Holocaust Victims Research Articles

Prawo spadkowe vs. sprawiedliwa sukcesja obiektów dziedzictwa kulturowego?

The law of inheritance vs. the just succession of the cultural property? Heirless property in European countries is typically inherited by the state. However, the routine application of this rule to assets belonging to victims of the German genocide during WWII continues to raise doubts. The recognition of a moral responsibility towards Holocaust victims in the Terezin Declaration legitimates the international debate on tensions between inheritance law and justice. The lack of a universal model for the succession of heirless Jewish cultural property acknowledged by this Declaration provokes different recommendations. One of the possibilities is the collective cultural restitution notion as a countermeasure to the crime of cultural genocide. This theory links the reinterpretation of the concept of genocide presented by Lemkin in 1944 with the restitution actions of Jewish succession organizations in 1940s and 50s. The theory mentioned is challenged in the article. The analysis is based on historical arguments, i.e. Lemkin’s focus on criminal liability and the specific nature of legal grounds for Jewish succession organizations after WWII. The history of inheritance law provides arguments to recommend another innovative way of dealing with the heirless property forming part of genocide victims’ inheritance. It is reasonable to distinguish between solutions pro futuro and those possible today. The paper concludes with a recommendation to supplement the Genocide Convention with specific rules about the heirless property of genocide victims. The state responsible for committing genocide should be eliminated from the inheritance of bona vacantia in favour of local successor organizations appointed by an international penal tribunal. Cultural property should be excluded from universal succession in the case of genocide and regarded as a legal person that continues victims’ remembrance. Currently, this model can inspire Polish policy regarding heirless Jewish cultural property. It should be focused on three goals: for objects to remain in Poland, the creation of a new complex database of objects accessible online and, if possible, the exhibition of objects alongside information about their last respective owners who died heirless.

Places of Memory for the victims of the Holocaust in Ukraine: the totalitarian legacy and historical and political challenges of today

The article is devoted to the study of the formation of culture and policy Memory of the Holocaust victims in modern Ukraine. On the example of the international scholar and educational project „Protecting Memory”, which has been going on in Ukraine for more than ten years, the author analyzes the current state, trends, challenges and prospects of creating places of Memory and culture honoring the memory of World War II victims. war, including Ukrainian Jews and Ukrainian Roma. The article also provides a thorough analysis of the fundamental differences in the policy of remembrance for the victims of the Holocaust during the communist regime in Ukrainian lands and in modern democratic Ukraine. In the period from 1945 to 1991, the Communist authorities of the Ukraine banned a special memory of Jewish people, which were the victims of the Holocaust, all victims of National Socialism (official title of the Nazi part − NSDAP in German) during World War II were marked by the euphemism of the Soviet regime as „peaceful Soviet citizens”. The anti-Semitic policy was particularly harsh between 1948 and 1953, when Ukrainian Jews affected by the Nazi occupation came under the brunt of Soviet postwar repression. Thus, the feature of the tragic fate of Jewish communities during the domination of the Nazi anti-Semitic ideology and practice was completely leveled. The USSR denied the identities of civilian victims of the Nazi occupation, especially Jewish people and Roma. Only in the days of sovereign and independent Ukraine, the identity and memory of the victims of the Holocaust and the Roma Genocide in Ukraine were revived. One of the most powerful examples of restoring the historical memory of these civilian victims of the Nazi regime in Ukraine was the „Protecting Memory” project. Thanks to this project, during 2010−2020 in five regions of Ukraine − Lviv, Rivne, Volyn, Vinnytsia, Zhytomyr regions, 20 Memorials to Ukrainian Jewish people and Roma who were killed by Nazi punitive forces and their helpers during the German occupation of Ukraine in 1941−1944 were established. Key words: Holocaust, Antisemitism, Nazism, Stalin repressions Memory politics, World War II, Ukrainian Jews, Ukrainian Roma.

Comment on “TVOR: Finding Discrete Total Variation Outliers Among Histograms”

Recent paper “TVOR: Finding Discrete Total Variation Outliers Among Histograms” introduces the Total Variation Outlier Recognizer (TVOR) method for identification of outliers among a given set of histograms. After providing a theoretical discussion of the method and verifying its success on synthetic and population census data, it applies the TVOR model to histograms of ages of Holocaust victims produced using United States Holocaust Memorial Museum data. It purports to identify the list of victims of the Jasenovac concentration camp as potentially suspicious. In this comment paper, we show that the TVOR model and its assumptions are grossly inapplicable to the considered dataset. When applied to the considered data, the model is biased in assigning a higher outlier score to histograms of larger sizes, the set of data points is extremely sparse around the point of interest, the dataset has not been reviewed to remove obvious data processing errors, and, contrary to the model requirements, the distributions of the victims' ages naturally vary significantly across victim lists.

Holocaust education and the Palestinian cause: young Palestinian people in Sweden, and their perceptions of Holocaust education

ABSTRACT The paper investigates the experiences, perceptions and responses of immigrants with a Palestinian background in relation to learning about the Holocaust and the Palestinian cause in Swedish schools and visiting Holocaust sites. Data were collected from 50 immigrant students using audio-recorded and open-structured interviews. The results indicate that most informants had learned about the Holocaust in various classes, through readings, discussions and assignments, but very little about the Palestinian cause in textbooks or in school activities. The majority of informants were never asked to take part in Holocaust site visits, but if they were to be asked, 84% were willing make such visits. The majority of informants expressed sympathy with Holocaust victims, but they were not satisfied, as they felt there was too much focus on the Holocaust and too little on the Palestinian cause. This lived experience of imbalance between the two subjects resulted in reluctant attitudes towards Holocaust education among the Palestinian pupils, but this should not mainly be understood as a result of anti-Semitic sentiments among them. The results indicate that Holocaust education in Swedish schools among youngsters with a Palestinian background can hardly be treated separately from the question of the Israeli and Palestinian conflict.

A Reconsideration of Library Treatment of Ethically Questionable Medical Texts: The Case of <em>The Pernkopf Atlas of Anatomy</em>

The Pernkopf Atlas of Anatomy consists of anatomical drawings created by Austrian physician Eduard Pernkopf, an active member of the Nazi Party during World War II. While the book was known for its highly detailed anatomical drawings, in the 1990s it was determined that Holocaust victims were likely used as subjects for the drawings. Using a survey, the authors aimed to gather information about the presence of this monograph in academic libraries today to provide best practice recommendations for academic libraries in their approach to ethically questionable materials.

БЕНЕФЕЦІАРИ ГОЛОКОСТУ: РОЛЬ «СУСІДІВ» У ПОГРАБУВАННІ ЄВРЕЇВ ВОЛИНІ В ПЕРІОД НАЦИСТСЬКОЇ ОКУПАЦІЇ

У статті досліджено випадки пограбування жертв Голокосту у трьох невеликих містечках Західної Волині: Дубровиці, Корці й Костополі. Такі дії, окрім фінансування німецької мілітарної машини та збагачення німців, слугували легітимації геноциду й серед місцевого населення, його заохоченню до колаборації.
 На поведінку частини населення під час організації злочину в Костополі, Корці та Дубровиці впливали економічні чинники. Вже на початковому етапі Голокосту мешканці цих містечок долучилися до грабунку єврейських сусідів під час погромницьких акцій наприкінці червня – на початку липня 1941 р. У процесі створення гетто відбувалися стихійні пограбування помешкань жертв і «легалізована» нацистською окупаційною владою торгівля їхнім майном (переважно одягом і побутовими речами).
 У період існування гетто в Костополі, Дубровиці та Корці тутешнє населення (переважно селяни) активно долучилося до нерівноцінних торгових обмінів із єврейськими бранцями. В обмін на одяг, взуття, прикраси та гроші селяни приносили євреям їжу. Коли кошти закінчувалися, євреї пропонували свою працю в обмін на їжу. Таку взаємодію значно легше було організувати бранцям гетто відкритого типу в Корці та Дубровиці. Голод у гетто був найстрашнішим тоді, коли в мешканців закінчувалися цінні речі, за які можна було вимінювати продовольство, а селяни втрачали інтерес надалі приносити їжу.
 На етапі знищення гетто в усіх трьох містечках відбувалися стихійні пограбування будинків убитих євреїв. Після ліквідаційних акцій щоразу розпочиналася торгівля єврейським майном (переважно одягом, меблями й нерухомістю). «Легалізовану» нацистською окупаційною владою торгівлю у Дубровиці та Костополі здійснювали працівники міських управ (це були переважно місцеві українці). Найбільшу вигоду мали сусіди євреїв (українці й поляки), що мешкали у цих містах і довколишніх селах. У Корці торгівлю майном убитих євреїв контролювала районна управа, а участь у ній брали переважно місцеві українські селяни. Окрім фізичних осіб, у цьому районі участь у придбанні меблів і будинків жертв Голокосту брали й українські організації (сільські філії товариства «Просвіта», українські школи тощо).
 Доля тих євреїв, яким вдалося утекти з гетто або місць розстрілів, залежала від ставлення місцевого населення. Мешканці довколишніх сіл по-різному ставилися до жертв, які мусили переховуватися поза межами гетто. Зокрема, селяни і містяни в нечисленних випадках безкорисливо переховували жертв (поведінка рятівників), надавали прихисток або їжу, допомагали євреям з метою отримання якихось зиску (використання жертв Голокосту як робочої сили, нерівноцінні обміни їжі на матеріальні цінності), переховували за гроші або інші цінності, видавали представникам окупаційної влади жертв в обмін на матеріальну вигоду (яка зазвичай вимірювалася такими дефіцитними у воєнний час товарами, як керосин, спиртні напої, сіль і цукор) і навіть брали активну участь у виявленні місць переховування євреїв як за винагороду, так і незначні кар’єрні преференції. Як засвідчують спогади жертв Голокосту, значна частина українських і польських селян вибудовували різноманітні моделі взаємодії з жертвами Голокосту саме з метою отримати вигоду. В одних випадках це допомагало жертвам вижити (допомога в обмін на матеріальні речі). В інших – призводило до катастрофи. Хай там як, а «праведна» поведінка траплялася значно рідше, ніж та, що була мотивована економічним зиском

Between heritage and (identity) politics: dealing with the signs of communism in post-Soviet Lithuania

ABSTRACT The article deals with the symbolic political negotiations in Lithuania. Dealing with soviet cultural heritage like museums and monuments, the article discusses the development of identity politics in independent Lithuania. There are two topics, which became referential points for the politics of remembrance and education in Lithuania: Memory of the victims of Stalinism and memory of the Holocaust victims. The article will argue how the transformation of the museum and memorial landscape is connected with the identity politics of the transformation time.

Do passado ao presente, do preto e branco à cor

Este artigo observa a construção da potência mnemônica em Faces of Auschwitz, projeto da colorista Marina Amaral que resgata retratos de identificação feitos no campo de extermínio nazista e os põe em cores. O trabalho é apreendido pelo modo como reordena e subverte o propósito das imagens originais, levando-as da tentativa de assujeitamento à capacidade de comemoração e de restituição da memória das vítimas do Holocausto, assentada nos vestígios de humanidade e de dor. O registro da jovem Czesława Kwoka, produzido pelo então prisioneiro Wilhelm Brasse e colorizados por Amaral, além de outros retratos, são tomados como ponto de partida para as discussões aqui propostas.

ВИСВІТЛЕННЯ ТРАГЕДІЇ ГОЛОДОМОРУ (1932–1933) В АКТУАЛЬНИХ ПРОГРАМАХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ РЕДАКЦІЙ «ГОЛОСУ АМЕРИКИ», BBC, DW, РАДІО «ВАТИКАН» І «СВОБОДА»

<div><p align="center"> </p></div><p><em>The article analyzes the work of the Ukrainian editorial office of Voice of America, BBC, DW, Vatican Radio, and Radio Liberty, which traditionally cover the Holodomor theme, showing different sides of this tragic event. Monitoring of the materials that are about the next anniversary of the Holodomor was done, and it was found out how effectively the editorial office was able to present this complex topic.</em></p><p><em>It is shown that the Ukrainian editorial offices of foreign radio stations reported on the Holodomor of the Ukrainian people of 1932–1933, which was arranged by the Soviet regime, throughout the entire history of their broadcasting. Ukrainian editorial offices of Vatican Radio, Voice of America, and Radio Liberty have become the voice of the enslaved Ukrainian people for decades, who could not tell the world about the genocide when being under occupation. Due to their programs and materials, this topic did not dissolve in the general information flow.</em></p><p><em>When covering the 86th anniversary of the Holocaust victims of 1932–1933, Ukrainian editorial offices of Voice of America, BBC, DW, and Radio Liberty have shown an example of comprehensive coverage of a complex historical topic. The programs and materials that analyze the greatest tragedy of the Ukrainian people are intended to show in detail the perpetrators of this terrible crime and the victims, who should not be forgotten. The work of the Ukrainian editorial offices in this direction is fully in line with the best world practice, when the media helps society to realize and understand the horrific pages of their past, in order to learn the truth and move into the future.</em></p><p><em>Against the backdrop of numerous articles on the Holodomor prepared by Ukrainian editorial offices of Voice of America, BBC, DW, and Radio Liberty in 2019, there has been little involvement of the domestic media in this regard. This demonstrates that Ukrainian society, and with it, the media environment, continues to overcome the difficult path of restoring historical memory, establishing the causes of national defeats and tragedies, the largest of which was the genocide of Ukrainians in 1932–1933.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>Holodomor, genocide, the Ukrainian editorial offices of Voice of America, BBC News Ukrainian, DW, Radio Liberty, Vatican Radio.</em></p><p> </p>

A Goudstikker van Goyen in Gdańsk: A Case Study of Nazi-Looted Art in Poland

Abstract:This article traces the provenance and migration of a painting by Jan van Goyen (1595–1656),River Landscape with a Swineherd, from the Jacques Goudstikker Collection and now in Gdańsk Muzeum Narodowe. After the “red-flag sale” of the Goudstikker Collection in July 1940 to German banker Alois Miedl, and then to Hermann Göring, this painting—after its sale on Berlin’s Lange Auction in December 1940 to Hitler’s agent Almas-Dietrich—was returned to Miedl-Goudstikker in Amsterdam. Miedl then sold it (with two other Dutch paintings) to the Nazi Gauleiter of Danzig, Albert Forster, among many wartime Dutch acquisitions for the Municipal Museum (Stadtmuseum). Evacuated to Thuringia and captured by a Soviet trophy brigade, it thus avoided postwar Dutch claims. Returned to Poland from the Hermitage in 1956, it was exhibited in the Netherlands and the United States (despite its Goudstikker label). Tracing its wartime and postwar odyssey highlights the transparent provenance research needed for Nazi-era acquisitions, especially in former National Socialist (NS) Germanized museums in countries such as Poland, where viable claims procedures for Holocaust victims and heirs are still lacking. This example of many “missing” Dutch paintings sold to NS-era German museums in cities that became part of postwar Poland, raises several important issues deserving attention in provenance research for still-displaced Nazi-looted art.

The Bitburg Affair and the Beginnings of Jewish Activism in 1980s West Germany*

Abstract President Ronald Reagan and Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s visit to the military cemetery at Bitburg in May 1985 was covered extensively by the international media, and gave rise to a vigorous debate about the place of the National Socialist past in German memory, as well as the dignity accorded to Holocaust victims and survivors. The Jewish voices in this debate were overwhelmingly North American. However, what few have considered thus far is why a perceived insult to Jewish memory in Germany should not also have affected Jews who were living in Germany. Consequently, this article looks at the Bitburg debate from a German-Jewish perspective. What role did the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (ZdJ) play in the debate? And what effects, if any, did it have on Jewish life in West Germany, and on the emergence of a new Jewish activism in Germany over the longer term?

The Hall of Remembrance at Yad Vashem: Israel’s Holocaust Commemoration Monument

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the design and construction of the Hall of Remembrance (ohel yizkor), the main memorial monument at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. It describes years of complex deliberations among the leaders of Yad Vashem and the decisions they made throughout the years. Between 1942, when the idea of establishing a Holocaust memorial monument in Eretz Israel was first raised, and 1961, when the Hall of Remembrance was inaugurated, the initial idea of designing Yad Vahsem as a large-scale site with several memorial structures was replaced with the decision to construct a site of much smaller dimensions, with this impressive yet minimalistic building at its center. The fact that it contains nothing but the names of the concentration and extermination camps, an eternal flame, and a symbolic grave with the ashes of Holocaust victims created an intense experience.The Hall of Remembrance was intentionally built of concrete and basalt, as opposed to the local Jerusalem stone. The building had no features typical of Israeli or Jerusalem architecture. Authenticity was created using sophistication, realizing that Yad Vashem could not offer physical remains or extermination sites, but rather memories alone. As that, the site successfully reflects the connection between Israel and Europe, between the years of devastation and the years in which the institution was established, and between suffering and redemption. Although memory of the Holocaust is not explicit, but rather practically implied, the leaders and architects of Yad Vashem succeeded in transforming the Mount of Remembrance and the Hall of Remembrance at its heart into the most prominent memorial site in the State of Israel.

The Formation of the Monumental and Memorial Space of Donetsk

Donetsk is a city, which located in the south-eastern part of Ukraine, the beginnings of which can be traced back to the last quarter of the ХVІІІ century. During the ХХ century the city of Yuzivka – Staline – Donetsk turned into an industrial centre in within the Russian Empire and later the USSR. Accordingly, it was formed its monumental-memorial space, the analysis of which is the purpose of this research. Legislative documents and registers have been worked out for its implementation historical and cultural monuments, statistics, periodicals. The article showed that the monumental tradition of Donetsk was formed mostly in the Soviet era, most intensively in the 1950th – 1980th. The monuments concerned the significant events of that time – «the Great October Socialist Revolution», «the Civil War», «the Great Patriotic War», many objects are dedicated to work, including mining. They purposefully worked on the formation of Soviet identity of citizens. A tribute to Ukrainian history and culture has been found in the monuments T. Shevchenko, I. Frank, B. Khmelnitsky. However, their installation is small formal – except for the first, these objects were placed on the periphery of Donetsk. It is shown that in the years of independent Ukraine in the city was installed one and a half dozens of monuments dedicated to people whose lives and activities they were related to Donetsk or Donetsk region – A. Solovyanenko, J. Hughes, Holocaust victims, internationalist soldiers, militiamen dead, the mother of women, victims of political repression, victims of Chernobyl catastrophe, rescue hero and others. Сonstruction of monuments in the postsoviet decades focused on fostering pride in prominent countrymens and on this led to the formation of regional patriotism. With Soviet-era monuments have always been preserved alongside new ones memorials, what contributed to the position of the Donetsk City Council, deputies who repeatedly stated the need for the demolition of the Soviet memorials. In the course of the study it was possible to reach a conclusion mainly Soviet filling the monumental and memorial space of Donetsk, which is also on boundaries of the XX–XXI centuries did not undergo significant changes, which influenced the formation specific identity that fit into the notion of local, «Donetsk» patriotism.

Present and Absent: Exploring the Holocaust of Jews in Prague Using a Mobile Application

This paper discusses the goals, methodology and experience gained in the project ‘Integration and Segregation in Cityspace: The History of the Holocaust in Prague Through a Web Application’, funded by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic. Using a mobile application, the project aims to overlay the current cityscape with extensive datasets on the Holocaust victims who were living in Prague before their deportation. By giving insights into working with the data, and by presenting the digitized material used and the technical development of the web application, the paper also hopes to contribute to future approaches for archival and educational GIS-based applications. Following an introduction to the spatial history of Jews in Prague, the article analyses the challenges at the crossroads of documentation and digitization, technology and user interface, as well as user interaction with data.

ПОВСЯКДЕННЕ ЖИТТЯ ВОЛИНСЬКИХ ЄВРЕЇВ У МІЖВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ МЕМОРІАЛЬНОГО МУЗЕЮ ГОЛОКОСТУ У США)

The interview is an important historical source of studying the problematic issues of the history of Ukraine in the XX century. The interview has a lot of factual materials, interpretations, impressions, observations, and development of the interviewees about the described events. Between the two world wars, Western Volhynia remained a part of Poland. About 10% of its population was Jews. This article examines historical evidence of the life of the Jewish population in the cities of Volhynian Voivodeship in the interwar period from the collection of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). USHMM documents, studies, and interprets the history of the Holocaust. The mission of the museum, due to the museum's strategy, is to help citizens of the world to fight hatred, to prevent genocide, to promote human dignity and to strengthen democracy. Interviews from the USHMM collection are semi-structured and focused, thus aimed at studying a person’s "experience" of individual historical divisions and situations that arose. The examined memoirs show the construction and spread of Jewish public cities of Volhynian Voivodeship, which was inhabited by about two-thirds of their inhabitants. Education issues are most often addressed to in interviews for those reasons that the interwar period lead to the formation and maturation of respondents. The articles describe the construction, professional employment, religious and social life, as well as the perception of urban space. The analysis of memories gives us idea of a young resident of the Jewish community. On average, this was a person from a religious family which had own small business. Such person attended public and religious school, had acquaintances or friends from different ethnic groups, knew several languages and was not interested in politics at all. The material presented in this article represents the experience of Holocaust victims. Attention of the researchers in this group is evidence of one-sidedness — one of the main methodological problems of oral historical research. The exploitation of traumatic experience in this article is changed due to the chronological limits of the interwar period. Despite the above problem of oral historical research, methods permit us to add some kind of personal to the general narrative.

Memorialising the (Un)Dead Jewish Other in Poland: Spectrality, Embodiment and Polish Holocaust Horror in Władysław Pasikowski’s Aftermath (2012)

This article analyses the function and symbolic currency of Poland’s recent literary and artistic motif of the returning Jew, which brings the nation’s Jewish Holocaust victims back to their homes as ghosts, spectres and reanimated corpses. It explores the ability of this trope—the defining feature of what I call ‘Polish Holocaust horror’—to cultivate the memory of complicitous and collaborative Polish behaviour during the Holocaust years, and to promote renewed Polish-Jewish relations based upon a working-through of this difficult history. In the article I explore Władysław Pasikowski’s 2012 film Aftermath as a self-reflexive product of this experimental genre, which has been considered ethically ambiguous for its necropolitical treatment of Jews and politically controversial for its depiction of Poles as perpetrators. My analysis examines haunting as central to these popular cultural constructions of Holocaust memory—a device that has been used within the genre to mourn but also expel guilt for the previously forgotten or supressed dispossession and murder of Jews by some of their Polish neighbours.

Kolekcja Corneliusa Gurlitta – współczesne reminiscencje zjawiska grabieży żydowskich dzieł sztuki przez III Rzeszę Niemiecką

The article presents the phenomenon of plundering works of art by German Nazis, as well as contemporary reminiscences of this practice. The authortakes into consideration the media discovery in 2013, that refers to Gurlitt family collection. This occurrence has become an impulse to start a discussion about claims of the heirs of Holocaust victims against the museums and galleries that are in possession of works which provenance is doubly because of legal issues

What a Story!

On Norway’s Liberation Day 2017, Erik (42) and four friends decide to polish memorial plaques all over Trondheim city, in remembrance of Holocaust victims. The effort is covered in a traditional ne...

POSEBNOSTI JUDOVSKIH ŽALOSTINK IN ŽALNIH OBREDOV V PROTIJUDOVSKEM OKOLJU<br>SPECIAL FEATURES OF JEWISH LAMENTS AND MOURNING RITUALS IN HONOR OF THE DEAD IN AN ANTI-SEMITIC ENVIRONMENT</br>

Prispevek z metodama pozornega branja in intertekstualne primerjave med različnimi kulturami in religijami odkriva posebnosti judovskih žalostink za umrlimi in judovskih žalnih obredov, kot so izpričani v žalostinkah Svetega pisma in v posvetopisemskih judovskih virih, na antičnih judovskih nagrobnih napisih, v tradicionalnih judovskih verskih praksah žalovanja, v srednjeveških judovskih literarnih tradicijah spomina na mučence in v komemoracijah za žrtvami holokavsta v moderni judovski poeziji. Raziskuje tudi odnos do trpljenja in smrti Judov, izpričan v slovenskem ljudskem izročilu in v izbranih delih slovenske rokopisne tradicije.***This contribution discloses, by using the methods of close reading and intertextual comparison with various cultures and religions, peculiarities of Jewish laments in honour of the dead and of Jewish mourning rituals, as they are witnessed in laments of the Bible and in post-Biblical Jewish sources, in ancient Jewish epitaphs, in Jewish traditional religious mourning practices, in medieval Jewish literary traditions of commemorating martyrs and in commemorations of holocaust victims in modern Jewish poetry. It deals also with the relationship to suffering and the death of Jews, as they are witnessed in Slovenian literary folklore and in selected works of Slovenian manuscript tradition.

The Transmission of Trauma and Guilt Feelings Between Generations

The Transmission of Trauma and Guilt Feelings Between Generations Abstract. After a brief historical outline, the text deals with the emergence of insights into transgenerational transferences and current understandings of mental trauma and various forms of traumatization. At the center lies the question of psychic mechanisms of unconscious transmission in unprocessed traumas. The author inquires into body language and affective communication, beginning in early childhood, and the importance of scenic memory and understanding of nonverbal messages. Different reactions in descendants of survivors of the Holocaust or torture victims and descendants of perpetrators are also taken into consideration. Finally, some conclusions for clinical practice are presented.