Home Agent Research Articles

Decentralized Neighborhood Energy Management With Coordinated Smart Home Energy Sharing

This paper introduces a day-ahead energy management algorithm for the coordination of smart homes with renewable energy sources and energy storage systems in neighborhood areas. The aim of this paper is to establish a day-ahead decentralized coordination method with appliance scheduling and energy sharing (among smart homes) to minimize the electricity bills of consumers under dynamic pricing. The energy sharing algorithm focuses on increasing the utilization of renewable sources by controlling storage units. A multi-agent system is used to model entities (smart homes, aggregator, and utility) as agents and the optimization problem is solved in a decentralized manner by home agents with a genetic algorithm. The performance of the coordination algorithm is evaluated annually with and without considering forecasting errors.

Gamma Activation Asymmetry in Emotions and Decision-making

Global Mobile Network provides global roaming service to the users moving from one network to another. It is essential to authenticate and protect the privacy of roaming users. Recently, Marimuthu and Saravanan proposed a secure authentication scheme for roaming service in mobile networks. This scheme can protect user anonymity, untraceability, and is believed to have many abilities to resist a range of attacks in global mobile networks. In this paper, we analyse the security strength of their scheme and show that the authentication protocol is in fact insecure against insider attack, stolen-verifier attack, impersonation attack, denial-of-service attack, synchronization problem, lack of user anonymity and operational inefficiencies. Hence, we propose a secure and lightweight authentication scheme for Global Mobile Networks. In addition, the proposed scheme requires few message exchanges between the entities such as MU (Mobile User), FA (Foreign Agent) and HA (Home Agent). The scheme ensures both communication and computation efficiency as compared to the well-known authentication schemes. The performance analysis shows that the proposed authentication scheme is well suited for resource limited wireless and mobile environments.

Analytical Study of a Dual Pointer Based Strategy for Location Update Using Node B Sojourn Time in UMTS Networks

This article describes how Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a 3G cellular network standard that uses location update (LU) and location search (LS) for mobility management. LU requires update in two location registers (LRs) - home LR (HLR) and visiting LR (VLR) - where one HLR controls multiple VLRs. HLR updates (HLRUs) are costlier, and hence should be less frequent. To achieve it, VLRs maintain a forward pointer chain among themselves, instead of updating HLR. But a lengthy chain increases LS cost considerably. So, we propose to restrict the chain length to unity by introducing an additional backward pointer, and using the concept of root-VLR similar to the home agent concept of mobile IP. We derive a closed form solution to approximate the average HLRUs per call, and substantiate it by simulation in cases of both random and diurnal mobilities. Results reveal substantial reduction in HLRUs per call, even when call-to-mobility ratio is high. UMTS operators will find the analysis worth considering, while managing their 3G networks.

IBM POWER9 opens up a new era of acceleration enablement: OpenCAPI

Open Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (OpenCAPI) is a new industry-standard device interface that enables the development of host-agnostic devices that can coherently connect to any host platform that supports the OpenCAPI standard. This in turn allows such devices to coherently cache host memory to facilitate accelerator execution, perform direct memory access and atomics to host memory, send messages and interrupts to the host, and act as a host memory home agent. OpenCAPI utilizes high-frequency differential signaling technology while providing the high bandwidth and low latency needed by advanced accelerators. OpenCAPI encapsulates the serializing cache access and address translation constructs in high-speed host silicon technology to minimize overhead and design complexity in attached silicon such as field-programmable gate arrays and application-specific integrated circuits. Finally, OpenCAPI architecturally ties together transaction layer, link layer, and physical layer attributes to optimally align to high serializer/deserializer (SerDes) ratios and enable high-bandwidth, highly parallel exploitation of attached silicon.

Contemporary challenges and comprehensive modifications in existing mobile IPv6

Several fast handover and better resource utilization techniques were proposed such as L3- Driven Fast Handover and Resource Efficient Care-of-Address Provisioning earlier but these techniques were found beset with various limitations in the view of their fulfilling the fast handover requirement and the demand for fast and real dynamic world applications. To cope up with this demand this paper not only discusses the problem areas within these two techniques but also proposes some viable solutions to the problems MIPv6 is riddled with at present so that they can enhance their capabilities in terms of latency and better utilization of their resources.Keywords: Handover, CoA, Home Agent, Foreign Agent, MIPv4, MIPv6

A self-supporting approach to EV agent participation in smart grid

The capability of an Electric Vehicle (EV) as an emergency power source for self-supporting in a Smart Grid is investigated. A multi-agent system including microgrid agent, home agents, and EV agents is defined to manage outages. The functions of agents are explained during the outage and in normal conditions. The microgrid agent orders the islanding operation of the homes in the faulty region. The home agent allocates the loads and the required power from the EVs to optimize the costs during the outage. The EV agent infers the stochastic behavior of the EV used for optimization. It also controls the active and reactive power flow of the EV according to the smart home commands. The simulations of the energy management of the proposed system during a fault in the microgrid for the faulty region, or a fault at the main feeder of the microgrid show promising results.

Securing Locations of Mobile Nodes in Wireless Mesh Network’s

The current deployment of wireless mesh networks requires mobility management to track the current locations of mobile nodes around the network without service interruption. To do so, the Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 protocol has been chosen, which minimises the required signalling by introducing a new entity called the mobile anchor point to act as a local home agent for all visiting mobile nodes in a specific domain. It allows a mobile node to register its local/regional care-of addresses with a mobile anchor point by sending a local binding update message. However, the local binding update is quite sensitive; it modifies the routing to enable mobility in the wireless mesh networks. When a local binding update message is spoofed, an attacker can redirect traffic that is destined for legitimate mobile node either to itself or to another node. This situation leads to an increased risk of attacks. Therefore, this paper contributes to addressing this security issue based on wireless mesh networks by cryptography generation and verification of a mobile node’s local and regional care-of addresses, as well as the application of a novel method to verify the reachability of mobile node at claimed local care-of address. This is called the enhanced mobile anchor point registration protocol. The Scyther tool has been used to ensure the proposed protocol accuracy. Furthermore, the performance, in terms of the mobile anchor point registration delay and signalling overhead, is evaluated by using the OPNET modeller simulator.

A secure and lightweight authentication scheme for roaming service in global mobile networks

Global Mobile Network provides global roaming service to the users moving from one network to another. It is essential to authenticate and protect the privacy of roaming users. Recently, Marimuthu and Saravanan proposed a secure authentication scheme for roaming service in mobile networks. This scheme can protect user anonymity, untraceability, and is believed to have many abilities to resist a range of attacks in global mobile networks. In this paper, we analyse the security strength of their scheme and show that the authentication protocol is in fact insecure against insider attack, stolen-verifier attack, impersonation attack, denial-of-service attack, synchronization problem, lack of user anonymity and operational inefficiencies. Hence, we propose a secure and lightweight authentication scheme for Global Mobile Networks. In addition, the proposed scheme requires few message exchanges between the entities such as MU (Mobile User), FA (Foreign Agent) and HA (Home Agent). The scheme ensures both communication and computation efficiency as compared to the well-known authentication schemes. The performance analysis shows that the proposed authentication scheme is well suited for resource limited wireless and mobile environments.

Effects of fixed and roaming CN on MIPv6 networks

Mobile Internet protocol version 6 (MIPv6) is a protocol that allows mobile nodes (MNs) to remain accessible while moving in the IPv6 network, providing users with a form of transparency in spite of the mobility. Mobile networks consist of different nodes such as the MN, correspondent node (CN), home agent (HA), foreign agent or router (FA or FR) and mobile router (MR). One of the vital nodes in a mobile network is CN, a node that communicates with the MN. In the future, in times of need, for instance, during wars, disasters or natural hazards, an MN may require the services of a CN in order to roam. In this paper, we analyse the effect of fixed and roaming CN on MIPv6 networks. The results show that, with a fixed CN, the delay variation performance, end-to-end delay and packet received are better than having a roaming CN in the mobile networks. This requires the attention of researchers, especially when all the communicating nodes (i.e., MN and CN) are roaming in the mobile networks to reduce the delay and packet drop, especially during the handover process.
 Keywords: MIPv6, fixed CN, roaming CN, MN, HA and FA.
 
 

Anonymous and expeditious mobile user authentication scheme for GLOMONET environments

SummaryThe Global Mobility Network (GLOMONET) is rapidly becoming important as well as a popular feature in today's high‐performance network. The legal mobile users enjoy life using the ubiquitous services via GLOMONET. However, because of the broadcast nature of the wireless channel, providing user authentication along with the privacy and anonymity of the users in GLOMONET is indeed a challenging task. In this article, we come up with a secure and expeditious mobile communication environment using symmetric key cryptosystem to ensure mobile users' anonymity and privacy against eavesdroppers and backward/forward secrecy of the session key. Our scheme can also protect numerous security threats, like man‐in‐the‐middle attack, known session key attack, lost smartcard attack, and forgery attack. Furthermore, we put forward a new technique named as “friendly foreign agent policy,” where many foreign agents can make different groups among themselves and perform important responsibilities to authenticate a legitimate mobile user without interfering his or her home agent even though the mobile user moves to a new location, covered by a new foreign agent (belongs to the same group). Security and performance analyses show that the proposed scheme is secure and more efficient as compared with other competitive schemes for GLOMONET environments.

Implementation of fast handover for proxy mobile IPv6: Resolving out-of-order packets.

Mobile IP allows for location-independent routing of IP datagrams on the Internet. Mobile IP specifies how a mobile node (MN) registers with its home agent and how the home agent routes datagrams to the MN through the tunnel. Current Mobile IP protocols have difficulties meeting the stringent handover delay requirements of future wireless networks. Fast handover for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) is used to resolve handover latency and packet loss problems that occur in the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol. However, while implementing the FPMIPv6 scheme in a testbed, we encounter the out-of-order packet (OoOP) problem. The cause of this problem is the existence of two paths for data transmitted from a correspondent node (CN) to an MN. Since the problem affects the quality of service (QoS) of the network and the performance of the MN, we propose a new scheme using the last packet marker and packet buffering to solve this problem in FPMIPv6. The new Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) can control and deliver the data transmitted via the old path or the new path to an MN in order, using the last packet marker to notify the end of the data delivery in the old path and the packet buffering for holding the data delivered in the new path. We implement both the proposed scheme and FPMIPv6 in a testbed as a real network environment to demonstrate the correctness, cost effectiveness, and performance of the proposed scheme. A performance evaluation reveals that the proposed scheme can handle the OoOP problem efficiently.

An efficient authentication and key agreement scheme with user anonymity for roaming service in smart city

Smart city improves quality of life for urban residents by using multiple information and communication technologies. As the network infrastructure of smart city, GLObal MObility NETwork (GLOMONET) can offer seamless network connection service for mobile subscribers. Whereas, because of the opening characteristics of wireless channel and various attacks, security becomes a vital issue in GLOMONET. Recently, Karuppiah and Saravanan proposed an enhanced user authentication for roaming service in GLOMONET. Unfortunately, their scheme lacks the features of session key update and perfect forward secrecy, and the session key can be revealed by home agent. Besides, their scheme faces clock synchronization problem and efficiency problem. In order to provide secure authentication service, a novel ECC (elliptic curve cryptosystem)- based user authentication scheme for roaming service in smart city is proposed in this manuscript. The security features of the proposed scheme are formally evaluated by using provable security method under random oracle model and also present informal analysis. In addition, comparative analysis is given among our scheme and relevant protocols. The results of comparative analysis illustrate that the proposed protocol provides robust and efficient for roaming service in smart city.

Proof of Concept of Home IoT Connected Vehicles.

The way in which we interact with our cars is changing, driven by the increased use of mobile devices, cloud-based services, and advanced automotive technology. In particular, the requirements and market demand for the Internet of Things (IoT) device-connected vehicles will continuously increase. In addition, the advances in cloud computing and IoT have provided a promising opportunity for developing vehicular software and services in the automotive domain. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a home IoT connected vehicle with a voice-based virtual personal assistant comprised of a vehicle agent and a home agent. The proposed concept is evaluated by implementing a smartphone linked with home IoT devices that are connected to an infotainment system for the vehicle, a smartphone-based natural language interface input device, and cloud-based home IoT devices for the home. The home-to-vehicle connected service scenarios that aim to reduce the inconvenience due to simple and repetitive tasks by improving the urban mobility efficiency in IoT environments are substantiated by analyzing real vehicle testing and lifestyle research. Remarkable benefits are derived by making repetitive routine tasks one task that is executed by a command and by executing essential tasks automatically, without any request. However, it should be used with authorized permission, applied without any error at the right time, and applied under limited conditions to sense the habitants’ intention correctly and to gain the required trust regarding the remote execution of tasks.

AZACYTIDINE AND DECITABINE EXHIBIT DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON CYTOTOXICITY AND METHYLATION AND EXHIBIT CLASS SYNERGY WITH HDACI IN MODELS OF PTCL

Abstract Introduction: The PTCL represent a challenging group of lymphoid malignancies with a poor outcome. The PTCL appear to be the prototypical ‘epigenetic disease’, based on the following observations: (1) it is the one disease for which HDAC inhibitors have been shown to have universal activity; (2) multiple lines of evidence have begun to establish that the PTCL are characterized by recurrent mutations in important genes governing genome wide methylation, including TET2, IDH1/2, and DNMT3. While commonly invoked as a reason to explain sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors, the fact is only hypomethylating agents and not HDAC inhibitors, would be expected to affect this underlying biology. Methods: We have compared Azacitidine (AZA) and Decitabine (DEC) activities in a panel of seven cell lymphoma (TCL) cell lines (H9, HH, P12, PF382, C5MJ, TLMo1 and MT-2) with regard to their dose response effects on cell viability, apoptosis, DNMT protein expression and DNA methylation. We have also evaluated the preclinical merits of combining the hypomethylating (HoMe) agents and HDAC inhibitors (Romidepsin and Belinostat) using cytotoxicity assay (CellTiter Glo). We have performed RNASeq analysis on TCL cell lines to identify unique gene sets perturbed by the AZA-Romidepsin combination. Results: AZA and DEC demonstrated different effects on cell viability, apoptosis, DNMT levels and DNA methylation. Significant heterogeneity in DEC sensitivity was seen among the lines studies, which was not noted with AZA exposure. AZA was consistently more potent than DEC at high drug concentration (> 1μM) but DEC was active at lower drug concentration ( 50% hypometylation was observed in all seven cell lines at concentration of 250 nM of azacitidine indicating the synergy was mainly dependent on HDACi and not HoMe agent concentrations. Gene expression profile analysis of untreated and combination treated TCL cell lines estimated that 38, 409 and 1215 genes were differentially expressed when untreated cells were compared to romidepsin, azacitidine and combination treated cells respectively. Statistically over-representation of down-regulated genes related to the cholesterol (8.77 fold) and steroid (6.68 fold) metabolic process and upregulated genes related to gamete generation (5.96 fold) was identified in the combination gene signature. In particular, the expression of 39 genes coding for cancer testis antigens was found upregulated. Conclusions: These data suggest that HoMe based combinations are active and synergistic in models of TCL. Concentrations that induce DNMT loss may be a valuable biomarker in identifying optimal doses for clinical development. These data established important differences between the HDAC inhibitors and hypomethylating agents. Assumptions these drugs within a class are identical is inaccurate, though clinically they have been hard to differentiate. GEP reveals they affect vast areas of cellular biology, and is likely no singular mechanism will explain the basis for synergy. However, key information with regard to the emergence of cancer testes antigen expression may suggest future rational combinations. Disclosures O'Connor: Trillium Therapeutics: Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding.

Optimal Residential Demand Response for Multiple Heterogeneous Homes With Real-Time Price Prediction in a Multiagent Framework

Demand response (DR) is a recent effort to improve the efficiency of the electricity market and the stability of the power system. A successful implementation relies on both appropriate policy design and enabling technology. This paper presents a multiagent system to evaluate optimal residential DR implementation in a distribution network, in which the main stakeholders are modeled by heterogeneous home agents (HAs) and a retailer agent (RA). The HA is able to predict and control electricity load demand. A real-time price prediction model is developed for the HA and the RA. The optimal control of electricity consumption is formulated into a convex programming problem to minimize electricity payment and waiting time under real-time pricing. Simulation results show that the peak-to-average power ratio and electricity payments are significantly reduced using the proposed algorithms. The HA, with the proposed optimal control algorithms, can be embedded into a home energy management system to make intelligent decisions on behalf of homeowners responding to DR policies. The proposed agent system can be utilized to evaluate various strategies and emerging technologies that enable the implementation of DR.

Investigation of Home Agent Load Balancing, Failure Detection and Recovery in IPv6 Network-based Mobility

Mobile IPv6 came as an extensively acknowledged technology to support mobility in networks. Home agents are in charge for the registration of mobile devices and act as a key entity for the tunneling of data packets to the corresponding registered mobile nodes. A single home agent has an administrative control over the critical tasks including home agent registration management, maintenance of cache data and tunneling of data packets to the mobile nodes that are away from their home networks and so on. However in this approach, home agent act as the sole failure point, which gave rise to the placement of multiple home agents to overcome this issue. The load balancing mechanism for multiple home agent deployment faces the problem of improper load sharing, signaling overhead and synchronization issues. Moreover, failure detection and recovery mechanism is inefficient in nature. It experiences a significant delay in tunneling of data packets and suffers from disconnection making it incompetent for the use in real time applications. Hence, this paper investigates and analyzes the various load balancing mechanisms of mobile IPv6. In addition, it presents the comparative study of the failure detection and recovery mechanism of existing methods. Finally, it concludes that future work can be extended in the domain of distributed active load sharing mechanism and proactive failure detection.

A robust biometrics based three-factor authentication scheme for Global Mobility Networks in smart city

Smart city is a development tendency of future city, which improves almost all aspects of quality of urban residents’ life by adopting Information and Communication Technology. In smart city, people can interact directly with the community and the infrastructure at anytime and anywhere, where GLObal MObility NETwork (GLOMONET) is an important network infrastructure for smart city. Recently, Gope and Hwang proposed an efficient authentication scheme for GLOMONET. However, we find their scheme lacks session key update and wrong password detection mechanisms, and vulnerable to denial-of-service attack. Besides, the session key can be known by HA (home agent), and perfect forward secrecy cannot be ensured. Furthermore, in their scheme, HA has to take heavy secret key management work. Based on previous work, this paper first summarizes the security and function requirements of authentication for GLOMONET in smart city environment. Later, this paper proposed a robust biometrics based three-factor authentication scheme for GLOMONET in smart city. Security features of the proposed scheme are analyzed in detail, and comparisons of our scheme with other related schemes are illustrated. Analysis and comparison results show that our scheme meets the preconcerted security requirements of authentication for GLOMONET in smart city environment, and it is robust for GLOMONET in smart city environments with higher security requirements.

Improving Mobile IP Performance Through Priority Scheduling

The increasing number of portable computers, combined with the growth of wireless services, makes supporting Internet mobility important. Since a mobile node always changes its point of attachment to the Internet, it may cross a cell boundary during data transmission process. Packets sequence disruption during handover procedure may result in decreasing network performance especially in higher layers protocols. In this paper we investigate the behavior of Mobile IP protocol in presence of route optimization procedure. We discuss the impact of handover process on packets routed from old Foreign Agent to new Foreign Agent after handover and show that using priority scheduling for packets received from the Home Agent and queued at the old Foreign Agent's buffer after handover can reduce the number of disordered packets received at the new Foreign Agent after handover.

Novel multihoming-based flow mobility scheme for proxy NEMO environment: A numerical approach to analyse handoff performance

With Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP), each communication should pass via the home agents of all mobile routers earlier reaching their destination at the time of frequent movement among the inter-technology handoff. This eventually results in performance deterioration of the real time application scenarios conducted on mobile nodes. Accordingly, applying the multihoming technique at any place, anywhere to provide uninterrupted internet connection in NEMO is becoming a significant area for current researchers. Although multiple care-of address registration between mobile routers along with its home agents can overcome some of the multihoming issues for NEMO, one still requires a dynamic flow redirection mechanism to support mobility management in NEMO. With the intention of reducing handoff delay, a novel multihoming-based flow mobility scheme on the PMIPv6 domain in NEMO (MF-PNEMO) is proposed in this paper. In addition, the performance of the MF-PNEMO scheme is evaluated through a numerical approach. The evaluation results confirms that the MF-PNEMO scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BSP as well as fast-proxy NEMO (FPNEMO) concerning handoff delay during inter-technology handoff.

Performance Comparison of HS-TCP and TCP in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Network

Technology information has been growing rapidly in the last few years. HMIPv6 is one of environment used in mobility internet connection. One of transmission used in this method is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP has a normal connection that connect mobile node to the internet and has a normal speed of transmission. This paper tries to compare TCP with another protocol. High Speed Transmission Control Protocol (HS-TCP) is a transport protocol that introduces new method by improving general algorithm of TCP in reducing time of loss recovery. HS- TCP is compared with TC¬P to see the performance of each protocol. The simulation of these protocols is using Network Simulator 2.31 (NS-2.31). The topology of HMIPv6 concludes 1 Home Agent (HA), 2 Foreign Agent (FA), 1 Mobile Node (MN), 1 Correspondent Node (CN). The performance measurement is processed when MN moved from FA2 to FA1 while communicating with CN. Throughput of HMIPv6 will become the parameters for QoS. The result of the simulation shows that HS-TCP has a better performance than TCP by looking at the throughput which ran on the HMIPv6 topology. This simulation have proved that HS-TCP are suitable to be implemented in neighborhood supporting high speed. With bandwidth at 100 Mbps, we can see that HS- TCP is 32% better than HS-TCP, in 500 Mbps HS-TCP is better at 96% than TCP. In 1Gbps, HS-TCP is better at 85% than TCP and in 10Gbps, HS-TCP is better at 86% than TCP.