Holy Year Research Articles

Polityka papieża Aleksandra VI i obchody Jubileuszu roku 1500 poza Rzymem. Przykład Polski

Pope Alexander VI’s policy and the celebrations of the 1500 Jubilee outside Rome: the example of Poland The year 1500 Jubilee came at a time of strong tensions in European politics caused by a threat of a Turkish invasion and fight over hegemony in Italy. The pontificate of Alexander VI Borgia was the peak of the construction of the papal state understood as an early modern monarchy. On the other hand the idea of a crusade against the Turks was the papacy’s last big project in the spirit of the Middle Ages, aimed at rebuilding the authority of the Bishop of Rome, with the 1500 Jubilee being the last great manifestation of medieval piety. The pope wanted his state to be a hegemonic power in Italy. An important element in the implementation of this plan was raising the prestige of his own family by creating a sovereign duchy ruled by the pope’s son, Cesare. Alexander VI’s policy, with regard to both the Italian and Transalpine states, was a function of his personal ambitions and plans. Did the pope accord a privileged status to the Jagiellonian states? Through his bull Gradiente domino super aquas (22 May 1500) he gave people living in Poland and Hungary a possibility of obtaining a jubilee plenary indulgence under simplified conditions at a point — contrary to the established practice — when the celebrations of the Holy Year in Rome had not finished yet. In fact, however, this was an example of using the prerogatives of the pope’s spiritual power to pursue current political objectives. It could even be said that the so-called jubilee sums and their spending became the focal point of the 1500 Jubilee celebrations. Although the sums were to have been spent on the fight against pagans, they were spent on other military objectives instead: they enabled the pope to support his son’s endeavours to build his own domain. An analysis of Alexander VI’s policy shows that the customs and legal norms associated with jubilee celebrations and plenary indulgencies became fully subordinated to the current political objectives and financial needs of the monarch pope as well as his family. Universalist projects that were prime examples of medieval piety were profoundly transformed and adapted to completely new circumstances.

The Relationship Between the People of the Book and Muslims in the Bible and the Holy Quran

The research discusses an important issue of real life, namely the relationship between the people of the Book and Muslims. Since the people of the Book represent an important segment in our contemporary real life, it becomes necessary to identify texts of the two books (Qur'an - Bible) regarding the relationship with each other. This shall enable the reader to understand the teachings of these books and the relationship that each book commands. The title of the research (the relationship between the people of the Book and Muslims in the Bible, the Holy Quran and the Holy Year) has two main ideas: the relationship of the people of the Book to Muslims in the light of the texts of the Bible and the relationship of the people of the Book to Muslims in the light of the texts of the Holy Quran and Sunnah.

Shakespeare and Mercy at the Vatican, 2016

This article explores a central chapter in the history of the Catholic reception of Shakespeare’s work during the contemporary age: the Catholic readings in 2016 of Shakespeare’s dramatic presentation of mercy in the context of the celebrations of the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death and the Holy Year of Mercy. This study directs its focus first to Catholic public manifestations on mercy −such as printed volumes, articles and cycles of lectures− which incorporated Shakespeare’s reflections on mercy within their religious debate. Second, it studies how the Globe to Globe Hamlet performance at the Holy See on 13 April 2016 triggered the interpretation within the Vatican context of Hamlet as a play which, despite its focus on revenge and crime, opens up glimpses of mercy that allow a redefinition of justice.

Les catholiques anglais et le don d’indulgence. Controverse avec les protestants et usages missionnaires entre 1825 et 1965

The somewhat forced revival of the granting of indulgence prompts the historian to reconsider the importance which Catholicism gave to indulgences in the period before the Second Vatican Council. Since national customs were relatively different, we have chosen to focus on the customs of English Catholicism between the Holy Year 1825 and the promulgation of the Apostolic Constitution Indulgentiarum Doctrina on 1 January 1967. This article highlights the place occupied by the question of indulgences in the controversy of contemporary times between English Catholics and Protestants. Then, it presents the increase in the number of indulgences up to the Second World War, questioning the interest of English Catholics for them. Finally, it insists on how indulgences were used in the campaign for the “conversion of England,” especially from 1895 onwards.

Jan Reisner w Akademii św. Łukasza. Artysta a polityka króla Jana III i papieża Innocentego XI

Jan Reisner w Akademii św. Łukasza. Artysta a polityka króla Jana III i papieża Innocentego XI

Innocent X Pamphilj's Architectural Network in Rome

This study employs network analysis and microhistory to challenge the standard narrative about architecture and patronage in Baroque Rome, that of celebrity patron-artist relationships. It investigates the artists and artisans below this elite team and the plurality of relationships that developed among them. The subject is Innocent X Pamphilj's monumental works of art and architecture, at the Vatican, Piazza Navona, Campidoglio, Lateran, and Janiculum Hill, commissioned for the 1650 Holy Year. It argues that competent artisans and their relationships influenced the operation of building sites and presents Innocent X as the patron of an industrious architectural enterprise.

Kapłan sługą miłosierdzia. Refleksja moralno-pastoralna w kontekście Nadzwyczajnego Jubileuszu Miłosierdzia (8 grudnia 2015 – 20 listopada 2016)

The Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy announced in the bull Misercicordiae vultus by the Holy Father Francis, becomes an opportunity to reflect on the priestly vocation in the context of the truth about mercy. The practice of authentic mercy is a fundamental task of priestly life. In this perspective it seems that the mercy as the style of the priestly life requires to be presented again with new enthusiasm and with renewed pastoral activity. This is a key task for the Church.Therefore, the moral-pastoral reflections included in this publication aim to - in the light of the documents of the Church, especially the writings and statements of popes: John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis - encourage in the Holy Year to rediscover and revive the sense of identity and essential tasks of priestly ministry fulfilled primarily in preaching and practicing the virtue of mercy.

Faith and Dogma in Newman's Theology

After the Second World War, Newman scholarship in the Low Countries, France, and Germany blossomed. Abbé Nicolas Theis sought to harvest this intellectual outpouring by hosting a series of congresses in his native Luxembourg (July 1956, July 1961, May 1964, and May 1970), with a propitious extension occurring, un heureux prolongement in his words, at Oriel College, Oxford, March 1966. With the help of The Spiritual Family The Work, Theis hosted another symposium in Rome in 1975, in conjunction with the Holy Year declared by Pope Paul VI. The pope gave an audience and exhortation on 7 April 1975 to the gathered scholars. At this symposium Prof. Jan Hendrik Walgrave of Louvain (Leuven) delivered the address, Foi et dogme dans la théologie de Newman, later printed in Newman Studien 10 (1978), Glock und Lutz Verlag, 140–149. The following English rendition follows the subtitles and paragraphing of Walgrave's French text.

Justice and Mercy: An Enigmatic Yet Crucial Relationship for the Application of Canon Law

Not a single day goes by without Pope Francis making charity and mercy – central characteristic traits of any Christian – the pivot of his sermons, exhortations and proclamations, formal and informal alike. The last holy year, concluding in November 2016, which explicitly featured the motto of mercy, offers a welcome opportunity for the canonist to contemplate the relationship between mercy and justice. Certainly, there is no lack of warning speeches and auguries against the oversimplification of the canonical norms through invoking a false understanding of an imperative of indefinite mercy. To do so would be to neglect the crucial and central commandment of justice, which ensures both legal certainty and an equal treatment of similar cases. The papal address given to the Tribunal of the Roman Rota in 2009 may serve as an eloquent example. In his address Benedict XVI emphasised the interrelation of love (caritas) and justice (iustitia), but at the same time explicitly cautioned against over-pastorally motivated charity as far as the application of the law is concerned: Charity without justice is not charity, but a counterfeit, because charity itself requires that objectivity which is typical of justice and which must not be confused with inhuman coldness. In this regard, as my Predecessor, Venerable Pope John Paul II, said in his Address on the relationship between pastoral care and the law: ‘The judge … must always guard against the risk of misplaced compassion, which could degenerate into sentimentality, itself pastoral only in appearance.’ There is sufficient reason, therefore, to consider once more how mercy and justice relate to one another.

Boże miłosierdzie w życiu i posłudze św. Jana Bosko

The article is an attempt at presenting the spirituality and attitude of mercy in the life of St. John Bosco, the founder of the Society of St. Francis de Sales (the Salesians), in the perspective of the Holy Year of Mercy celebrated by the whole Church in the year 2015/2016. The first part of the article raises the issue of experiencing mercy from God and people by St. John Bosco. The second part discusses the ministry of mercy which the Saint performed as a priest as well as the Father and Teacher of the youth. The last part constitutes a quest for the topicality of mercy with regard to the contemporary process of upbringing children and youth in the Salesian charism established by St. John Bosco.

Miłosierdzie Boga na wyciągniecie ręki

God’s mercy close at hand. The problem of mercy is particularly dear for Pope Francis. The Holy Year proclaimed by Him should be a special occasion to undertake the issues of mercy and reawaken Christians to practice it. That is Pope’s appeal to us in His Bull of Induction of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy: “There are moments when we are called to concentrate on mercy more than at any other time […]” (MV 3). Mercy is the expression of the Holy Trinity itself. Especially, through the death of crucifixion of His Son, God gives testimony of incomparable self-revelation. For the sake of our redemption God enters death. As God is life, death is extreme opposition of Himself. The renewal of man’s inner attitude and of the sacrament of conversion and reconciliation is closely connected with the revival of God’s message as God is so rich in mercy (cf. Eph 2:4). This is the message of reconciliation which was granted to people once and for ever by the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ which is now being constantly realized in Church through the Holy Spirit. The renewal of conversion and reconciliation is therefore possible for those who possess the gift of deep faith, hope and love thus following Jesus.

Nabożeństwo do Miłosierdzia Bożego

God loves us and he wants us to recognize that his mercy is greater than our sin. Pope Francis has published a bull Misericordiae vultus , in which he has proclaimed the extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy. The Holy Year of Mercy was inaugurated on December 8 th 2015 and was concluded on November 20 th 2016. The Holy Father teaches: We need constantly to contemplate the mystery of mercy [...]. Our salvation depends on it . In this bull Pope has mentioned a great apostle of mercy, Saint Faustina Kowalska, a Polish nun, who had mystical visions. Christ told her to spread the cult of mercy. In her Diary we find the following elements of the devotion to the Divine Mercy: image of merciful Christ, the Feast of Mercy, the Chaplet of Divine Mercy, Mercy hour and spreading the devotion to the Divine Mercy. These elements are analyzed in the present article.

Miłosierni jak ojciec, czyli o największej cnocie wychowawcy

Wychowywanie jest dziełem trudnym i wymagającym dużej wrażliwości na drugiego człowieka oraz odpowiedzialności za jego rozwój. Dlatego każda inspiracja pomagająca w tym dziele w taki sposób, by wychowanek był wspierany w ujawnianiu i rozwijaniu własnych możliwości, w dążeniu do spełnienia siebie w relacjach z innymi, zasługuje na szczególną uwagę pedagogów – teoretyków i praktyków. Jedną z takich inspiracji, nie tylko dla katolików, może być hasło ogłoszonego przez papieża Franciszka Roku Miłosierdzia – „Miłosierni jak Ojciec”. Pedagogom przypomnieć ono może dwa ważne wyznaczniki pomyślnej pracy wychowawczej, dość poważnie przytłumione przez współczesną kulturę, jakimi są cnota miłosierdzia i ojcostwo. Prezentowany artykuł stanowi próbę ukazania ich inspirującej siły w dziele wychowania.

The Influence of Event Authenticity and Quality Attributes on Behavioral Intentions

Many studies have found that the perceived authenticity of cultural and religious events affects event satisfaction and loyalty. Little is currently known about how perceived authenticity is affected by the quality of other event attributes, such as food and the availability of information, which are independent determinants of satisfaction and loyalty. This article explores this complex relationship using empirical data collected through a survey conducted during the 2010 Holy Year in Santiago de Compostela. A total of 400 questionnaires were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of our analysis of the 2010 Holy Year provide support for the effect of event perceived authenticity on event satisfaction, and they also indicate that event perceived authenticity does not have a direct impact on event loyalty. Instead, its relationship to the intention to revisit is mediated by event satisfaction. In addition, the effects of event attributes were assessed for both event satisfaction and perceived authenticity, and significant differences were found.

Arkivyskupas Mečislovas Reinys – Dievo gailestingumo žinios skleidėjas ir kulto platintojas

The article analyzes the personality of Archbishop Mecislovas Reinys, the Servant of God, his ideas of spreading the cult of Divine Mercy as the archbishop of Vilnius. He was the first to approve praying the chaplet of Divine Mercy and introducing the feast of Divine Mercy in St. Johns church in Vilnius during the post-war period. He was spreading the message of Divine Mercy. This article is attributed to the Holy Year of Mercy, the 80th anniversary of the public exposition of the image of Divine Mercy for worship.

Spowiedź sakramentalna warunkiem uzyskania odpustu zupełnego. Analiza kanonicznoprawna

The present article attempts to make some canonical clarifications on the subject of indulgences in the Catholic Church. In fact, in pastoral practice we can observe many misunderstandings, especially regarding the sacramental confession as a condition sine qua non to gain a plenary indulgence. According to some priests, the sacrament of penance would be necessary only if the person is not in a state of grace. The analysis of the current canon law, interpreted in the light of the legal tradition of the Church and especially of the spirit of the canon law, allow us to say that in ordinary situations the sacramental confession, which should take place about two weeks before or after the indulgence, determines the reception or not of a plenary indulgence by of the faithful. This rule has to be applied in every ordinary situation (i.e. outside the danger of death), and consequent-ly also in the case of plenary indulgence provided by the Holy Father to the Holy Year of Mercy.

The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Spain

The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Management of Tourist Flows. The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

The end of the 1980s witnessed the revival of the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela, popularly known as el camino, a fact that brought with it the development of tourism in the city. However, pilgrims have not been the only source of such growth as there have been cultural tourists too. Flows particularly increase during the Compostela Holy Years, i.e., when the 25th of July, St. James' festivity, falls on a Sunday. The increased track record of visitors in the city since the holy year of 1993 already foresaw a high volume of visitors for the 2010 Holy Year. In order to avoid excessive overcrowding of the cathedral and all its negative effects, a study was developed for proposals to manage tourist flows. This article explains the methodology used for this study and analyses the results of its implementation. We highlight the problems encountered, not only due to the partial implementation of the measures proposed, but also due to the concentration of actions in the cathedral and not in the destination as a whole.

Estimating the long-run effects of socioeconomic and meteorological factors on the domestic tourism demand for Galicia (Spain)

Tourism is one of the more important sectors for the economy of Galicia (northwest of Spain). The aim of our study is to quantify determinants of Galician domestic tourism demand and their impacts. Additionally, confidence intervals for these impacts are calculated by bootstrapping data. The results show that income, Eastern vacations and the celebration of the Holy Year of the Apostle Saint James have had a relevant positive impact on tourism. There is also a significant positive connection between a meteorological phenomenon, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and tourism demand. On the other hand, the differential rates of inflation between Galicia and the rest of Spain and the 2008 economic crisis have had a negative effect.

L’Anno Santo (Holy Year) in Fascist Italy 1933—34

Between Easter 1933 and Easter 1934, Rome was the venue for two major and potentially rival efforts to seize history for popular use. The Roman Catholic Church, under the rule of Pope Pius XI, held a supernumerary Anno Santo, Holy Year or Jubilee, the first since the signature of the Lateran pacts with the Fascist regime in 1929. That agreement had formally ended the Pope’s ‘imprisonment in the Vatican’, permitting the Church publicly to deploy a greater array of Rome’s religious pasts than had been possible since the Risorgimento. Meanwhile, in October 1932, Mussolini’s dictatorship had opened its Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution, there making with stridently modernist dynamism its own claims to carry Rome’s histories in its hands. Many ‘pilgrims’ in 1933—34 attended both Catholic and Fascist events. What, then, does this coincidence illustrate of the Fascist version of totalitarianism, to some historians a ‘political religion’ of span and depth, but one that was never able fully to master a Church that was at least as determined to claim that it best expressed transcendence and eternity?