Male Holotype Research Articles

The taxonomic status of Phlebotomus oliverioi (Diptera, Psychodidae) and a lectotype designation for Psathyromyia brasiliensis

Phlebotomus oliverioi Barretto & Coutinho, 1941 was originally described based only on the male holotype and has since been considered junior-synonym of Psathyromyia brasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932). The study of the holotype of Ph. oliverioi allowed us to conclude that the head of this specimen belongs to the genus Psychodopygus and the wings, thorax and abdomen belong to a different species of Psathyromyia. Thus, Ph. oliverioi is a not valid species, and must be removed from the synonym and excluded from the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Articles 17.2 and 23.8). The specimen was measured, drawn, photographed and the morphological characters are discussed. Lectotype and paralectotypes to Pa. brasiliensis are designated.

A reanalysis of the morphological phylogeny of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon (Araneae: Pholcidae) with the description of a new species and description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Mexico.

A new species of spider from Michoacán, Physocyclus peribanensis sp. nov. is described. This description is based on a male holotype and one female paratype. Also, the first description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Oaxaca, Mexico is provided, as well as the redescription of the male. This paper provides a cladistic reanalysis of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, corroborating the monophyly of the genus with morphological data. The phylogenetic reanalysis was done with 54 morphological characters (44 binary and 10 multistate) using equal and implied weighting approach. The equal weighting analysis found two most parsimonious trees, whereas the analysis with implied weighting found just one most parsimonious trees with the concavity values (K= 5-10). The genus Physocyclus is composed by two clades or species groups: the globosus and the dugesi groups. Physocyclus peribanensis sp. nov. belongs to the dugesi group composed of 21 species, and P. paredesi to the globosus group composed of 11 species. With the new species described here, the number of known species of the genus Physocyclus increases to 32 species. The globosus group has a biogeographical distribution pattern in the Mesoamerican and Mexican Mountain biotic components, whereas the dugesi group has a biogeographical distribution in the Mesoamerican and Continental Nearctic biotic components.

A New Species ofFelicola(Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Trichodectidae) from the Forest Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys emini) in Cameroon, Africa and a Redescription ofFelicola hopkinsiBedford, 1936

Of the 56 described species in the genus Felicola, 55 are parasites of carnivores and 1 has been described from a primate (Perez and Palma, 2001). To date, no representative of this genus has been reported from a rodent. Such high host specificity is not uncommon among chewing lice, especially the trichodectids. As pointed out by Hopkins (1949), “each species of Trichodectidae occurs normally as a rule, on only one species of host, but occasionally on several hosts which, though very closely related, are not conspecific.” In the present study, 1 of 15 Forest Giant Pouched Rats (Cricetomys emini Wrough ton 1910) from Bawa, West Province, Cameroon (approx. 5o20'N, 9o 54'E), purchased as food items by the first author during May 2007, was infested with 10 chewing lice, 6 females (5 adults and 1 juvenile) and 4 males (2 adults and 2 juveniles). This region constitutes a montane tropical forest lying along a volcanic ridge in western Cameroon. Tchuinkam et al. (2010) described the ge og raphy and climate of the region. Exceedingly little information is available on the ectoparasitic fauna of C. emini. Cook and Richardson (2010) reported on epifaunistic earwigs associated with these individual rats. No other ectoparasites were observed on the rat infested with chewing lice. Lice were collected with watchmaker’s forceps and fixed in 70% ethanol. Soft tissues were dissolved with a 20% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide. Speci mens were stained with acid fuchsin, cleared in clove oil, and mounted in Canada balsam as described by Palma (1978). Preliminary study revealed the lice to represent a previously undescribed species in the genus Felicola. Comparison to descriptions of all previously described species of Felicola (Price, 2003) re vealed the new species to be most morphologically similar to Felicola hopkinsi Bedford, 1936. The original description of F. hopkinsi was based on 2 individuals, a male and female collected from an African Palm Civet (Nandinia binotata arborea) in Kampala, Uganda in 1933. Although Bedford (1936) did not reference deposition of type specimens in his original description of F. hopkinsi, specimens designated in writing on the original slide labels as the male holotype and

Characterization of the genus Hernandarioides F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Ampycinae)

Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge (1905) described the monotypic genus Hernandarioides based on the species Hernandarioides plana F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1905, from Bugaba, Panama. The etymology of the generic name was inspired by the pre-existing Hernandaria Sørensen, 1884, because of the obliteration of the scutal grooves (which in this case is a convergence between the two unrelated groups Ampycinae and Hernandariinae). The species description was based only on the female holotype. Modern taxonomic descriptions of laniatorean harvestmen are most commonly based upon male holotypes because females lack many diagnostic characters. The holotype, deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, is brittle and does not bring much meaningful information about the species. Hernandarioides was not originally included in any subfamily of Gonyleptidae, and was included by Roewer (1913: 464) in the Hernandariinae. Goodnight & Goodnight (1942: 18) described in Prostygninae the monotypic genus Kaluga along with the species Kaluga elongata Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942, from Casita Alta, a locality very close to Bugaba, providing uninformative illustrative material. A little later, Goodnight & Goodnight (1947: 15) synonymized Kaluga with Hernandarioides and Kaluga elongata with Hernandarioides plana. Kury (2003: 105) proposed the unjustified emendation Hernandarioides planus. Finally Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga (2011: 53) transferred the genus to the Ampycinae and explained that the grammatical gender of Hernandarioides is feminine, reestablishing the original inflection Hernandarioides plana.

The species of Trite Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Salticidae) from New Caledonia.

The male holotype of Trite lineata Simon, 1885 is redescribed and the palp is illustrated for the first time. The female is formally described. Three new species are diagnosed, described and illustrated: Trite caledoniensis sp. nov., T. guilberti sp. nov. and T. simoni sp. nov. Remarks on distribution and relationships of the genus are given.

Validation of Eustiromastix guianae (Caporiacco, 1954) (Araneae, Salticidae) with a first description of the female, and additions to the salticid fauna of French Guiana.

In this paper, we validate the doubtful species status of E. guianae, with redescriptions of (supposedly lost) type and holotype males, and a first description of the female. Both sexes are measured and illustrated by pictures of habitus and copulatory organs. Seventeen new salticid species for French Guiana are also reported and a detailed catalogue of all salticid species from the Trinité National Nature Reserve is provided.

A new subgenus and species of Topomyia (Diptera: Culicidae: Sabethini) based on a remarkable male mosquito from Sabah, Malaysia.

Miyagiella Harbach, subgen. nov., is introduced as a new subgenus of Topomyia Leicester for a remarkable male mosquito, Topomyia discors Harbach, sp. nov., from Sabah, Malaysia. A diagnosis of the subgenus is provided that features unique anatomical characters of the genitalia of the holotype male. Miyagiella is very distinct from the two previously recognised subgenera of Topomyia, but is perhaps more closely related to the nominotypical subgenus than to subgenus Suaymyia Thurman. Salient differences that distinguish the three subgenera are contrasted; the holotype male of To. discors is described and its unique genitalia are illustrated.

Three new species of Melloleitaoina Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1960 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) from northern Argentina.

Three new species of the monotypic genus Melloleitaoina Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1960 are described from northern Argentina: M. mutquina sp. n., M. uru sp. n. and M. yupanqui sp. n. The female specimen originally described as M. crassifemur is not conspecific with the male holotype and thus is removed from this species and described as M. uru sp. n.; M. crassifemur is redescribed. All species are diagnosed, illustrated and a key to species is provided.

A new troglomorphic species of Harmonicon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Dipluridae) from Pará, Brazil, with notes on the genus

A new species of Harmonicon F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 (Araneae, Dipluridae) is described, from a medium-sized lateritic cave in Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. The male holotype and only specimen known of H. cerberus sp. n. was found near the entrance of Pequiá cave. This taxon is the fourth species described and the southernmost record for the genus. The new species displays some troglomorphic characteristics, such as reduction and merging of the posterior median and both pairs of lateral eyes and pale yellow to light brown coloration. Both characters are diagnostic when compared to the normal separated eyes and reddish to dark brown of other Harmonicon species. Other diagnostic characteristics are isolated, long, rigid setae distal to the lyra and the shape of the copulatory bulb. This is the second troglomorphic mygalomorph species from Brazil and the first from the Amazonian region.

Remarks on the deep-sea genus Chalarostylis (Cumacea: Lampropidae).

Chalarostylis is a deep-sea genus close to Hemilamprops but easily distinguished from the latter mainly by its robust first pereopod. However, this appendage is frequently broken off at the anterior margin of the basis, making the identification of the species of the genus difficult. Regarding Hemilamprops brenkei, both the adult male holotype and the additional specimens herein reported from the Weddell Sea and the Guinea, Argentine and Brazilian Basins exhibit a huge first pereopod. Thus, this species is transferred to Chalarostylis and its description completed. Two other species until now in Hemilamprops, H. canadensis and H. longisetae are also transferred to Chalarostylis. In addition, an unknown species of Chalarostylis from the Bay of Biscay for which no name is given is briefly described. The diagnosis of this genus is emended.

New record of Clypeasterophilus stebbingi (Rathbun, 1918) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the east coast of Nicaragua

The pinnotherid crab Clypeasterophilus stebbingi (Rathbun, 1918), previously known from Florida, USA, Colombia and Brazil, is reported for the first time from Central America, on the east coast of Nicaragua. A single female specimen was collected on the sand dollar Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825), at 4 m depth, among turtle grass on sandy bottom. The specimen fits well with the description provided by M.J. Rathbun and observations made on photographs of the male holotype. Comparison of the material described from Florida (including the type material), Colombia and Brazil to the Nicaragua specimen, however, indicates that C. stebbingi shows some variation in the shape of the third maxilliped.

On the taxonomic status of Phlebotomus breviductus Barretto, 1950 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae).

The taxonomic status of Phlebotomus breviductus Barretto, 1950 was evaluated based on the morphological and morphometric analysis of the male holotype described from Fazenda Jerusalém, located in the municipality of Alegre, Espírito Santo state, Brazil. After measuring, drawing and photographing the holotype, we concluded that the head and wing of this specimen belong to Trichopygomyia sp., but that the thorax and abdomen belong to a different species, Nyssomyia umbratilis, with an anomalous gonostylus having five spines. The holotype slide consists of parts of specimens representing two different species, thus P. breviductus is not a valid species.

Two new Aphnaeus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) species from Liberia.

Two new butterfly species belonging to the genus Aphnaeus (Lycaenidae: Theclinae), A. mirabilis sp. n., A. nimbaensis sp. n. were found in the Nimba Mountains, Western Range, Liberia in February 2012. Both are illustrated and described in comparison with closely related species: A. flavescens Stempffer, 1954 and A. liberti Bouyer, 1996, respectively. Genitalia of the male holotype of A. nimbaensis are also illustrated.

Further contribution to the knowledge of Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957, a poorly known ballophilid centipede from Colombia, with description of Ityphilus bonatoi, a new diminutive geophilomorph species from Brazil (Myriapoda: Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha).

Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha, Ballophilidae), a poorly known centipede from Cauca Valley, Colombia, is herein redescribed and illustrated after the male holotype, revealing the condition of the forcipular tarsungulum (which is completely smooth), also giving new data on many other morphological features of specific value until now unknown. A new diminutive species named Ityphilus bonatoi sp. nov. is herein proposed after the holotype female from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The new species is characterized by having the internal edge of the forcipular tarsungulum serrate; among the other Neotropical members of the genus having the same trait, it only shares with I. donatellae Pereira, 2012 (from Central Amazon) a very small body size and a low number of leg-bearing segments. The new species represents the first record of the genus Ityphilus from the Atlantic Rainforest biome, and the southernmost representative of the genus in the Continent. A key for identification of the Neotropical species currently included in Ityphilus is also given.

New dental remains of Anoiapithecus and the first appearance datum of hominoids in the Iberian Peninsula

New dental remains of the fossil great ape Anoiapithecus brevirostris are described from the Middle Miocene local stratigraphic series of Abocador de Can Mata (ACM) in els Hostalets de Pierola (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula). These specimens correspond to maxillary fragments with upper teeth from two female individuals from two different localities: left P3–M1 (IPS41712) from ACM/C3-Aj (type locality; 11.9 Ma [millions of years ago]); and right M1–M2 and left P4–M2 (IPS35027) from ACM/C1-E* (12.3–12.2 Ma). Relative enamel thickness is also computed in the latter individual and re-evaluated in other Middle Miocene hominoids from ACM, in order to better assess their taxonomic affinities. With regard to maxillary sinus development, occlusal morphology, molar proportions and enamel thickness, the new specimens show greater resemblances with the (male) holotype specimen of A. brevirostris. They differ from Pierolapithecus catalaunicus in displaying less inflated crests, a more lingually-located hypocone, and relatively lower-crowned molars; from Dryopithecus fontani, in the relatively thicker enamel and lower-crowned molars; from Hispanopithecus spp., in the more inflated crown bases, less peripheral cusps and more restricted maxillary sinus; and from Hispanopithecus laietanus also in the thicker crests, more restricted occlusal foveae, and relatively lower-crowned molars. The new specimens of A. brevirostris show some slight differences compared with the holotype of this species: smaller size (presumably due to sexual size dimorphism), and less distally-tapering M2 occlusal contour (which is highly variable in both extant and extinct hominoids). The reported remains provide valuable new evidence on dental intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in Anoiapithecus. From a taxonomic viewpoint, they support the distinction of this taxon from both Dryopithecus and Pierolapithecus. From a chronostratigraphic perspective, IPS35027 from ACM/C1-E* enlarges the known temporal distribution of Anoiapithecus, further representing the oldest record (first appearance datum) of hominoids in the Iberian Peninsula.

Reinstatement of <I>Dermacentor kamshadalus</I> Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) as a Valid Species Parasitizing Mountain Goats and Sheep in the United States, Canada, and Russia

Reexamination of Dermacentor albipictus (Packard, 1869) holdings stored in the United States National Tick Collection revealed several collections of a morphologically distinct Dermacentor species. Comparison of these specimens with other Dermacentor taxa showed that they are identical to an old taxon originally described as Dermacentor variegatus kamshadalus Neumann, 1908. For more than a century, this taxon was known only from the male holotype specimen collected in Russia, and the name was considered a junior synonym of D. albipictus. D. kamshadalus is reinstated here to a full species rank, and its male is redescribed and its female and nymph are described for the first time. Adults of D. kamshadalus can be distinguished from those of D. albipictus by a short spur on trochanters I, shorter spurs on coxae I, shorter dorsal cornua, more numerous perforations on spiracular plates, less numerous and shorter setae on idiosoma, especially around spiracular plates, and considerably paler coloration of the conscutum and scutum. The nymph of D. kamshadalus can be differentiated from that of D. albipictus by shorter spurs on coxae I and the numerous perforations on the spiracular plates. Adults and nymphs ofD. kamshadalus are recorded from the United States, Canada, and Russia, where they have been collected from mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus (de Blainville), bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis Shaw, and sheep, Ovis sp. of which the species was not stated.

A new species of Stenoloba Staudinger, 1892 from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Bryophilinae).

A new species of Stenoloba from the olivacea species group, Stenoloba solaris, sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is described from Yunnan, China. Illustrations of the male holotype and its genitalia are provided. A diagnostic comparison is made with Stenoloba albistriata Kononenko & Ronkay, 2000, Stenoloba olivacea (Wileman, 1914), and Stenoloba benedeki Ronkay, 2001 (Fig. 4).

Revision of the species of the bee genus Caenohalictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) occurring in Argentinean Patagonia.

The species of the halictid bee genus Caenohalictus Cameron occurring in Argentinean Patagonia are revised. Eight species are recognized, one of them here described as new: Caenohalictus flammeus n. sp. The female of C. turquesa Rojas & Toro 2000 is described for the first time. Pseudagapostemon babuarus Jörgensen 1912, based on the male holotype, is synonymized under Augochlora (Pseudaugochloropsis) thamyris Jörgensen 1912, based on the female lectotype. Lectotypes are designated for Augochlora (Pseudaugochloropsis) thamyris Jörgensen 1912 and Halictomorpha autumnalis Jörgensen 1912. Caenohalictus cyanopygus Rojas & Toro 2000, C. galletue Rojas & Toro 2000, C. iodurus (Vachal 1903), C. opaciceps (Friese 1916), and C. turquesa Rojas & Toro 2000, all known from Chile, are cited for Argentina for the first time. Notes on the variation observed within species, images of diagnostic structures, a key to the species and distributional data are provided. In addition, DNA barcoding results for four species are briefly discussed.

The “African” genusArgiagrionis a BrazilianLeptagrionspecies and the “Philippine”Moroagriona EuropeanPyrrhosoma(Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

Argiagrion leoninum, known only from the female holotype alleged to be West African, is shown to be a junior synonym of the Brazilian species Leptagrion macrurum. Moroagrion danielli, known only from the male holotype thought to be from the Philippines, is a junior synonym of the European Pyrrhosoma nymphula. Argiagrion and Moroagrion were both monotypic genera and become junior synonyms of Leptagrion and Pyrrhosoma respectively.

Alena Navas, 1916 – the dethroned genus and Alena (Aztekoraphidia) michoacana sp. n. from Mexico (Neuropterida: Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae)

The new concept of the genus Alena, in which it is no longer the sister group of all other Raphidiidae but only of the Palaearctic clade, is presented and discussed. A. (Aztekoraphidia) michoacana sp. n. is described and differentiated from other species based on the male holotype. In Alena the so-called basal sclerites which connect the gonocoxites 9 with the gonapophyses 9 are homologized with the gonangulum hitherto only ascribed to female genitalia. The homology is based on sclerites known from Machilidae in both sexes. The hypothesis that the gonapophyses 9 are terminally amalgamated into a complex, which comprises the fused gonocoxites, gonostyli, and gonapophyses 10, is corroborated by A. michoacana sp. n., in which an intermediate state of this connection is evident. The geographic restriction of Alena species to high altitudes of Mexico (and - in two species – to the southernmost parts of the USA) is interpreted as a radiation following multiple vicariance events after the arrival of a more generalized stem species. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)