espagne, cette note dégage leur profil à partir des données du recensement de 2001 et étudie les déterminants de cette pratique résidentielle. Les auteurs testent « l’hypothèse de compensation » qui postule une relation entre la qualité de l’environnement résidentiel du logement principal et la propension à disposer d’une résidence secondaire. Ils montrent qu’il existe une association positive entre la disposition d’une résidence secondaire et la possession de véhicule, l’âge de la personne de référence du ménage, la taille de la commune et les caractéristiques de la résidence principale.

Spanish food expenditure away from home (FAFH): by type of meal

Changes in household income, wife's labour force participation, household size, and other demographic factors influence purchasing meals away from home in Spain. Spanish household expenditure on lunch, breakfast and snacks away from home were investigated within the household production theory context. The Becker's model states that consumers maximize their utility subject not only to the budget constraint but also to a time constraint. Moreover, this model assumes that consumers demand not only the food product itself but also the associated convenience to save time in food preparation. Therefore, the relation between the value of time and food away from home has a high relevance. Data come from the Spanish Continuous Household Survey for 1996. Due to the large number of zeros in the dependent variable, different dependent variable censured models (Double Hurdle, Infrequency of Purchase, etc.) have been specified and estimated. These studies found that food purchasing behaviour away from home of Spanish consumers differ by type of meal. Income, household characteristics and the opportunity cost of woman time are important factors determining food consumption patterns away from home. Moreover, income and opportunity cost of woman time present a positive effect on away from home consumption for type of meal.

‘WHEN ARE THE CHILDREN GOING TO LEAVE HOME!’: FAMILY CULTURE AND DELAYED TRANSITIONS IN SPAIN

ABSTRACT This paper distinguishes the characteristics of recent trends towards older ages of leaving home in Spain. Based on analysis of in-depth interviews with young people and parents from Bilbao in the Basque Country, I explore how familism and family solidarity play a key role in the current trend towards delayed family formation, focusing on the postponement of leaving home. This analysis illustrates the various leaving home strategies that young Basque people adopt, and how these are negotiated with parents and other family members. The analysis of the interview data also captures the ways in which young people negotiate with and recreate family culture, both while living in and leaving the parental home. The different strategies adopted by young people are classified by a typology based on the extent to which young people recognise and conform to a prescribed cultural model of behaviour, namely leaving home to get married and (preferably) buy a property.