Holy Cross Mountains Research Articles

A re-evaluation of the historical ‘dinosaur’ remains from the Middle-Upper Triassic of Poland

The so-called historical Polish discoveries of Triassic ‘dinosaurs’ have been repeatedly cited in papers and popular science books. Here, we re-evaluate each historical and purported Triassic dinosaur find from Poland. Additionaly, we describe several supposed ‘dinosaur’ bones collected by Polish geologists but only briefly mentioned: in regional geological journals, on collection labels, or in field notes. We attempt to assign all investigated specimens to the least inclusive taxon possible. Our revision indicates that part of this material represents non-dinosaur archosauromorph taxa. Most of the analysed specimens are fragmentary bones or isolated teeth and are indistinguishable from skeletal elements described from other well-known Triassic archosauromorph taxa. We conclude that fossils of dinosauriforms are present in the Upper Triassic of Silesia and Holy Cross Mountains. New analysis of Velocipes guerichi von Huene, 1932 holotype specimen from Kocury shows that it is the proximal part of fibula of a medium-sized theropod (or even neotheropod). Formally undescribed part of dinosauriform limb bone from the Holy Cross Mountains and V. guerichi from Silesia are the only identifiable dinosauromorph skeletal remains recognised in the Polish Triassic discovered prior to the description of Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003 from the Upper Carnian of Krasiejów.

Llandovery green/grey and black mudrock facies of the northern Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) and their relation to early Silurian sea-level changes and benthic oxygen level

The Llandovery mudrock facies in the northern Holy Cross Mountains reveal lithological variability allowing their interpretation in the context of post-Ordovician climate and sea-level changes in the Caledonian foredeep basin developed along the present SW margin of Baltica. They form a succession up to 50m thick made up of grey and greenish clayey mudstones interrupted by black shales. The sedimentary and geochemical data (total organic carbon, pyrite framboids and trace metals) clearly show that the black shales document periods of the significant sediment starvation and oxygen- deficient conditions. Their occurrence is confined to the persculptus–acuminatus, vesiculosus, cyphus, convolutus–sedgwickii, turriculatus–crispus, crenulata and spiralis graptolite biozones and they can be correlated with post-glacial transgressions. In contrast, the grey and greenish mudstones are interpreted as lithofacies reflecting permanent benthic oxygenation driven by deep-water ventilation during the Aeronian and Telychian regressions supported by sedimentary and geochemical studies, and diameters of pyrite framboids

Agglutinated benthic foraminifera in Ordovician and Silurian black mudrock facies of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) and their significance in recognition of oxygen content

The Upper Ordovician and Silurian dark to black shales and claystones in the northern Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) are transgressive facies developed in the early Sandbian, early Katian and early Sheinwoodian times, respectively. They were deposited under dysoxic to anoxic bottom waters interrupted, however, by short-term periods of oxygen increase. They contain lenticular and oval (and subordinately circular) structures composed of angular and well sorted micron-size quartz grains bound by cryptocrystalline silica cement. These structures are interpreted as remnants of agglutinated benthic foraminifera which have been members of opportunistic community inhibiting the subsurface sediment. They were able to survive of temporal anaerobic conditions at the bottom of sedimentary basin. Their high frequency in the Upper Ordovician black/dark claystones was facilitated by absence of grazing pressure from predators due to shift of the oxygen gradient above the sediment/water interface. However, in the case of the Sheinwoodian black shales, a high activity of predators and destructive impact of storm currents appear to be an important agents responsible for much lower frequency of foraminifera specimens.

Brachiopods and stratigraphy of the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) succession of the Radlin Syncline (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

AbstractThe lower part of the Frasnian succession in the Radlin Syncline (Kielce–Łagów Synclinorium, southern region of the Holy Cross Mountains), in the two studied successions: Józefka at Górno and (for the first time) Radlin, consists of the rhythmic marly Szydłówek Beds, the fossil-rich limestones of the Wietrznia Beds (locally) and the atypically developed, calcareous Kostomłoty Beds. The carbon isotope chemostratigraphic pattern overall corresponds well to the global Early–Middle Frasnian biogeochemical perturbation, even if the majorpunctatapositive excursion is only fragmentarily recorded in the Kostomłoty intrashelf basin.Two brachiopod assemblages are abundantly represented in both sections: thePhlogoiderhynchus polonicusAssemblage, typical of the Szydłówek Beds, and theBiernatella lentiformisAssemblage, limited to the middle part of the Wietrznia Beds. Both are highly dominated by the index species. Twenty nine lower Frasnian brachiopod species (Craniida – 1 species, Strophomenida – 1, Productida – 2, Protorthida – 1, Orthida – 5, Pentamerida – 1, Rhynchonellida – 4, Atrypida – 4, Athyridida – 3, Spiriferida – 4, Spiriferinida – 3) are described from the Szydłówek and Wietrznia Beds. Seven new species are introduced:Skenidioides cretusHalamski sp. nov.,Biernatium minusBaliński sp. nov.,Monelasmina montisjosephiBaliński sp. nov.,Atryparia(Costatrypa)agricolaeHalamski and Baliński sp. nov.,Davidsonia enmerkarisHalamski sp. nov.,Leptathyris gornensisBaliński sp. nov., andEchinocoelia parvaBaliński sp. nov.Davidsonia enmerkarisHalamski sp. nov. is intermediate betweenDavidsoniaBouchard-Chantereaux, 1849 andRugodavidsoniaCopper, 1996 and is the youngest known representative of the suborder Davidsonioidea Copper, 1996.Skenidioides cretusHalamski sp. nov. is the last representative of the genus. Statistical investigation of a large sample ofSpinatrypina(Exatrypa)explanatadid not confirm the existence of two dimorphic forms, coarse- and fine-ribbed.The high-diversityBiernatella lentiformisAssemblage is quite dissimilar to coeval brachiopod assemblages described heretofore from the Holy Cross Mountains region. It is interpreted as consisting of mostly parautochthonous dwellers of deep-slope muddy habitats and a local, occasionally storm-agitated, intra-basin brachiopod-crinoid-coral shoal. The fauna was adapted probably to cooler and nutrient-poor waters during an initial phase of the severe carbon cycle perturbation.

Ostracods and rock facies across the Emsian/Eifelian boundary at Couvin (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium)

A moderately rich ostracod fauna is reported from the upper part of the St. Joseph Formation (Fm), the Eau Noire Fm and the lower part of the Couvin Fm in the Eau Noire section located nearby Couvin. The section that crosses the Emsian/Eifelian boundary belongs entirely to the Couvinian historical stage. The ostracod fauna observed appertains to the Eifelian Mega-Assemblage and is indicative, in the Eau Noire Fm and in the Couvin Fm, of continuous shallow open-marine environments close to the fair-weather wave-base. The sampling and the number of ostracods extracted from the St. Joseph Fm are not sufficient to make environmental inferences and the study does not demonstrate an abnormal change in the ostracod fauna neither in relation with the Eau Noire Fm/Couvin Fm boundary, nor in relation with the Emsian/Eifelian boundary. The ostracods present near the Emsian/Eifelian boundary are mentioned for the first time in the southern border of the Dinant Synclinorium and they display close relations with the Eifel Mountains (Germany) and the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland).

Natural and anthropogenic indicators of fluvial system changes, the Bobrza Valley (Holy Cross Mts) as an example.

Abstract Transformations of a fluvial system are caused both by natural factors and human pressure. These factors model the system independently at different times and with different intensities or they affect it simultaneously. The aim of this study is to identify the transformation of the Bobrza river valley system occurring under natural conditions and that occurring under the influence of human activity. The identification was based on specific indicators The study was conducted in the valley mouth of the Bobrza River (Holy Cross Mountains), where three research sites were located. The investigation concerned the relief of the valley and the mineral and organic deposits. A wide range of research methods were used during the study e.g. analysis of LiDAR data, macronutrient analysis, and radioactive dating. The analyses enabled the natural and anthropogenic transformations of the Bobrza river system to be distinguished using the following indicators: morphometric and sedimentological characteristics of the palaeomeander (natural transformation), the sequence of mineral and organic deposits in exposures on the contemporary floodplain (natural and anthropogenic transformation) and transformation associated with the operation of a water mill (anthropogenic transformation). In addition, it is worth mentioning that the Bobrza channel is the location which has provided the only fossils of Juncus subnodulosus in south-east Poland.

Regurgitalite from the Silurian of Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland

Regurgitalite from the Silurian of Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland

Non-calcified macroalgae from the lower Famennian (Upper Devonian) of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Non-calcified algal remains were collected from the lower Famennian deposits at the Kowala quarry in the Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. Each specimen is represented solely by vegetative organs. On the basis of the material collected, a new algal genus and species has been formally erected. Vittella dixii nov. gen., nov. sp. (Order ?Bryopsidales) includes thalli consisting of long bundles of hair-like filament structures arranged in parallel fashion to the thallus length. Some other algal remains are regarded as Inocaulis-like forms. They possess long, flat blades with entire margins, and are ornamented with very dense, hair-like projections. The rest of the specimens found so far has been illustrated and tentatively classified as probably belonging to either Bryopsidales or Dasycladales algae. The exceptional preservation of the non-calcified algal thalli investigated suggests that special taphonomic conditions have prevailed during sedimentation of the lower part of the Famennian Kowala section. These may have involved rather rapid burial in oxygen-restricted (dysoxic and anoxic) sea-bottom environment, inhibiting the activities of scavengers and bioturbators, as well as oxidative degradation. The preservation of the algae, together with sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the host rocks indicate that they rather represent parautochthonous assemblage, buried close to their natural habitat.

A glimpse of a fish face — An exceptional fish feeding trace fossil from the Lower Devonian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

An exceptionally well-preserved assemblage of numerous invertebrate and vertebrate trace fossils is described from the Lower Devonian of the Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland. Two trace-bearing horizons occur in the shallow-marine sequence that is exposed in a small outcrop near Ujazd village. One of the trace fossils is preserved as a bilobate, generally elliptical, epichnial pit is described as Osculichnus tarnowskae isp. nov. and interpreted as a unique example of praedichnia. Neoichnologic experiments and observations indicate that the ichnogenus Osculichnus was produced by feeding fish. The fish producing O. tarnowskae probably hunted bivalves, polychaetes and arthropods, which are represented by invertebrate trace fossils in the same horizons. The overall shape and morphological details of O. tarnowskae suggest that it was made by a lungfish broadly similar to Dipnorhynchus. The trace provides the first direct evidence for Devonian lungfish feeding behaviour, as well as the first record of three-dimensional soft-tissue morphology of the snout area of an Emsian representative of this group. The trace fossils from Ujazd provide new insight into the palaeoecology and taphonomy of the Lower Devonian of the Holy Cross Mountains.

Depositional conditions during the Lower Kellwasser Event (Late Frasnian) in the deep-shelf Łysogóry Basin of the Holy Cross Mountains Poland

Integrated biostratigraphical, microfacial and geochemical studies of the Lower Kellwasser Event in the Plucki succession (southern Poland) provide details about redox conditions during the deposition of this horizon in the deep-shelf Łysogory basin of the Holy Cross Mountains. The environment is characterized by calm sedimentation and soft, muddy carbonate substrate. However, microfacies changing from wackestones to grainstones, the presence of crushed or current-oriented nautiloid shells and the occurrence of redeposited material from shallow-water Dyminy Reef environments (such as calcispheroids, algae and girvanellid cyanobacteria) suggest episodes of a higher-energy regime. Uranium/thorium ratios indicate that bottom-water redox conditions changed periodically from being mainly anoxic in the middle part of the Lower Kellwasser Horizon to dysoxic in the lower and upper parts. During a short-term episode of bottom-water ventilation, the seafloor was rapidly colonized by a dense assemblage of opportunistic buchiolid bivalves, which suffered mass mortality upon the return to anoxic conditions. A very rich concentration of cephalopods and homoctenids may be regarded as reflecting a bloom of high-density populations during high-productivity events. Similarly, they suffered mass mortality when episodically increasing anoxia/euxinia reached the upper part of the water column. The Late Frasnian inorganic carbon isotope records in the Plucki section show a positive shift with a maximum amplitude of 3‰. This enrichment in δ13C can be correlated with the deposition of the Lower Kellwasser Horizon and reflects the expansion of anoxic and probably high-productivity regimes.

Tabulate Corals after the Frasnian/Famennian Crisis: A Unique Fauna from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland.

Famennian tabulate corals were very rare worldwide, and their biodiversity was relatively low. Here we report a unique tabulate fauna from the mid- and late Famennian of the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Kowala and Ostrówka), Poland. We describe eight species (four of them new, namely ?Michelinia vinni sp. nov., Thamnoptychia mistiaeni sp. nov., Syringopora kowalensis sp. nov. and Syringopora hilarowiczi sp. nov.); the whole fauna consists of ten species (two others described in previous papers). These corals form two assemblages—the lower, mid-Famennian with Thamnoptychia and the upper, late Famennian with representatives of genera ?Michelinia, Favosites, Syringopora and ?Yavorskia. The Famennian tabulates from Kowala represent the richest Famennian assemblage appearing after the F/F crisis (these faunas appear some 10 Ma after the extinction event). Corals described here most probably inhabited deeper water settings, near the limit between euphotic and disphotic zones or slightly above. At generic level, these faunas show similarities to other Devonian and Carboniferous faunas, which might suggest their ancestry to at least several Carboniferous lineages. Tabulate faunas described here represent new recruits (the basin of the Holy Cross mountains was not a refuge during the F/F crisis) and have no direct evolutionary linkage to Frasnian faunas from Kowala. The colonization of the seafloor took place in two separate steps: first was monospecific assemblage of Thamnoptychia, and later came the diversified Favosites-Syringopora-Michelinia fauna.

New Famennian colonial coral (Rugosa) from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland): an example of local evolution after Frasnian-Famennian extinction.

Colonial rugose corals are extremely rare in the fossil record after the Late Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian) extinction event. Here, we report a new genus and species, Famastraea catenata, from the late Famennian of the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Kowala) in Poland. Although this taxon is colonial, it displays many morphological characters very close to the typically late Famennian solitary species Palaeosmilia aquisgranensis (Frech, 1885), described earlier from the same locality. Hence, we postulate that F. catenata is derived from P. aquisgranensis. In contrast to other Famennian colonial rugose corals, the new taxon represents an example of local evolution within the group of so-called ‘Strunian’ corals. Consequently, we postulate that the new taxon represents a new colonial rugose fauna, which, however, did not survive the subsequent Late Devonian crisis (i.e. Hangenberg event). F. catenata most probably inhabited deeper water settings, possibly near the boundary between the euphotic and dysphotic zones, as inferred from many other benthic taxa described from this locality.

Clays of Wierzbka I deposit (northern margin of Holy Cross Mountains) for the production of clinker tiles

Abstract The paper presents results of research on the assessment of the suitability of the Wierzbka I Triassic clay raw materials, which are part of the Wierzbka deposit near Suchedniów, for the production of clinker tiles obtained by pressing. Red colour clays are often used in the production technology of clinker tiles. The high content of Fe2O3 in the composition of red clays promotes the sintering process and affects the colour of the resulting material, a typical characteristic of clinker materials. The raw materials used in this technology should have good sinterability, which guarantees a material with low water absorption, high chemical resistance and mechanical strength. Samples of the raw materials were taken from three different depths of the deposit, and subjected to analysis as follows: chemical composition, phase composition (XRD, thermal analysis DSC/TG), sintering shrinkage, sintering curve and the characteristic temperatures. The analysis of the microstructure was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray and thermal analysis of the studied clays revealed the presence of clay minerals such as: illite, kaolinite, illite/smectite, but also quartz and ferruginous minerals. There was no presence of calcium carbonate in the tested samples of the raw clay, which particularly distinguishes these materials as being suitable for use in the fast firing technology of clinker tiles. Samples of the raw materials were pressed under a pressure ranging from 21 to 42 MPa and then fired at temperatures in the range 1130 to 1220°C. The obtained sintered bodies were characterized by a high degree of sintering, an apparent density of 2.31g/cm3, an open porosity of less than 2.5% and water absorption below 1.0%. The results of this study indicate a high technological value of raw materials from the Wierzbka I deposit.

Concentrations of silicified cephalopods within upper Frasnian carbonate concretions from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Concentrations of silicified juvenile cephalopods from upper Frasnian carbonate nodules from the Jaźwica quarry in the Holy Cross Mountains are described here for the first time. Using conodonts, the age of the investigated cephalopod-rich nodules has been determined as the linguiformis conodont Zone, and may correspond to the Upper Kellwasser Event. The concentrations of silicified juvenile ammonoids described here resulted from a combination of biological and physical factors related to environmentally-driven mass mortality (induced by storms and perhaps additionally by anoxia) following mass spawning and post-mortem transport with the aid of bottom currents, which enabled them to drift to small depressions on the sea floor. Rapid silification led to excellent preservation of the fossil assemblage.

Lower Wenlock black shales in the northern Holy Cross Mountains, Poland: sedimentary and geochemical controls on the Ireviken Event in a deep marine setting

AbstractThe stratigraphic variability and geochemistry of Llandovery/Wenlock (L/W) Series boundary sediments in Poland reveals that hemipelagic sedimentation under an anoxic/euxinic water column was interrupted by low-density bottom currents or detached diluted turbid layers that resulted in intermittent seafloor oxygenation. Total organic carbon values and inorganic proxies throughout the Wilków 1 borehole section suggest variable redox conditions. U/Mo ratios > 1 throughout much of the Aeronian and Telychian stages, together with an absence of pyrite framboids, suggest oxygenated conditions prevailed. However, elevated total organic carbon near the Aeronian/Telychian boundary, together with increased U/Th and V/(V + Ni) ratios and populations of small pyrite framboids are consistent with the development of dysoxic/anoxic conditions at that time. U/Th, V/Cr and V/(V + Ni) ratios, as well as Uauthigand Mo concentrations, suggest that during the Ireviken black shale deposition, bottom-water conditions deteriorated from oxic during Telychian time to mostly suboxic/anoxic immediately prior to the L/W boundary, before a brief reoxygenation at the end of the Ireviken black shale sedimentation in the Sheinwoodian Stage. Rapid fluctuations in U/Mo during the Ireviken Event are characteristic of fluctuating redox conditions that culminated in an anoxic/euxinic seafloor in Sheinwoodian time. Following Ireviken black shale deposition, conditions once again became oxygen deficient with the development of a euxinic zone in the water column. The Aeronian to Sheinwoodian deep-water redox history was unstable, and rapid fluctuations of the chemocline across the L/W Series boundary probably contributed to the Ireviken Event extinctions, which affected mainly pelagic and hemipelagic fauna.

The Application of the Multi-Layered Chert Sourcing Approach (MLA) for the Characterisation and Differentiation of ‘Chocolate Silicites’ from the Holy Cross Mountains, South-Central Poland

Chocolate silicites from the Świetokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains in south-central Poland were widely used for stone tool production from Middle Palaeolithic times to the Early Iron Age. Their presence extends beyond Poland into lithic assemblages from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and eastern Austria. Outcrops of this material are situated within a narrow strip of Mesozoic (Upper Jurassic) sediments at the northeastern footslopes of the Holy Cross Mountains. Attempts of a raw material characterisation were repeatedly undertaken, however, a clear differentiation of the visually defined subvarieties was never achieved. For the present study, we applied the Multi-Layered Chert Sourcing Approach (MLA) by combining macroscopic, microscopic and geochemical analyses using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to samples from five chocolate silicite deposits in order to characterise the materials and to assess the potential of a source differentiation. Secondly, we included chert samples from Sąspow near Krakow for differentiation on a larger scale. Our results illustrate that a source separation of Holy Cross Mountains chocolate silicites is possible to a certain extent – there are limitations due to their geographic proximity and the resulting similar geologic genesis environments. However, our study showed clear possibilities to differentiate chocolate silicites from Jurassic-Krakow silicites based on characteristic microfossil inclusions and trace element contents.

Ichnology of the Cambrian Ociesęki Sandstone Formation (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

Quartz arenites and wackes with intercalations of silty shales of the Ocieseki Formation were analysed in small outcrops and one core. The succession contains about forty-three ichnogenera and seventy-four ichnospe- cies, among which thirty-three ichnogenera and fifty-three ichnospecies are described by present author. The formation belongs to the Schmidtiellus-Holmia Superzone and to the Protolenus-Issafeniella Zone. Most strata are totally bioturbated. The diverse and numerous trace fossils represent the Cruziana ichnofacies in the lower part of the formation and the Skolithos ichnofacies in the upper part. A few possibly new ichnospecies of different ichnogenera have been described in open nomenclature. Sedimentary structures and trace fossil assemblages indicate that the older part of this formation was deposited on the upper offshore to lower shoreface, while its younger part was deposited on the lower to middle shoreface, where storm episodes were the main factor controlling sedimentation and the activity of benthos. The trace fossil associations studied are similar to those from the lower Cambrian in many places around the world. The ichnoassociations from the Polish part of the East European Platform and from Sweden, which represent the Baltica palaeocontinent, display the closest similarity.

Microbialites in the shallow-water marine environments of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) in the aftermath of the Frasnian–Famennian biotic crisis

Microbial carbonates, consisting of abundant girvanellid oncoids, are described from cephalopod-crinoid and crinoid-brachiopod coquinas (rudstones) occurring in the lowermost Famennian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. A Girvanella-bearing horizon (consist with numerous girvanellid oncoids) has been recognised at the Psie Górki section, and represents the northern slope succession of the drowned Dyminy Reef. This occurrence of microbialites in the aftermath of the Frasnian-Famennian event is interpreted as the result of opportunistic cyanobacteria blooms, which, as ‘disaster forms’, colonised empty shallow-water ecological niches during the survival phase following the Frasnian metazoan reef collapse, due to collapsed activity of epifaunal, grazing, and/or burrowing animals. The anachronistic lithofacies at Psie Górki is linked with catastrophic mass mortality of the cephalopod and crinoid-brachiopod communities during the heavy storm events. This mass occurrence of girvanellid oncoids, along with Frutexites-like microbial shrubs and, at least partly, common micritisation of some skeletal grains, records an overall increase in microbial activity in eutrophic normal marine environments. Microbial communities in the Holy Cross Mountains are not very diverse, being mainly represented by girvanellid oncoids, and stand in contrast to the very rich microbial communities known from the Guilin area (China), Canning Basin (Australia) and the Timan–northern Ural area (Russia). The association from Poland is similar to more diverse microbial communities represented by oncoids, trombolites and stromatolites, well known from the Canadian Alberta basin.

Sedimentological interpretation and stratigraphical position of glacigenic deposits in the Napęków area (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

Abstract The identification of depositional conditions and stratigraphical position of glacigenic deposits in the Napęków area is important for the genetic and stratigraphical interpretation of Quaternary deposits in the central part of the Holy Cross Mountains, as well as for a revision of the course and extent of Middle Polish (Saalian) glaciations. These deposits comprise a series of diamictons which occur between sandy-gravelly deposits. Based on results of macro- and microscopic sedimentological investigations, analysis of heavy mineral composition, roundness and frosting of quartz grains, as well as OSL dating, this complex must have formed during the Odranian Glaciation (Drenthe, Saalian, MIS 6). Sandy-gravelly deposits are of fluvioglacial and melt-out origin. Diamictons represent subglacial traction till. Their facies diversity is a result of variations in time and space, complex processes of deposition and deformation, responsible for their formation at the base of the active ice sheet. This glacigenic depositional complex was transformed by erosion-denudation and aeolian processes in a periglacial environment during the Vistulian (Weichselian, MIS 5d-2).

Jurassic animals and algae in the flooring of Our Lady of Sorrows Church in Poznań

Abstract The flooring of Our Lady of Sorrows Church in Poznań is made of Jurassic rocks from the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (also known as Holy Cross Mountains) and contain abundant marine invertebrate fossils: sponges, bivalves, brachiopods, various families of cephalopods, etc. Some of them can be identified to the genus level. The fossils make it possible to describe the environment and ecosystem of the Jurassic sea and biostratigraphy of the sediment. There are also some significant inorganic structures, which suggest post-diagenetic tectonic movements.