Home Crafts Research Articles

Women’s Education: Curriculum and Content in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries India

The initiation and expansion of women’s formal instruction in India in the pre-Independence time is the legacy of both colonialism and the nineteenth-century reform movement among Indians. The latter, to an extent, was a response to the Westernisation embedded in the colonial processes. In pre-colonial India, institutional and formal education was a rarity for womenfolk, and until the mid-nineteenth century, zenana education or instruction imparted at home was the accepted norm. Several scholars have noted that the nineteenth century saw an intense debate on women’s schooling, especially in relation to the wisdom of educating women, the form it should take, and the purpose it should serve. Historically, women’s education was viewed by most communities as meaningless. Large sections of the population of both Hindu and Muslim communities were content with extending conventional approaches of learning to women and were vehemently opposed to changing it in favour of a modern education either in government schools or missionary schools. At home, women were taught to read religious scriptures and to read and write the vernacular language, although the focus was on learning home crafts and subjects of domestic and practical utility.

Asante Kente: A Home Craft and a Cultural Repository of the Place Identity History of the Asantes

This descriptive phenomenological study driven by the place-identity theory investigated the historical and physical evidence that suggests that the Asante Kente is a home craft and a place-identity of the Asante people. Thirty-one (31) study participants were sampled using purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. The data garnered via in-depth face-to-face interviews, focus group discussions and descriptive observations were analyzed using the qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. The findings of the study revealed that the discovery of the Asante Kente, the abundance and nomenclature of the weaving looms and accessories in the majority of homes at Bonwire, as well as the iconography of the Asante Kente weave patterns show the place identity history of the Asantes. The study contends that the Asante Kente encapsulates the history, political, and religious worldviews, values, and norms of the Asantes and as such must not be seen as a generalized African cloth.

Crafts in the Time of Coronavirus

Crafts in the Time of Coronavirus

Households of Bohai Gorbatka walled town

The results of excavations on the territory of the Gorbatka walled town became the basis of the research into the economic activity of the early medieval population in the valley of the Ilistaya River (Primorye). The site represents the remains of a large administrative center of the Bohai state (698–926 AD). The purpose of the research is to clarify the role of households in the stable functioning of Gorbatka within the administrative-territorial system of Bohai for a long time. To implement a comprehen-sive study of the excavated dwellings and adjacent spaces, stratigraphic and planigraphic methods, the method of water flota-tion and separation were used, a geological survey was carried out, also botanical remains, bones of terrestrial mammals and fish, and mollusk shells were analyzed. The inhabitants of the households had diversified subsistence economy, in which the leading role belonged to agriculture. Hunting, fishing, collecting wild plants and shellfish, and home crafts (bone carving, wea-ving, woodworking, stone working, production of hand-made pottery) provided main resources needed for survival. Furthermore, the households specialized in non-ferrous metalworking, and possibly small-scale repair of iron products. However, the smelting of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and the production of wheel-made pottery took place in specialized workshops outside households. The lacking food (sea fish and shellfish, prestigious goods from other regions of Bohai) and non-food resources (imported goods) were arriving as a result of local, inter-regional and international exchanges. Planning domestic economic activities at home combined with the implementation of necessary public works during the economic year provided a relatively stable functio-ning of the walled town in the administrative-territorial system of the Bohai state. The town arranged the collection of taxes in households (in manufactured products) towards the central regions of the state and supervised the safety of trade routes.

The Design of E-Commerce System to Increase Sales Productivity of Home Industry in Indonesia

The household industry is the foundation of the existing home industry in Indonesia. It is categorized as a type of Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that significantly influence the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio by up to approximately 10%. Since the pandemic of Covid-19, the home industry has increasingly stretched, especially in culinary and home craft products. The internet is one of the efforts to increase household industry sales. The household industry needs e-commerce to be a container for marketing its products. In this paper, we design an e-commerce system to support the sales productivity of the household industry in Indonesia. This study's e-commerce system or application is developed through some crucial stages. The stages are analysis through a questionnaire that represents needs in the field, selection of business models, namely B2B models with Virtual Storefront, marketplace concentrators, and lastly, Information Broker. Our infrastructure is determined for e-commerce development, and then strategy analysis is done using portfolio analysis, SWOT analysis, and competitor analysis. Based on the proposed strategy, we made a prototype as a designed e-commerce system that can increase sales for household businesses in cities in Indonesia. Important features in our proposed e-commerce system can accommodate many sellers or the household industry to establish relationships with many buyers based on geographical location, product search features based on closest positions or by city, and product categorization by familiar categories with household products.Â

Этнокультурные особенности домашних промыслов эвенов и коряков Магаданской области

The article discusses Even and Koryak household crafts, sharply different in techniques and technologies of leather and fur processing as well as in the design and decorations of products made from them, The author substantiates the genesis of differences, shows the historical, ecological, and social origins of this home craft features. The constructive and functional variability of the furrier inventory is traced in the ethnic aspect. The practical determination of the decorative element topography is revealed; the successive variability of clothes decorating is demonstrated. Metal on the Even ethnic costume has been shown to be a marker of the family's property and social status.

Origin and development of folk applied art of Kosiv region (end of 18th – second half of 19th centuries)

In Hutsul region, due to many historical circumstances and peculiarities of the natural and geographical environment, a specific way of managing the locals was formed; home crafts and handicrafts were developed.The process of formation and development of Hutsul crafts is inextricably linked with the life of the mountaineers, who almost completely provided themselves with consumer goods. The availability of natural raw materials and the remoteness from industrial centres encouraged locals to engage in pottery, weaving, producing furniture, utensils, brass, clothing, lizhnyky (blankets of wool) and more.The most popular trades of Kosiv region at the end of the 18th – second half of the 19th centuries were pottery and artistic weaving, including lizhnyk making. Having a fertile artistic and raw material base, the manufacture of lizhnyks has always played a huge role in the life of Hutsul house. The lizhnyk had to be among the dowry of the girl; it was given at baptisms and it accompanied the last journey.The development of Kosiv, Pistyn and Kut pottery was facilitated by the presence of rich deposits of plastic pottery clays, as well as the need to make utensils for everyday use. The products of each of these centres of pottery differed in their characteristics, which depended on the natural properties of materials, the level of ceramic production and local traditions.The artistic traditions and the unique spiritual culture, over the centuries, are a permanent basis for the development of folk arts and crafts. From generation to generation passed artistic and stylistic techniques of decoration; the secrets of technical and technological skills, and improved techniques for processing natural materials. Traditions of folk arts and crafts, which have stood out in a bright artistic phenomenon, have become one of the important aspects of socio-economic and artistic life of modern Hutsul region.The rapid development of factory industry in the second half of the 19th century caused a reduction in the production of most household items. At the same time, the growth of industrial production of goods, trends in their domestic use contributed to the rise of the role of artistic origin in traditional types of applied crafts.
 Improving the quality of products, adjusting the development of industrial production and folk crafts required the introduction of art and industrial education. In this context, the establishment in 1882 of the Weaving School in Kosiv was a significant event in the beginning of professional education in Hutsul region.

KYRGYZ NOMADIC ECONOMY IN THE PRE-REWOLUTIONARY PERIOD (ON THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF THE ISSUE)

The article deals with the debatable problems of the Kyrgyz nomadic economy in the prerevolutionary period. In particular, to what type of production does the Kyrgyz nomadic and pastoral economy belong: to small-scale production of the feudal or capitalist type? These problems are among the fundamental ones in the historiography of the economic history of Kyrgyzstan, in terms of determining the objective and subjective prerequisites for the industrial revolution in the region, that is, the Great October Socialist Revolution; the article puts forward a hypothesis about the absence of not only capitalist, but even its rudimentary elements. Consequently, a national working class was not formed as the driving force of the socialist revolution, while the opposite was stated in Soviet historical science. The study applied the method of objectivism, i.e. a theoretical and practical analysis of the reality of the Kyrgyz nomadic society at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries was carried out through the methodological content analysis of the Leninist theory of the development of Russian capitalism in depth and in breadth, since it was Vladimir Lenin who gave a specific methodological analysis of the political and economic state of the Turkestan region, traced the process of development of capitalism in Russia in breadth, and the ways of the decomposition of feudalism in colonially dependent regions, outlined the features of the initial accumulation of capital in the colonies. Also, in the article, to solve the problems posed, a systematic method was applied with the help of which the main stages of the development of Russian capitalism were traced - home crafts or home industry, manufactory, factory stage. As a result, the authors of the article came to the following conclusions: the capitalist way of life in Kyrgyzstan had not developed by the eve of the October Revolution. But, the process of decomposition of patriarchal-feudal relations began, bypassing the stage of development, and the factor of this was the Russian capitalism introduced from the outside, and not the internal forces of the Kyrgyz society and economy; Kyrgyz crafts, i.e. domestic industry, were of a natural, noncommodity nature, which means that the Kyrgyz nomadic economy was not a capitalist type of economy; in view of the absence of a capitalist structure in the Kyrgyz society, the objective and subjective prerequisites for the October Socialist Revolution were not formed.

DAUR ULANG SAMPAH NON ORGANIK UNTUK INDUSTRI KREATIF RUMAHAN MASYARAKAT DESA SANROBONE

<p><em>The decomposition of non-organic wasted is very difficult and require time tended to be longer as well as the numbered of non-organic wasted that is scattered and accumulated in the village area and as well lacked of knowledge sanrobone villagers about treatment of non-organic wasted, tend to villagers hoarded or burned the waste. The purpose of this dedication to provided knowledge in utilizing and processing of non-organic wasted into household industry products, are ready to be marketed and the new economic pointed of the village. The implementation method is through a non-organic waste recycling training program and provides solutions marketing the results of the management of non-organic wasted. The results achieved in this dedication of village communities able to cultivate non-organic waste into a home craft and communities are able to market physically and through online applications. This kind of devotion still needs to be done again for various processed products so that it can increase the quantity of product types.</em></p>

Creativity and Leisure During COVID-19: Examining the Relationship Between Leisure Activities, Motivations, and Psychological Well-Being.

Social distancing policies have been implemented around the world to reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These measures have included temporary restrictions on mass gatherings and the closure of public facilities, limiting the pursuit of leisure activities such as travel while allowing more time for at-home pursuits, including creative activities such as gardening and painting. Previous research has demonstrated the benefits of physical activity for psychological well-being during COVID-19, but less attention has been given to the potential benefits of creative pursuits, such as arts and music. The present study investigated changes in the pursuit of creative, non-creative, and physical leisure activities and the relationship between engaging in leisure, the motivations for and barriers to pursuing these activities, and psychological well-being during COVID-19. A total of 3,827 participants from 74 countries completed an online leisure activities questionnaire and the World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index. Logistic regression indicated that gender, age, social distancing adherence, and employment status significantly predicted leisure engagement during COVID-19. Compared to sports and outdoor pursuits, participation in creative activities was generally more likely to increase during this period, while participation in non-creative activities was less likely to increase. Multiple linear regression indicated that maintaining or increasing time on leisure activities significantly predicted well-being during COVID-19, with increased time spent on home crafts and artisanship, fine arts, musical and performing arts engagement, sports and outdoor pursuits, niche and IT interests, and language activities each predicting higher well-being outcomes. Motivations such as seeking creative expression and mental stimulation, keeping fit, and maintaining social connections also predicted higher well-being. These findings suggest that participation in both physical and creative leisure activities may offer protective benefits for well-being during COVID-19, and that strategies to promote engagement in creative activities should also be considered in future guidance for mental health during periods of lockdown or isolation.

THE JEWELRY MOLD FROM KHODOSIVKA SETTLEMENT OF THE VOLYNTSEVO CULTURE

Casting molds for making small ornaments of lead or tin alloys were found in different parts of the East Europe in the areas of various archaeological cultures. This simple technology and simple shapes of products were in use by many peoples since 3rd till 10th century and perhaps even earlier. Lead castings and stone molds for their manufacture attracted the attention of researchers of Early Slavic archaeology since discovery of the Velyki Budky hoard (1981) and Bernashivka workshop (1990).
 The obvious problem was the chronological and geographic lacuna between the Slavic Bernashivka type ornaments (6th—7th centuries) and ornaments of the Kamno-Rхuge type (8th—10th centuries) from the Eastern Baltic region. Several versions explaining the similarity of finds from the northern and southern areas have been proposed: common substrate, population migrations, imitation of some fashion etc. In recent years two molds for some ornaments of the Kamno-Rхuge type have been discovered at the Romny culture hillforts (Sverdlovske 1, Vorkhol II), which demonstrated the lasting of the tradition in the south until the 10th century.
 A problem of the upper limit for existence of the Bernashivka type ornaments can be clarified using the mold find from Khodosivka settlement. The mold was discovered by expedition of E. O. Petrovska in 1976 during a survey along the left edge of the Gley ravine (Kozakiv ravine) near the Khodosivka hillfort. It was found in remaining part of a pit dwelling in context with fragments of hand-made and wheel-made pots of the Volyntsevo culture. The object dates back to the second half of the 8th century — early 9th cen-tury.
 Negatives of ornaments are carved on both sides of the mold. A diamond-shaped patch carved on the main side. On the reverse side the negatives of round plaques are carved and probably loops for attaching the same plaques. There is also circular decoration presents, probably, of a circular pendant. The closest analogies to such decorations were found in the Bernashivka workshop, and also at the molds from the Lower Danube region. Products from the Khodosivka mold look quite archaic and simple in comparing to gold and silver jewelry from hoards of the Volyntsevo culture. Such production was undoubtedly the part of nonprofessional home craft.

Formation of Family Entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan and its Role in Employment (Historical Analysis)

The article deals with the history and stages of development of family business in the years of independence of Uzbekistan. It describes the role of family business in the employment of the population on the basis of small business and entrepreneurship, the role of home-based work in the organization and development of youth and women’s labor, home crafts and the principle of “Every family is an entrepreneur.” In particular, the work on employment of women and youth through home-based work, their involvement in socially useful work is raising the economy of families to a certain extent.

Self-image of Poor Rural Women (An anthropological study of some female workers in home crafts in Fayoum Governorate)

Self-image of Poor Rural Women (An anthropological study of some female workers in home crafts in Fayoum Governorate)

Disposable and Flexible Electrochemical Paper‐based Analytical Devices Using Low‐cost Conductive Ink

AbstractIn this work, a simple procedure for construction of disposable electrochemical paper‐based analytical devices (ePADs) by screen‐printing using low‐cost materials and a home craft electronic printer is proposed. The devices were constructed using liner paper as a substrate and carbon ink prepared with graphite powder and wood glue. The ePAD was evaluated as an electrochemical sensor and biosensor. The proposed conductive carbon‐based ink can be easily prepared and is an eco‐friendly and non‐toxic material. The developed ePAD was simple to produce and can be used as a low‐cost electrochemical sensor, at less than US $0.20 per device.

Effective Citizenship, Civil Action, and Prospects for Post-Conflict Justice in Yemen

A woman takes on work repairing cell phones in a small town in the southern governorate of Lahj. In Aden, an ‘aqīla (neighborhood representative) refuses to authorize the marriage of an underage girl. In a rural village outside of Sana'a, women petition the shaykh for permission to build a community center in which they can market home crafts to other women. Young women and men in Ibb and in Hadramawt work as volunteer teachers and coordinate with very different municipal authorities to ensure children can learn. And in the divided city of Taiz, a youth organization trains internally displaced Yemenis in the maintenance of the solar technologies that are keeping the city running.

Productivity Improvement through the Systematic Application of Facility Layout Planning in a Small Scale Woodcraft Manufacturing Industry

the study’s goal is to help increase the productivity of the company by introducing a systematic layout plan in production department of VENRON Wood Home Craft Manufacturing Industry. Systematic Layout Planning application is the focus of the study to help improve productivity in the company an evaluation and workflow analysis to the current layout was used to identify the problems the company is experiencing using a fishbone diagram to represent it. A conceptual framework using IPO model was divided into several inputs and processes needed in proposing alternative layout. Process time study and layout planning tools such as from-to chart, activity relationship diagram, space requirement and block diagram will be used to develop and achieve alternative layouts The study resulted to a decrease in travel time and distance improving the productivity resulting to more production in a given time. A basic workplace safety manual for the company has been made to help the company and the workers gain knowledge and how, when and why should safety be in their practice. Costbenefit analysis using comparative analysis will be calculated in the company’s result to production per day to determine on how does the proposed layout could affect and have benefit to the company. The result of the study is that proposing a new layout could really improve the production of the company producing more units per day compared to the current one

Crafts and Home Economics Studies Abroad

The purpose of this article is to research and analyze the differences students have noted in foreign programmes and suggest ways to development the crafts and home economics teacher education programme in Latvia. Students (n=14) were interviewed and asked to describe any noted differences in the study organization process; indicate the various methods, assignments, and assessment practices used in home economics and craft courses, including teaching practice; and attitude of students towards the study process. Content analysis of the interviews indicate students' suggestions to development the crafts and home economics learning and teaching process, as well changes in teaching practice made by the students. Research results indicate that the students offered more information on differences than suggestions for development. The greatest differences were noted in the acquisition of crafts skills, followed by the organization of the study process and home economics. Student suggestions focused mainly on course content, but actual changes were implemented in teaching methods.

THE FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE CRAFT PRODUCTIONS FOR THE PROCESSING OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS IN THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY OF THE MORDVINS

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the functional structure of craft industries associated with the processing of vegetable fibers at Mordvins in the late XIX – early XX century. The study of this problem is necessary in order to analyze the socio-economic state of the whole complex of economy in the period under review and the trends of its development. It is supposed to consider the level of development of the studied types of craft industries, to identify the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of their production and economic base, as well as their importance for the traditional economy of the Mordvins. Materials and Methods. The main method used in writing the article is the comparative-historical method. This will allow us to trace the forms of existence and functions of the components that make up the structure of the traditional crafts of the Mordvins, as well as to identify trends in changes occurring with them. This method will be supplemented by analysis of historiographical works and sources, as well as by methods of field research. Results. The development of commodity-money relations in the Russian economy of the late XIX – early XX century led to a wide spread of various types of handicraft production. The Mordvins were mainly developed local crafts, including those related to the processing of vegetable fiber. They had a sufficiently developed functional structure, which included not only the direct production of products from linen and hemp fibers, but also the tools used in this production, cultivation and primary processing of the necessary raw materials, the sale of finished products. Discussion and Conclusions. Despite the fact that the processing of hemp and flax in the Mordvins in the XIX – early XX century was well developed, it did not go beyond the home crafts in which only family members worked. It was they who held the whole functional structure of these crafts. Only the production of ropes reached the level of the cottage industry. This was of great importance for the economy of the Mordvins peasants and brought a significant part of the family’s income, and sometimes it was the main means of its existence.

Woodwork from Ancient Rus Chernihiv (Materials of Excavations on the Territory of Chernihiv Dytynets in 2006)

The article deals with the analysis of woodwork found in one of the structures on the territory of Chernihiv dytynets in 2006. The stratigraphic data allow the authors to interpret the structure as a recessed part (basement) of a large building. It can be dated within the 13th century. Wooden objects found in the filling of the building included a chiseled dish, fragments of other chiseled and carved vessels, two hollowed containers, the bottom of the cooperage vessel, fragmented products made of bark, a spoon, and the remains of a loom. Some details of construction of the building were also found. Besides the usual visual examination, wooden artifacts were studied to determine the feedstock for every kind of product. Diagnosis of timber was conducted based on the specifics of its microstructure. The investigated set of wooden utensils from Chernihiv is traditional for Ancient Rus material culture. Among the findings are the products of home crafts (remains of loom and hollowed containers) and professional artisans (chiseled, carved and cooperage products) are both presented. They were made of local wood species, such as: pine (Pinus sylvestris), oak (Quercus sp.), maple (Acer sp.), lime (Tilia sp.), poplar/aspen (Populus sp.), and willow (Salicaceae). When using different species of wood, their properties and their conformity to products with different functions were taken into account

Home brewing and serious leisure: exploring the motivation to engage and the resultant satisfaction derived through participation

The study examines what motivates an individual to engage in a serious leisure activity and the depth of the satisfaction derived through participation. The study examines the topic through the lens of home craft beer brewers filtered through Stebbins’ serious leisure construct (1982). The data were collected through a yearlong immersion with a local brewing club chapter, extensive in-depth interviews with two key informants, and a survey instrument (n = 4207) that collected both quantitative and qualitative data. The results elaborate on Stebbins’ construct and provide deep description of the fulfilment and resonance that participation in and commitment to a serious leisure activity provides. The respondent data were coded into five broad themes: restoration, intellectual absorption, social, creative outlet, and self-actualization. These findings provide tangible support to Stebbins’ assertion that individuals can find fulfilment, purpose, and deep meaning to what may otherwise be a life devoid of meaning.