Holy Water Research Articles

Local Wisdom of Balinese People Managing Water in Tirta (Holy Water) Concept

Water is a source of life on the surface of the earth because it becomes a necessity for every organism. The need for water continues to increase, but the availability of clean water continues to decrease. Efforts to preserve important water sources are made to meet current and future water needs. Hindus in Bali have long practiced water resources conservation and managing water quality through various forms of local wisdom. Local wisdom is passed down through generations of routine activities in daily life. Water as a gift because it gives life is placed as a holy one which is then referred to as holy water or tirta. The use of tirta in various ceremonial activities causes Hinduism in Bali to be often identified with tirta religion. For Balinese people, water is a symbol of Vishnu which is a manifestation of God as the preserver of world life. Positioning water as a sacred thing has the meaning of obligation to maintain the quality and quantity of water to be maintained. Positioning the water source as a sacred area is also a form of effort to protect the springs to avoid pollution. The ceremony of mendak tirta and mendak toya became a form of local wisdom on the procedures of water use and efficient use of water. The concept of nyegara-Gunung (sea-mountain) is one of the proofs that Balinese Hindus commit to maintaining the hydrological cycle, so that life is maintained.

Consequences of Covid- 19 in Hindu Pilgrimage Tourism Places in Tamil Nadu, India

This paper explores the COVID-19 pandemic impacts and overview of related literature on pilgrimage tourism and it also aims to give suggestions for future rejuvenation of Hindu pilgrimage tourism. Tamil Nadu is a southern Indian state noted for its temples dedicated to numerous Hindu gods and goddesses. The state has towering temples with magnificent architecture, paintings, sculptures, different cultures, fairs and festivals which attract millions of tourists every year. Pilgrimage tourism is one of the most profitable and positive economic outcomes for the state, especially it helps to increase in Gross Domestic Product, to earn foreign exchange earnings, to create direct and indirect employment for the people and to create a market for local handicrafts. The COVID-19 pandemic impacts every sector in the world; especially the tourism industry in developed and developing countries are badly affected because of universal speared. It has enforced the worldwide curfew which is highly impacted on tourism-related services like transportation, accommodations, hotels and restaurants, tour operators and travel agents, tourists guide, small and medium businesses and petty shops in and around the pilgrimage sites. The religious sites have closed their doors for devotees and many religious leaders appealed to their followers not to perform their spiritual spreading of the virus is high due to overcrowding as well as religious mass gathering and pilgrims come to take bath in the holy water in reveres which was stopped for the precautionary measure when the people come back from mass gathering to their home town to control the spread of the pandemic. The pandemic impact on religious tourism has been immeasurable and many religious places are also changing their rituals and have altered the thinking and beliefs of religious leaders and pilgrimage visitors worldwide.

Visible Light Communications through Diffusive Illumination of Sculptures in a Real Museum

The recent, massive diffusion of LED-based illumination devices makes Visible Light Communications (VLC) a widely recognised wireless communication technology with large potential impact in many indoor and outdoor applications. In the indoor scenario, one of the most promising VLC implementations is foreseen in museums, exhibitions and cultural heritage sites. In this context, digital data can be transmitted by the specific lighting system of each artwork and received by the nearby standing visitors, allowing a complete set of dedicated services such as augmented reality (AR) and real-time indoor positioning, exploiting the directionality of the optical channel. In this work, we achieve, for the first time, VLC transmission through diffusive LED illumination of three-dimensional artworks (wooden and marble sculptures) in a real museum, exploiting the available LED illumination system, demonstrating the feasibility of VLC technology also when complex three-dimensional artworks, such as sculptures or bas-reliefs, are involved. In our experimental campaign, performed inside the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, we perform extensive Packet Error Rate (PER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) tests on two important wooden and marble sculptures (Crucifix by Brunelleschi and the Holy Water Font by Bordoni, respectively), for different distances, view angles and configurations, in order to mimic a wide set of situations that visitors may encounter in a realistic scenario. We achieve successful VLC transmission for distances up to 8 m from artworks, at baud rate of 28 kBaud. We also provide detailed results on the characterization of the transmission Field of View (FoV) for our prototype, as well as the effect of side shifts of the observer’s position on the quality of VLC transmission, providing essential information for future implementations of positioning protocols and dedicated services in realistic, indoor scenarios. Our work represents an important step forward towards the deployment of VLC technology in museums and, more in general, it opens for far-reaching developments in a wide set of real indoor environments, including the cultural heritage sector, where diffusive VLC links exploiting illumination of three-dimensional objects could represent a ground-breaking innovation.

The oral Deleuze. Faciality, power, sexuality, objectile and superject

ABSTRACT In the following essay I will propose the oral Deleuze. Something to be added to Deleuze’s written works; a kind of laboratory centred on his never-ending process of thinking. Deleuze, in his lectures and conferences, used to talk about his work-in-progress writings and essays. The first part of this paper deals with the reversal of the idea of subject and how such a reversal is connected to the idea of power and sexuality. In the second part of the essay, I open up a space created by consideration of two oral terms used in some lessons at Vincennes, particularly: ‘Objectile’ and ‘Superject’. I hope that the intertextuality between the four aspects – orality, faciality, sexuality and perspectivism – will appear as clear as possible. Nonetheless, this essay requires a certain effort by the reader and some premises I will list in the introduction. Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Saint Teresa of Avila (the devil and the holy water) will be two cases I will analyze to apply Deleuze’s ideas to literature and life.

"Medical treatments are also part of God's gift": Holy water attendants' perspectives on a collaboration between spiritual and psychiatric treatment for mental illness in Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, traditional and spiritual treatments, such as holy water, are used by people with mental disorders instead of, or alongside, psychiatric services. Collaborations between traditional and psychiatric providers may increase access to evidence-based treatments and address human rights abuses. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of holy water attendants on a novel collaboration between holy water and psychiatric care, at St Mary's Clinic, Entoto, Ethiopia, and to characterize the users of this service. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 holy water attendants, who run group houses for holy water residents and are paid by family members. A thematic analysis was conducted. Socio-demographic and clinical data were extracted from the records of all service users who had attended the clinic. A total of 174 individuals have attended the clinic in the three years since it opened. The majority were diagnosed with schizophrenia. Holy water attendants provide a partial gatekeeping role to psychiatric care, selecting which of their clients they think will benefit and, for these individuals, facilitating attendance to the clinic and antipsychotic medication adherence. Psychiatric care was felt to be compatible with holy water by some, but not all, attendants. However, family members often had the "final say" in individuals attending the clinic, in some cases putting up strong resistance to using psychiatric care. A novel collaboration is acceptable to some holy water attendants and may increase access to psychiatric care amongst people with mental illness living at a holy water site in Ethiopia.

Konstruksi Media Dakwah: Tradisi Versus Ekonomi dalam Pemasaran Air Doa

The phenomenon of marketing prayer water by offering blessings is a part of social relations accepted by the Indonesian people. This study aims to determine how blessings are accommodated in the practice of religious ritual therapy associated with certain religious figures. In particular, this study examines the practice of the Air Blessing (Holy Water) ritual of Habib Hasan Al Muhdor, a religious leader from the Shalawat Ahbabul Musthofa Council at Widoro Krejengan Probolinggo. To determine the community's construction of blessed water, data collection methods were used by observing and interviewing 1 assembly leader, 1 head of blessed water distribution and 3 local communities with special needs for blessed water, such as illness, pregnancy and life success. In analyzing the data, this study uses Berger's sacred canopy theory approach. As a result of observing this religious (or economic?) Therapy, society has transmitted material or money into blessings with the medium of Habib Muhdor's prayer water as a form of practice to get through life's problems. This fact shows the desecularization between the sacred and the profane, also shows the other side in practice it is used by certain figures for the purpose of strengthening patronage and capital capital.
 Keywords: Prayer Water, Blessing, Religious Therapy, Sacred World

Being and Listening in Solution: Water Ethics, Holy Waters, and Wet Ontologies

Being and Listening in Solution: Water Ethics, Holy Waters, and Wet Ontologies

Mysticism among the Pedandas of Bali

On the island of Bali in Indonesia, the traditional Hindu religious leaders are the pedandas, or brahmin high priests. Their religious status is largely based on their mystical states, during which they create the highest and most valuable form of holy water, which is needed for all religious rituals on the island. It is one of the rare examples in world religions where mysticism is not only integrated into the daily life of the community but is vital to it. These are the religious authorities who maintain the ancient forms of Indonesian Hinduism, standing against the encroachment of Westernization, Islamization and modernization. Little ethnographic research has been done on them—there are no books about their lives and experiences in any Western languages, and only a few biographies in Indonesian. In this paper, we examine the lives of some Shiva pedandas, discussing their mystical experiences, and the ways that their states fit in with other sorts of mystical experiences in Bali. These other sorts of experiences include those of Buddhist priests, local healers or balians, and the debatably mystical experiences of possession trance.

Towards enhancing sustainability: A novel approach for reducing carbon emission during the transportation of Zamzam water by pilgrims during Hajj and Umrah

Millions of people visit Makkah for Hajj and Umrah as part of Muslims religious activities. One of the gifts people take home with them to friends and family is the holy water of Zamzam. Currently water is packaged in 5-Litre special containers to be transported for that purpose. Most pilgrims use air transportation and carry with them Zamzam water gift. This paper explores the carbon emission currently produced by airlines by this excess weight and the possibility of reducing carbon emission by replacing the air transportation of water by other means using land and sea alternatives. This paper has focused on main cities and airports of the world where pilgrims travel from and to. The results indicate that more than 81 thousand tonnes of CO2 could be saved annually with an estimated reduction of more than 96% tonnes of CO2.

Something in the Holy Water Ain’t Clean: Time and Religious Inversion in Hal Bennett’s Lord of Dark Places

In an essay titled, “american sexual reference: black male,” Amiri Baraka simultaneously takes on his fear of castration and his fear of homosexuality. These symbiotic phobias are easily explained:...

GENDER STEREOTYPE OF FEMININITY IN THE CONTEXT OF RITUALS ON CHRISTMAS IN UKRAINIAN TRADITIONAL CULTURE

The dichotomy of male and female origins is one of the most fundamental and ancient. The interaction of the representatives of both sexes is initially regulated by society. Hence cultural, economic and political factors, which are formed in different historical periods, influence this process. Modern, impetuous changes in society are associated with the destruction of gender stereotypes and the emergence of concepts such as gender identity, queer (identification of marginalized sexual inclinations), etc. The purpose of the article is to describe the most important traditional duties of the Ukrainian womanmistress on Christmas holidays, to analyze and explain the sacred or symbolic content of such ritual actions. At the beginning of the XXI century in many Ukrainian Christmas and New Year rituals there has already been a loss of a clear gender distribution of ritual duties. However, in the ritual actions of our ancestors, there were clear gender divisions: the woman took care of the microcosm of the family, was engaged in its symbolic renewal; she guarded the customs of the family. It was purely a woman's job to perform protective rituals: the hostess put garlic under a tablecloth on all four corners of the table, sanctified dinner with holy water before the family sat down at the table, and so on. In the Ukrainian traditional culture, a woman is the keeper of the hearth. At Christmas she “extracted a new fire”, prepared ritual dishes, baked holy ritual bread, and laid the table. Caroling on Christmas holidays reflects the ancient archetype of masculine origin as a positive, female – as a negative. However such gender stereotypes in the middle of the last century in various regions of Ukraine have already been almost ruined. The analysis of masculinity and femininity in the Ukrainian traditional culture in a ritual discourse in a broad sense, which include the rituals of calendar and family rites, and ceremonial songs that accompany almost all ritual actions will be prospective for future articles.

Bibliography (in English) for 2018

Bibliography (in English) for 2018 David Bratman Primary Sources Tolkien, J.R.R. The Fall of Gondolin. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018. Books Amendt-Raduege, Amy. "The Sweet and the Bitter": Death and Dying in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2018. Birns, Nicholas. J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Modern Fantasy. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2018. DiPaolo, Marc. Fire and Snow: Climate Fiction from the Inklings to Game of Thrones. Albany: SUNY Press, 2018. Ferrández Bru, José Manuel. "Uncle Curro": J.R.R. Tolkien's Spanish Connection. Edinburgh: Luna Press, 2018. Gazzolo, Anne Marie. Chosen: The Journeys of Bilbo and Frodo of the Shire. [Breinigsville, PA]: Of Ages Past, 2018. Haldas, Michael C. Echoes of Truth: Christianity in The Lord of the Rings. Edinburgh: Luna Press, 2018. Hooker, Mark T. The Tolkiennymicon: Studies in Tolkiennymy, or, Searching for the Origins of Elvo-Indo-European in Tolkien's Elvish Lexicon. Bloomington, IN: Llyfrawr, 2018. Hren, Joshua. Middle-earth and the Return of the Common Good: J.R.R. Tolkien and Political Philosophy. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2018. McIlwaine, Catherine. Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2018. ———. Tolkien Treasures. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2018. Milon, Anna, ed. Poetry and Song in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien: Proceedings of the Tolkien Society Seminar 2017. Peter Roe series 18. Edinburgh: Luna Press, 2018. Rateliff, John D., ed. A Wilderness of Dragons: Essays in Honor of Verlyn Flieger. Wayzata, MN: The Gabbro Head, 2018. Smith, Scott L. Lord of the Rings and the Eucharist: Christianity in The Lord of the Rings. [US]: Holy Water Books, ©2017 [published 2018]. Strachan, Alan James, and Janet Coster. The Lure of the Ring: Power, Addiction and Transcendence in Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. [US: s.l.], 2018. Testi, Claudio A. Pagan Saints in Middle-earth. Zurich: Walking Tree Publishers, 2018. Williams, Donald T. An Encouraging Thought: The Christian Worldview in the Writings of J.R.R. Tolkien. Cambridge, OH: Christian Publishing House, 2018. Articles and Book Chapters Aditiawarman, Mac, and Fitri Mardhatillah. "The Dynamic Character as Seen in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit Novel." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 2.1 (Dec. 2018): 1–8. Amendt-Raduege, Amy. "A Seed of Courage: Merry, Pippin, and the Ordinary Hero." Rateliff 3–24. Ashford, David. "'Orc Talk': Soviet Linguistics in Middle-earth." Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 29.1 (2018): 26–40. Attard, Geoffrey G. "Tolkien, Newman and The Dream of Gerontius." Pastoral Review 14.2 (Mar.–Apr. 2018): 22–23. Baxter, Jason M. "Eucatastrophe in Ithaka: Reading the Odyssey with Plato, C. S. Lewis, and J.R.R. Tolkien." Falling Inward: Humanities in the Age of Technology. By Baxter. [Providence, RI]: Cluny Media, 2018. 17–39. Beal, Jane. "Who is Tom Bombadil?: Interpreting the Light in Frodo Baggins and Tom Bombadil's Role in the Healing of Traumatic Memory in J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings." Journal of Tolkien Research 6.1 (2018). Beebout, Kayla. "'Few Have Gained Such a Victory': A Defense of Boromir in The Lord of the Rings." Journal of Tolkien Research 6.2 (2018). Beech, Martin. "A Fall of Heavenly Iron." Amon Hen 274 (Nov. 2018): 20–22. Bellet, Bertrand. "Translating The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun into French: Across the Channel Here and Back Again." Milon 55–77. Bertoglio, Chiara. "Dissonant Harmonies: Tolkien's Musical Theodicy." Tolkien Studies 15 (2018): 93–114. Berube, Pierre H. "Bilingual Puns in The Lord of the Rings." Mythlore 37.1 (Fall–Winter 2018): 213–15. Bowers, John M. "Teaching Pearl When Teaching Tolkien." Approaches to Teaching the Middle English Pearl. Ed. Jane Beal and Mark Bradshaw Busbee. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2018. 156–63. Bratman, David. "Bibliography (in English) for 2016." Tolkien Studies 15 (2018): 333–49. ———. "Smith of Wootton Major and Genre Fantasy." Rateliff 25–41. Bratman, David, Jason Fisher, John Wm. Houghton, John Magoun, and Robin Anne Reid. "The Year's Work in Tolkien Studies 2015." Tolkien Studies 15 (2018): 265–331. Bridoux, Denis. "Could Tolkien Have Actually Drawn Tuor in...

A case of Chromobacterium violaceum from a newborn

Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe. It is a common inhabitant of soil and water. It causes localised skin infection or localised lymphadenitis following contact with stagnant water or soil and then progresses to fulminant septicaemia with necrotising metastatic lesions. A three day-old girl presented with fever and multiple abscesses all over her body. On blood culture, C. violaceum was isolated. She had a history of consumption of holy water three days after birth. She was treated with Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin.

Perspectives of patients, family members, and health care providers on late diagnosis of breast cancer in Ethiopia: A qualitative study.

BackgroundMost women with breast cancer in Ethiopia are diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease, but the reasons for this have not been systematically investigated. This study, therefore, aimed to explore the main reasons for diagnosis of advanced stage breast cancer from the perspective of patients, family members, and health care providers.MethodsA qualitative study with in-depth interviews was conducted with 23 selected participants at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Oncology Clinic using a semi-structured interview guide. These participants were 13 breast cancer patients, 5 family members, and 5 health care providers. Data were transcribed into English, coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsAwareness about the causes, risk, initial symptoms, early detection methods, and treatment of breast cancer were uncommon, and misconceptions about the disease prevailed among breast cancer patients and family members. There was a sense of hopelessness and uncertainty about the effectiveness of conventional medicine amongst patients and family members. Consequently, performing spiritual acts (using holy water) or seeking care from traditional healers recurred amongst the interviewees. Not taking initial symptoms of breast cancer seriously by the patients, reliance on traditional medicines, competing priorities, financial hardship, older age, fear of diagnosis of cancer, and weak health systems (e.g., delay in referral and long waiting period for consultation) were noted as the main contributors to late diagnosis. In contrast, persuasion by family members and friends, higher educational attainment, and prior experience of neighboring women with breast cancer were mentioned to be facilitators of early diagnosis of breast cancer.ConclusionsThe causes of late diagnosis of breast cancer in Ethiopia are multi-factorial and include individual, cultural, and health system factors. Interventions targeting these factors could alleviate the misconceptions and knowledge gap about breast cancer in the community, and shorten waiting time between symptom recognition and diagnosis of breast cancer.

Triadic Interplay: A Model of Transforming Literature into Wayang Theatre

Dramatic literature (be it in the form of a poem, poetry, prose, verse, play, epic, or other narrative reservoir listed below under Literary References) typically creates the most extensive public awareness when it is transformed into multiple aesthetic expressions and performed into theatre. While putting a play on stage may be well known as mise en scene, this article introduces triadic creative interplay (trisandi) within form-plot-character, a model to transform literature into a wayang puppet show. Literature modifies the name of the puppetry according to the narrative source, for example: Wayang Ramayana, Wayang Parwa/Mahabharata, and even Wayang Greek Myth when the show recounts a story based on Greek mythology. If the literature is transformed into plot, it becomes the story, theme, drama, and social message of the wayang puppet show. Finally, when literature manifests into dramatic characters, the protagonist’s and antagonist’s actions are modified according to the dramatic motive of the piece. The dalang puppet master uses their creativity to conceptualise the chronological transformation of literature into wayang puppetry in three stages. (1) Before the show: creativity in plot guides the dalang to convert narrative literature into a play, select, create or originate a story. (2) During the presentation: the dalang transforms literature into word play / pun, narrative lines, sung and dialogues, social commentary and criticism. (3) After the show: literature guides the dalang to bridge the material realm into the spiritual realm, to transform spiritual norms into ritual mantra, to transform regular water into holy water, and so forth.  

Revitalization Concept Patirtan Sites as a Sustainable Spiritual Tourism in Malang, East Java

The Patirtan site is a legacy of the ancient Singhasari kingdom in Malang, has a high historical value. The existence of the Patirtan site is related to the source of holy water (amerta), and is considered sacred by the community. The use and development of the Patirtan site has tended to be partial and contrary to the concept of conservation. The revitalization of Patirtan site in Malang is the use of historical heritage in the form of bathing pools, for religious self-cleaning activities. Spiritual tourism activities, as a form of human relations with God, through traditional rituals, occur at the sites of temples and Patirtan in Malang, East Java. Spiritual tourism actors in several Patirtan sites in the Malang region are the preserver of the Nusantara culture, originating from Java and Bali. This revitalization study, carried out by descriptive method, through fact-finding with proper interpretation of people's attitudes, people's spiritual behavior and phenomena on the Patirtan site. There are three cases of Patirtan site in Malang, which is quite significant to be used as a spiritual tourism destination, namely Sumberawan Temple, Patirtan Watugede and Widodaren water source. Through historical studies, exploring ritual activities at Patirtan sites in Malang, then analyzing the physical character and function of Patirtan's sites, the concept of revitalization was then formulated. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/lw.v11i2.2954

Underground Churches in Frankish Famagusta, Cyprus

This paper examines a unique group of four crusader-period underground churches in Famagusta. The dedication, dating, and religious significance of these shrines are discussed in a regional context, using historical and archaeological sources. Two extramural churches attracted veneration from Latin and Greek communities: St. Mary de la Cava was a pilgrimage site managed by Greeks from Sinai, while the second grotto was originally a Latin edifice with a well providing holy water (agiasma). Inside the walls, an underground church, perhaps owned by the Melkites, had two altars and entrances, suggesting that it was possibly a pilgrimage shrine venerated by two religious communities. The fourth church, dedicated perhaps to the Nativity, is half built, half cut into the rock in a manner resembling the grotto of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Although the preserved shrines cannot be identified with certainty, this study indicates that they were important religious centers, which developed together with the growing Latin-ruled metropolis and had devotional, architectural, and institutional links with other pilgrimage shrines in Cyprus and the Levantine mainland.

FAKTA PRAKTIK ILMU HITAM DI FLORES DAN DAYA ILAHI AIR BERKAT

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This article aims to present that sorcery and witchcraft<br />is still widely practiced in Flores. It is one of the main thorny<br />sources of social conflicts in almost every village. There have<br />been a hot-witch hunts at many regions of the islands. Numerous<br />witches or sorcerers caught red-handed practicing it were tried<br />according customary laws of the villagers and then killed publicly.<br />This article also presents that a number of paranormals can prove<br />the existence of the sorcery practices. The mediums used by the<br />perpetrators can be detected. These mediums were claimed to<br />emit a kind of toxic gas which is thought to cause the victim to<br />get sick and die. This poisonous gas will, however, disappear only<br />if it is sprinckled by the sacramental holy water and its victim will<br />slowely recover.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> black magic, sorcery, witchcraft, paranormal, divine<br />power, holy water.</p>

Patiwangi Ceremony At Village Of Sidan Gianyar Regency (Gender Education Perspective)

<p>Hindu in Bali is never apart from ceremony. Everything they do are always relates to ceremony. Ceremony is one of the way how Balinese people stay close to the God (Tuhan Hyang Maha Esa). From thousands of ceremony in Bali, in this thesis, I am discussing further about ‘Patiwangi Ceremoney’. Although this ceremony has been banned from the government’s regulations known as DPRD dated on 1951. However, in some village in Bali there are still exists. One of them is in Village of Sidan, Gianyar regency. In deeper meaning some people thought that ‘Patiwangi’ ceremony is related to gender inequality. This is the basis of writing a thesis title ‘Patiwangi Ceremony in village of Sidan, Gianyar Regency, (Gender Education Perspective).</p><p>In this study, I am discussing 3 contributor factors. 1. How forms Patiwangi ceremony in village of Sidan District of Gianyar? 2. What is the function of Patiwangi ceremony in village of Sidan District of Gianyar? 3. What is the implication Patiwangi ceremony on gender education perspective in village of Sidan District of Gianyar?</p><p>In this thesis, four theoretical concepts are used to answer the problem. The theory of interactionism symbol which is used to analyst form of Patiwangi ceremony, Structural Functional Theory to analyst the function of Patiwangi ceremony, Behaviorism Theory and Gender Theory to analyst the implications of gender education perspective of Patiwangi ceremony. This research conducted in village of Sidan, Gianyar regency. This thesis is qualitative research, using the data collection techniques such as; observation, interviews, documentation, literature, informant determination analysis by purposive sampling and data analysis with qualitative descriptive<em>.</em></p><p><em></em>From the qualitative descriptive data analysis obtained the following results, 1. Patiwangi ceremony can be explained through the married and ceremony process. Process Patiwangi marriage performed without making a proposal to the bride’s parents. This system called ‘Kawin Lari. The groom will arrange the place to meet the bride without parents’permission. From the bride's family, parents will then come to groom’s house to ascertain that their daughter actually married to the men according to the letter sent. After that the groom’s family will telling that their daughter will have the married ceremony based on a good day which is pointed by high prize in Bali called ‘Pinandita’. The proses Patiwangi ceremony will begin with ‘matur piuning’or asking permission to the God of the sun ‘Sanggah Surya’. The bride is praying in front of the temple (Sanggah Surya) while the groom is sitting on the chair waiting for her. After finish, the bride will stand up and the families of the groom will start pouring yellow rice, old Chinese money as a symbol of happiness and prosperity. The families also will throw red ‘Endong’ leafs as a symbol of purification and eliminate the evil spirit. The ceremony will end with spring of holy water to the bride by the prize (Pinandita).2).The Functions of Patiwangi ceremony, a). Purification, this can be seen from the ornaments of the Patiwangi ceremony such as; yellow rice, old Chinese money and the red ‘Endong’leafs as a symbol of the God of Brahma, which is purifying the bride from ‘Leteh, Cuntaka, and Evil Spirit. Hence, married within different kast in Bali without Patiwangi ceremony can cause unhappiness. b). Balance, this can be seen from the ceremony itself which is offered to the God as a witness in spiritual, human as a witness in unspiritual and evil spirit ( Bhuta Kala) as a witness in devil’s side. The purpose is that after married the bride and groom will get harmonization and balance in life.3). The implication of Patiwangi ceremony, a). Social implication includes changing in social status, parent’s status, and the relationship between both families and also the farewell ceremony. b). psychology implication only happen to the bride, since she is leaving the kasta that she has and followed the groom’s kasta.</p><p>As per the implication Patiwangi ceremony on gender education perspective, it will be seen on social gap such as; 1). Naming on parents from ‘Biang’ become ‘Dubiang’ and ‘Aji’ become ‘Duaji’. 2). Naming on bride from ‘Dewa Ayu’ become ‘Ayu’. 3). The relationship of the bride and parents are no longer as a biological parents, since she has been married with called ‘Nyerod’ in Balinese language.4). On the farewell ceremony, if one of the parents died, the bride is not allowed to pray if she is pregnant.</p>

Delays to anti-tuberculosis treatment intiation among cases on directly observed treatment short course in districts of southwestern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study

BackgroundDelayed tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment increase morbidity, mortality, expenditure, and transmission in the community. This study assessed patient and provider related delays to diagnosis and treatment of TB.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 735 new adult TB cases registered between January to December 2015 in 10 woredas equivalent to districts of southwestern Ethiopia. Data were collected through face-to-face interview of patients within the first 2 months of treatment initiation. Delay in days was tracked at three intervals: between onset of symptoms and self-presentation (Patient delay), Self-presentation to treatment initiation (Provider delay) and total delay. Days elapsed beyond median were used to define the delays. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression models were fit to identify predictors of delays and statistical significance was judged at p < 0.05.ResultThe median (inter-quartile range) of patient, provider and total delays were 25 (IQR;15–36), 22 (IQR:9–48) and 55 (IQR:32–100) days, respectively. More than half (54.6%) of the total delay was attributed to health system. Prior self-treatment [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR)]: 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.07–2.75), HIV co-infection (aOR:1.8, 95% CI: 1.05–3.10) and extra-pulmonary TB (aOR: 1.54,95% CI:1.03–2.29) were independently associated with increased odds of patient delay. On the other hand initial presentation to health posts or private clinics (aOR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.0) and patient delay (aOR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.33–2.50) significantly predicted longer provider delay. Finally, having extra pulmonary TB (aOR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.07–2.38), prior consultation of traditional healer (aOR: 3.72, 95% CI: 1.01–13.77) and use of holy water (aOR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.11, 6.70) independently predicted longer total delay.ConclusionTuberculosis patients waited too long time to initiate anti-TB treatment reflecting longer periods of morbidity and disease transmission. The delays are attributed to the patient, disease and health system related factors. Hence, improving community awareness, involving informal providers, health extension workers and TB treatment supporters can reduce the patient delay. Similarly, cough screening and improving diagnostic efficiencies of healthcare facilities should be in place to reduce the provider delays.