Home Games Research Articles

The effect of family posture control combined with GAME therapy on motor function in children with severe cerebral palsy.

This paper has a purpose to explore the effects of home posture control combined with goal-activity-exercise-environment therapy on motor function in children with severe cerebral palsy (CP). Data of 80 children with severe CP treated from January 2022 to December 2023 were collected. They were divided into experimental group (EG) and control group according to different treatment methods, with 40 people in each group. The controlled group (CG) obtained routine treating means, including occupational therapy, electromyographic biofeedback therapy, and other treatment items. The EG received a combination of home posture control and goal-activity-exercise-environment therapy on the basis of conventional treatment. Meanwhile, parents received professional training to manage their children's posture and received reinforcement training through goal-activity-exercise-environment therapy. The Gross motor function measure-88, Peabody developmental motor scale-fine motor, pediatric balance scale, Fugl-Meyer assessment and other scales were used to evaluate the motor function, balance ability, daily living activity ability, and developmental level of patients. After 3 months of treatment, the Gross motor function measure-88 scores of these 2 groups were 70.96 ± 18.29 and 57.42 ± 21.41, respectively. The Peabody developmental motor scale-fine motor scores were 76.48 ± 14.42 and 59.77 ± 14.89, respectively. The balance ability index, upper limb motor function index, daily living activity ability, and developmental level of the EG were significantly higher than the CG's, and the P-values were all <.05. The combination of home posture control and GAME therapy can significantly improve the motor function and daily living activities of children with severe CP. This helps to maintain the normal growth and development of the child, and has certain clinical value.

Changes in performance and psychological variables in official games of young elite soccer players playing away and home matches

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the home-game and away-game conditions on the psychological (cognition, mood, and anxiety state) and technical and physical performance of a team of young elite soccer athletes. Nine athletes who performed home and away games were used as the sample for this pilot study. When compared to a home game, in the away game situation, there is a higher pre-match strain and anxiety (all P &lt; .01) and a decrease in saves, passes completed, maximum heart rate (HRmax), and acceleration per min-1 (all P &lt; .05). The cognition was similar in both games (P = .22). Also, we identify a positive correlation of delta cognition (cognition pre- minus post-game) with HRmax, accelerations per min-1, completed passes, and pre-match anxiety and strain. In conclusion, young elite athletes have lower physical/technical performance and significant psychological disturbance when playing away, and short-term memory is related to physical and technical performance. Keywords: psychometrics; adolescent; high performance sport.

Technical fouls as a trigger of momentum change: analysis of two decades of NBA data

ABSTRACT In an analysis of NBA big data (4,196 cases over 21 seasons; 2000–2021), we examined the effect of technical fouls (TFs) on game momentum. Considering leading or trailing positions in home and away games, we studied performance metrics like points, rebounds, assists, and fouls across immediate, short-term, and medium-term timeframes. Using a quantitative methodology, the results showed that TFs were primarily called on the home team's coach (66.1%) when his team was trailing and the away team's coach (78.1%) when his team was at a disadvantage. Overall, TFs were called in 72.5% of the cases when the team was in a losing position. Furthermore, when the home team's coach was penalised with a TF, the home team secured victory in 44.2% of instances, while the away team won only in 28.1% of games played on the away team's court. Rebounds and fouls were the most pronounced performance indices to change after a TF call. The psychological state, which precedes and proceeds the TF calls, is considered the main reason for the momentum change. By and large, during crises, coaches can prioritise TFs calls, especially in home games, to boost psychological momentum. TFs can initiate team decline and boost scoring by decreasing personal fouls and increasing defensive rebounds. Future research is required to explore TFs’ effects within game quarters and differences between regular season and playoff games for further insights.

Home-Court Advantage is Greater for Teams Competing at Higher Playing Levels: An Exploratory Analysis of Spanish Male Basketball Leagues.

This study aimed to (i) compare the extent of home-court advantage (HA) and home win percentage (HW) between Spanish basketball leagues across different playing levels (i.e., leagues) and (ii) analyze the influence of team ability on HA and HW within each playing level. We gathered data for game locations and results from open online sources for all games in the First Division (ACB), Second Division (LEB Gold), and Third Division (LEB Silver) Spanish male basketball leagues between 2010-2023. The dataset included 12 seasons, 635 teams (215 First Division, 203, Second Division, and 217 Third Division), and 19,539 games (7075 First Division, 6344 Second Division, and 5520 Third Division). We calculated HA [(total home wins/total wins) * 100] and HW [(total home wins/total home games) * 100] for each team across each season. We performed Kruskal Wallis tests, calculated partial eta squared (ηp2), and performed Mann-Whitney U tests with rank biserial correlation (rb) effect sizes and Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner pairwise comparisons to compare HA and HW between leagues and between team abilities (low, medium, and/or high) within each league. There was a significant effect for HA between leagues (p = .01) with post hoc comparisons revealing a higher HA for the First Division than for the Third Division (p = .01), but HW was not significantly different between leagues. In turn, variations in HA and HW between team abilities were consistent across playing levels, with HW significantly increasing in a progressive manner with higher team abilities (p < .001) and with HA significantly lower among high-level teams compared to lower-ability team clusters (p < .01). These findings emphasize the importance of considering playing level and team ability and interpreting HA and HW together to contextualize an apparent home advantage in Spanish basketball.

Impact of Collegiate Football Games on Emergency Response Intervals: A Case Study of College Station, Texas (USA).

Little is known about how mass gatherings affect emergency response intervals. Previous research suggests that college football games increase ambulance transport intervals, but their impact on emergency response intervals is unexplored. This study examines how collegiate home football games in College Station, Texas (USA) affect emergency vehicle response intervals. The study determined the impact of collegiate football games on emergency response intervals using incident data provided by the College Station Fire Department (CSFD). Home games during the 2021-2023 Texas A&M University (TAMU) football seasons were the period of interest. Responses for a 72-hour period (Friday-Sunday) on home game weekends (HGWs) and non-home game weekends (NHGWs) were included (n = 5,095). Response intervals on football HGWs were an average of 30 seconds faster than on NHGWs. Emergency vehicles were 16.5% less likely to respond from fire station locations on HGWs compared to NHGWs. There was also a 12.1% increase in the number of calls to campus locations and a 9.7% increase in calls to the local entertainment district on HGWs compared to NHGWs. Home collegiate football games do not delay response intervals for emergency response vehicles. Further research is needed to determine if these findings can be reproduced in other communities.

Sport events and the environment: Assessing the carbon footprint of spectators’ modal choices at professional football games in Austria

As a response to the increasing threat to sport events from climate change and expectations around climate change mitigation, sport event managers increasingly engage in environmentally-related initiatives that aim to reduce GHG emissions. One of the major contributors to GHG emissions at large sport events is spectators' travel and, thus, their associated modal choices. Building on the Sport Logistics Framework (SLF) and using the case study of Rapid Vienna, the largest football club in Austria, this study investigates spectators’ modal choice to systematically assess the total GHGs emitted by spectators at a professional football home game. Data was obtained from two sources: a) an extensive data set collected on Rapid Vienna season ticket holders, and b) three surveys at home games which, together, constituted 3317 valid responses. The calculation of the GHG emissions resulted in 99,548 kg GHG emissions per home game or 6.0 kg GHG emissions per spectator. It was also found that 42.4 per cent spectators arriving by car emit 71.6 per cent of GHG emissions, while in contrast, 52.8 per cent of spectators using public transport emit 27.1 per cent of GHG emissions. The results also indicate that the possession of an annual public transport ticket seems to determine travel behavior, i.e. the majority of spectators with an annual ticket are using it, while spectators without a ticket are using a car. As such, this paper not only provides an opportunity for academics and managers to benchmark the data in order to identify initiatives to reduce the impact of GHG emissions, but also allows for the systematic measuring of the environmental impact of fan and spectator travel.

Practical Algorithms with Guaranteed Approximation Ratio for Traveling Tournament Problem with Maximum Tour Length 2

The traveling tournament problem (TTP) is a hard but interesting sports scheduling problem inspired by Major League Baseball, which is to design a double round-robin schedule such that each pair of teams plays one game in each other’s home venue, minimizing the total distance traveled by all n teams (n is even). In this paper, we consider TTP-2 (i.e., TTP under the constraint that at most two consecutive home games or away games are allowed for each team). In this paper, we propose practical algorithms for TTP-2 with improved approximation ratios. Because of the different structural properties of the problem, all known algorithms for TTP-2 are different for n/2 being odd and even, and our algorithms are also different for these two cases. For even n/2, our approximation ratio is [Formula: see text], improving the previous result of [Formula: see text]. For odd n/2, our approximation ratio is [Formula: see text], improving the previous result of [Formula: see text]. In practice, our algorithms are easy to implement. Experiments on well-known benchmark sets show that our algorithms beat previously known solutions for all instances with an average improvement of 5.66%. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 62372095 and 62172077] and the Sichuan Natural Science Foundation [Grant 2023NSFSC0059].

Position-specific workload of professional rugby union players during tactical periodization training.

The positional workload characteristics in rugby union on three acquisition days (i.e. strength, endurance, and speed days) of tactical periodization are still relatively unknown. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to shed light on the positional external workload variables (10 Hz Global Positioning System and accelerometer microtechnology) and internal workload indicators (the session rating of perceived exertion) of players in a professional rugby union team by utilizing and comparing two tactical periodization models. Twenty-six male players (15 forwards and 11 backs) were recruited from a French second-division rugby club. Data were obtained over 10 weeks of in-season home games: a total of 780 observations were analyzed. Student's t-test observed different external workload profiles between positions among acquisition days. Mean external workload values, except PlayerLoadslow, were significantly higher (p≤0.01; effect size: 0.41-1.93) for backs than forwards for all acquisition days. Moreover, forwards perceived a higher internal workload than backs on the strength day of both models. The findings demonstrate that applying these two tactical periodization models could result in effective rugby union training. Validating external and internal workload characteristics on tactical periodization acquisition days enables extensive analysis of training load monitoring data; these data can be utilized to discover the unique characteristics of each position and design position-specific acquisition days to improve performance.

Investigation of the effect of circadian rhythm on the performances of NBA teams

ABSTRACT Professional athletes competing in the NBA are frequently exposed to time-zone-shifting travels. These time zone changes may cause circadian rhythm (CR) phase shifts and these shifts affect sportive performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CR phase shifts on the performance of NBA teams. 25016 regular season games across 21 consecutive seasons were included in the CR phase shift calculations. To examine the CR phase shift effect on team performance, teams were divided into three groups regarding Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): the same internal UTC as the local UTC (LS); the internal UTC ahead of the local UTC (LA); and the internal UTC behind the local UTC (LB). With a different approach, teams were divided into another three categories: the same internal UTC as its opponent’s internal UTC (OS); the internal UTC ahead of its opponent’s internal UTC (OA); and the internal UTC behind its opponent’s internal UTC (OB). 24985 game data were used to compare these groups in terms of 25 variables. Statistical analyses were conducted separately for home and away teams. For home games, it was found that LA and OA are the most and LB is the least successful group in winning and scoring performances. For away games, it was determined that LS is the most advantageous group with the best winning percentage. These results revealed that teams from more west may have a CR advantage in regular season home games. However, it is thought that the performance of away teams depends more on travel fatigue than CR phase shifts.

Is there no place like home? home-court advantage and home win percentage vary according to team sex and ability in Spanish basketball

ABSTRACT To compare the extent of home-court advantage (HA) and home win percentage (HW) based on sex and team ability in Spanish basketball leagues. Data from the first divisions of male and female basketball over 12 seasons (2010-2023) were analyzed. HA (%) was calculated as (total home wins/total wins) * 100 and HW (%) as (total home wins/total home games) * 100. Teams were categorized into higher-and lower-ability based on their season win percentage using cluster analyses. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare HA and HW between sexes and team ability clusters. Results showed that males exhibited higher HA and HW compared to females (p < 0.05). Additionally, males had higher HA than females within both higher- and lower-ability teams (p < 0.05) and higher HW only within lower-ability teams (p < 0.001). Lower-ability teams had higher HA than higher-ability teams (p < 0.001). while higher-ability teams had higher HW (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that team sex and ability significantly influence HA and HW effects in Spanish basketball leagues. Female teams demonstrate a more even distribution of wins between home and away venues, while lower-ability teams rely more on home games for wins. Understanding these effects can aid in developing strategies tailored to sex and ability among Spanish basketball teams.

Setting sail in a tokenized world: An exploration of the Bored Ape Yacht Club and the co-created consumer experience

Imagine if owning a specific baseball card gave you the privilege of attending their home games. Or that having attended previous Taylor Swift tours entitled you to purchase tickets for her next tour. What would that be worth, and how would that change the way in which you relate to the brand or to the artist? This article examines the case of the Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC), a prominent Non-Fungible Token (NFT) community. The investigation reveals the multifaceted nature of NFTs, which can act as keys to access exclusive clubs and privileges, and as independent products whose value is inherently linked to market dynamics. By doing a deep dive into one of the most prominent NFT communities, BAYC, this work underscores the potentially transformative effects of NFTs on consumer experience, providing a deeper understanding of value co-creation in the rapidly evolving decentralized landscape.

The Role of Digitalization in the Sustainability of Traditional Sports: The Case of Home Game

İnsanın fiziksel gelişimine katkı sağlayan sporlar zamanla geleneksel sporlar/halk sporları adıyla kültürel çeşitliliğin içinde yer almıştır. Küreselleşme gibi tüm dünyayı etkileyen fenomenler bir yandan kültürlerin birbirinden haberdar olmasını, kültürel çeşitliliğin ve etkileşimin devamlılığını sağlarken diğer taraftansa kurduğu hegemonya ile kültürel sürdürülebilirliği risk altına sokar. Bu riskleri fark eden birçok yerel ve uluslararası kurum bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri olan Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Örgütü (UNESCO), kültürü, somut ve somut olmayan kültürel miras (SOKÜM) alanı olarak iki biçimde değerlendirmektedir. Somut miraslar daha çok anıtlar, sit alanları gibi doğal mirası ifade ederken SOKÜM ise yaşayan mirası temsil etmektedir. UNESCO, SOKÜM’ün dinamik yapısının ortaya çıkarılmasını, farklı yönlerden canlandırılıp sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanmasını ve bu unsurların dijitalleştirilmesini de tavsiye etmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada SOKÜM’ün bir parçası olan geleneksel sporların korunması, sürdürülebilirliği ve uluslararası görünürlüğünün sağlanması noktasında dijital bir video akış sağlayıcısı olan Netflix’te yer alan Home Game belgesel dizisi değerlendirme konusu edilmiştir. 2021 yılında yayımlanan dizi 8 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Makalede, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan içerik analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre dijital platformlar, geleneksel sporlara ilişkin kültürel değerleri ve çeşitliliği daha geniş bir izleyici kitlesine ulaştırmaya, geleneksel spor kültürüne ilişkin millî unsurların dijital ortamlarda yaşatılmasına ve bu sporların yeniden canlandırılmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Bu nedenle, küresel kültür söylemlerinin yoğunlukta olduğu günümüzde özelde geleneksel sporların genelde ise kültürel miras unsurlarının sürdürülebilirliğini desteklemek için dijital teknolojilerin etkili bir şekilde kullanılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

A video-based time-motion analysis of an elite male basketball team during a season: game demands according to player position, game quarter, and actual time played

ABSTRACT To investigate differences in the game demands of top-level professional basketball players based on their position and the quarter of the game. Thirteen elite male players were assessed on their positions (point guard, guard, forward, and centre) over different quarters (Q1-Q4) during 15 home games. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed using role and quarters as predictors to assess distances, speeds, and accelerations. The guard and point guard covered more distance than the centre and forwards (p > 0.001). The average distance covered was higher (p < 0.01) in Q4 than in the other quarters. Both speed and the percentage of time spent in the jogging to max speed range decreased significantly from Q1 to Q4, while time spent standing and walking tended to increase from Q1 to Q4. The point guard spent the highest percentage of total time performing major accelerations followed by the guard, while the forwards and centre spent less time performing accelerations. Overall, 22.8 ± 0.7% of total playing time was spent performing major accelerations, which decreased from Q1 to Q4. These findings suggest that the positions of elite basketball players vary in terms of the activities demands they place on players, underscoring the need for individualised role-based conditioning.

A dual account of how excitement impacts risk-taking: Evidence from the National Hockey League’s 50-50 raffle

ABSTRACT The current research seeks to explain the motivation to participate in risk-taking activities as a function of game-related dynamics. We examine the role of excitement in predicting purchase behaviour toward a 50–50 raffle, a prevalent social responsibility activity among sport organizations where half the amount raised is offered to charity while the other half is allocated to a randomly drawn participant. We combine a proprietary dataset of 50–50 transactions for a National Hockey League team with publicly-available information and box scores across two seasons of home games. A dual account reveals that excitement increases risk-taking towards 50–50 purchase amount (1) during non-gameplay (i.e., the pregame and intermission) due to excitement-as-anticipation, and (2) during gameplay due to excitement-as-experience. We discuss the findings’ practical implications for sport organizations’ socially responsible activities and suggest directions for future research.

Success of Nintendo Switch in 3C Marketing Model

The Nintendo Switch is a type of game console that was designed by Nintendo and offered for sale in March, 2017. Since the Nintendo Switch was on sale, it was fascinated by plenty of customers and game fans to buy it because of its unique property of its combination of home game consoles and handheld game consoles, and it became the best-selling gaming console in 10 months in North American history. Most of the success of Switch will be attributed to its subversive design. However, the uniqueness of a new product is only the start of success for a company. The marketing strategy, which was based on the 3C marketing model and implemented by Nintendo, is the key to the success of the Nintendo Switch. This research uses a comparative analysis approach and statistics analysis, studying and comparing the data of sales, groups of customers, and companys cost from Nintendo and its competitors, to arrive at the conclusion that, due to the special design for customers, efficient production for the company, and targeted strategy for competitors, the Nintendo Switch has become one of the most popular game consoles in the world.

A Mere Fan Effect on Home-Court Advantage

The existence of a home-court advantage is one of the most durable empirical patterns in all of sports. Yet, the mechanisms explaining its strength and persistence remain a mystery in large part because of well-known challenges with statistical identification. We use attendance restrictions in place during the 2020–2021 National Basketball Association regular season as an instrument in order to identify the effect of fans and crowd size on home-court advantage. We show that home teams win by [Formula: see text] points, on average, when fans are present at games compared with [Formula: see text] points when no fans are present. This equates to winning approximately 2.2 additional home games over the course of a regular season. In fixed effects instrumental variables regression models, we estimate that the marginal effect of an additional one thousand fans on home-court advantage is [Formula: see text] points. We conclude that the mere presence of home fans, on its own, explains a larger share of home-court advantage than previously thought.

Акустические репрезентации концептов ВОЙНА и РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ (на материале произведений И. Грековой, повествующих о начале XX в.)

The article deals with a linguo-conceptual analysis of the Soviet writer I. Grekova's (1907-2002) novels. The individual worldview is presented in the stories. They describe the events that took place in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, the article is devoted to the concepts WAR and REVOLUTION represented in lexical units with the seme ‘sound’.&#x0D; A special place in the individual author's worldview is connected with the concept of MUSIC, which finds various expressions in the writer's texts. Music as an element of the culture in a certain period makes a significant contribution to the formation of an acoustic image of the describing era. Linguistic representations of the acoustic image form the special “sounding” of the historical period in the stories and also help to reconstruct author’s worldview.&#x0D; The linguo-conceptual analysis of the I. Grekova’s texts allows us to draw the following conclusions regarding the author's worldview, presented in the space of the stories. The acoustic image of each of the periods is a representation of the children's worldview (the acoustic image of historical events is made up of words perceived by ears (from the conversations of adults) that describe historical changes; each of the stages is marked by the transmission of educational processes). This is due to the fact that the writer herself was a child during the years of the events described, and in her thoughts, the speech of her characters reflected the personal memories of the author.&#x0D; The author is a woman, and this fact is also reflected at the level of the acoustic image, for example, in various expressions describing children's crying, as well as in describing еру peaceful life not on the front line.&#x0D; It can be concluded that the acoustic image of the beginning of the century (for I. Grekova from 1907, the year of the birth of the writer) forms the sound of the peaceful life. The space of cities is represented by sounds: languages and dialects (Russian, German, Estonian, Ukrainian languages; Moscow, St. Petersburg dialect); nature (sea, insects, birds); city streets (transport, churches). The sound of people in the stories is associated with the type of work performed (sewing, washing, playing the piano) and the emotions experienced during the work (sigh, moan); features of the educational process (laughter, home games, language games, music); governmental educational process (names of school realities, children's behavior).&#x0D; Music in the acoustic image of this period is associated with the performance of work (accompanying, auxiliary function), with the upbringing and education of children (a means of forming a harmonious personality); with the expression of love experiences through singing (communicative function); with spare activities (background for another business).&#x0D; In addition, a musical instrument can be a symbol of belonging to a certain social group, and the repertoire can indicate the level of education. The historical context of the era is conveyed by representatives of the socio-cultural zone of the concept MUSIC (song titles, names of performers), as well as words and names that mark political changes (republic, red, Bolsheviks, etc.; Rasputin, Shtrymer, etc.).

The impact of nostalgia on self-esteem, empowerment, pride, and the intention to visit the cities where a sport team hosts home games

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the relationship between nostalgia, self-esteem, empowerment, pride, and the intention to visit the city of a sport team, as well as to explore the moderating role of the length of time as a fan in this relationship. Participants viewed a short nostalgic video clip featuring their favorite team and then completed a follow-up survey. The study discovered that self-esteem and empowerment were crucial factors in the relationship between nostalgia and pride, which subsequently increased the intention to visit a city of teams. Moreover, the study showed that only long-time fans experienced empowerment derived from self-esteem, leading to pride and a desire to visit the home game cities of the teams. Additionally, it was found that nostalgia directly influenced the intention to visit the home game cities of teams exclusively for these long-time fans.

Game-Related Statistics Discriminating Winners and Losers in Turkish Basketball Super League: Effect of Home-Away Games

The purpose of this study was to examine the game-related statistics that differentiate winning and losing teams in the Turkish Basketball Super League based on game location. The data were obtained from the Turkish Basketball Federation’s official website (https://www.tbf.org.tr/ligler/bsl-2020-2021/maclar). The data of 258 matches of the Turkish Basketball Super League for the 2020-2021 season were included in the study” is better. After obtaining the data from the official website ball possessions, offensive efficiency, and defensive efficiency were calculated using Oliver’s formula. Following that, all game-related statistics except shooting percentages were normalized by ball possessions. A discrimination analysis was performed on the data. The results of the study showed that 3pt% (SC = .312) and defensive rebounds (SC = .334) were determinants to win home games while 2pm (SC = .416), 2pt% (SC = .364), defensive rebounds (SC = .305) and assists (SC = .365) were determinants to win away games. When all games considered, 2pm (SC = ,341), 2pt% (SC = .310), 3pt% (SC = .322), defensive rebounds (SC = .333) and assists (SC = .349) were important game related statistics to win games. Coaches could use the findings of the study to enhance their coaching process and prepare their teams for the upcoming games.

Being where, with whom, and when it happens: spatial, interpersonal, and temporal presence while viewing live streaming of collegiate sports in virtual reality

Introduction: Although virtual reality (VR) is most popularly known for its applications to gaming, other entertainment applications are increasingly being explored including in the sports media industry, but little research has so far examined the experiences induced by VR viewing of a live sporting event.Materials and methods: Participants (n = 93) were university students who were approached in the context of a field study from a nearby community eatery area on the university campus to watch brief segments of a 360° live stream of the home games of their university volleyball and basketball teams both while wearing and not wearing an inexpensive smart-phone based head-mounted display (HMD). Immediately afterward, participants then reported on their relative experience of spatial, interpersonal, and temporal presence, as well as their satisfaction-preference with each of the two viewing modalities, in response to brief face-valid screening questions.Results: The majority of participants experienced greater presence while wearing the VR headset, and approximately one in every two reported preferring to watch the games in VR. Participants’ experience of spatial presence independently correlated with preferring to watch the games in VR.Discussion: Media vendors should offer VR viewing of sports including via inexpensive, smart-phone mediated VR as an additional, cost-effective alternative means of heightening fans’ experience of virtual presence at the games when fans are unable to go to the games in person.