Social Readjustment Rating Scale Research Articles

Stres psikososial dan kejadian kandidiasis vulvovaginalis pada wanita pekerja seks di Banyumas

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the relationship between psychosocial stress with candidiasis vulvovaginalis (KVV) incidence in female sex workers (FSW).MethodsThe research design was a case control study conducted in health center clinics in the Banyumas District. The sample size was 164 FSW (82 cases & 82 control). The research instrument was structured questionnaires, Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), laboratory equipment and microscopes for inspection KVV. Data analysis used logistic regression tests to calculate odds ratios (OR), confidence interval (CI), and p value.ResultsThe multivariate analysis showed that stress was not KVV risk factors, and the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of KVV in FSW were oral sex (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.60 to 6.83, p-value = 0.001) and smoking more than 10 cigarettes/day (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.2 to 4.59, p-value = 0.014).ConclusionsThe risk factors of KVV were oral sex and smoking ≥ ten cigarettes/day. We recommend to avoid oral sex and smoking < ten cigarettes/day to avoid the risk of KVV infection.

Voxel-based morphometric brain comparison between healthy subjects and major depressive disorder patients in Japanese with the s/s genotype of 5-HTTLPR

Individuals with s/s genotype of serotonin transporter gene-linked promotor region (5-HTTLPR), which appear with a high frequency in Japanese, exhibit more diagnosable depression in relation to stressful life events than those with the s/l or l/l genotype. We prospectively investigated the brain volume changes in first-episode and medication naïve major depression disorder patients (MDD) with the s/s genotype in Japanese. We assessed the differences between 27 MDD with the s/s genotype and 44 healthy subjects (HS) with the same genotype using a whole-brain voxel-by-voxel statistical analysis of MRI. Gray matter volume in a brain region with significant clusters obtained via voxel-based morphometry analysis were measured and, as an exploratory analysis, evaluated for relationships to the subcategory scores (core, sleep, activity, psychic, somatic anxiety, delusion) of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). The brain volume in the left insula lobe was significantly smaller in the MDD than in the HS. The left insula lobe volume correlated negatively with the “psychic” score of HAM-D and the SRRS. In a Japanese population with the s/s genotype, we found an atrophy of the insula in the MDD, which might be associated with “psychic” symptom and stress events.

Euiiyin-tang in the treatment of obesity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundObesity is a public health concern in many countries due to its increasing prevalence. Euiiyin-tang is an herbal medicine formula often used as a clinical treatment for obesity. It acts to eliminate humidity and purify the blood, the causes of obesity identified by the theoretical framework of Korean medicine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Euiiyin-tang in treating obesity.Methods/designThis study is a randomised, double-blinded and placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. It has two parallel arms: the Euiiyin-tang group and the placebo group. A total of 160 obese adult women will be enrolled in the trial. The participants will be randomly divided at a 1:1 ratio at visit 2 (baseline). The participants will be administered Euiiyin-tang or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint is the change in weight occurring between baseline and post-treatment. The secondary outcomes include average weight reduction, changes in body fat, waist and hip circumferences, body mass index, and lipid profile, and the results of questionnaires such as the Korean version of Obesity-related Quality of Life, the Korean version of Eating Attitudes Test, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and the Stress Reaction Inventory.DiscussionThe present study will provide research methodologies for evaluating the efficacy and safety of Euiiyin-tang in patients with obesity. In addition, it will provide evidence of correlation between obesity and Sasang constitutional medicine.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01724099. Registered on 2 November 2012.

The associations between stressful life events and depression among students in a university in Botswana

Depression is common among university students and often impacts their career development and health. Stressful life events might be associated with depression but remain to be studied among young adults, especially in non-Western settings. Depression and stressful life events were assessed in 304 students at a university in Botswana ( M = 21.56, standard deviation = 1.86) using the 21-item Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and the 26-Item Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Regression models were fitted to study the associations between stressful life events and depression while a one-way between-subjects analysis of variance was performed to compare subjects with minimal, mild, moderate, and severe depression on reporting stressful life events. Depression was present in 22 % of the participants (severe in 8.2% and moderate in 13.8%). More than half of the participants reported 10 or more stressful life events. Stressful life events significantly predicted depression (β = .37, 0.13–0.60). When all the other stressful life events and gender were adjusted for each other, loss of a cell phone, tablet, or laptop and relationship difficulties with peers, parents, and lecturers independently predicted depression. Subjects with minimal, mild, moderate, and severe depression significantly differed on reporting stressful life events ( F(3, 300) = 12.69, p < .001). Depression is not only common but significantly and increasingly associated with reporting more stressful life events. Types of stressful life events such as relationship difficulties and losses were uniquely associated with depression and should be considered in planning interventions and treatment of depression on university campuses.

Life events, quality of life, autonomic nervous system, and cardiovascular risk factors

BackgroundPsychological distress is considered as a component of the cardiovascular risk. The present study aims to determine which psychophysiological, electrocardiographic and anthropometric factors are correlated with life events, depression and quality of life in healthy adults.MethodA total of 114 adults were examined using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, the EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory – Second Edition, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Physiological measures included heart rate variability, skin conductance level and skin temperature. Anthropometric characteristics included weight, height, hip size, waistline, blood pressure, heart rate at rest and after mental activity, muscle mass, fat stock, percentage of the body fat, segmental distribution of muscle and fat mass, fat-free mass and the water content in the body. Finally, data from electrocardiographic examination included aortic pulse wave velocity, central aortic pressure and augmentation index.ResultsLife events in last two years correlate with worse quality of life and a higher level of depression. Life events in last two years also correlate with the increase of the risk factors for cardiovascular problems in terms of several anthropometric and physiological measures. Finally, life events in last two years was also related with the overweight.ConclusionsResults suggest some possible mechanisms by which stress may exert adverse effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in healthy persons. Primary preventive strategies with the stress management training may prove beneficial.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The impact of trait emotional intelligence and resilience on suicidal behavior in university students

IntroductionSuicidal ideation has repeatedly been reported as a predecessor of suicidal behavior. Several neuropsychological parameters have been associated with suicidal ideation. Emotional intelligence (EI) and resilience, which play an important role in the emergence of psychiatric disorders may also be related with suicidality.ObjectivesThe main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of trait EI and resilience with suicidal ideation. Moreover, we hypothesized that EI and resilience would be correlated with each other and that they were moderating variables between stressful life events and suicidal ideation.MethodsA total of 277 male and female students without current psychiatric diseases were recruited per online questionnaire asking for lifetime and 4-weeks suicidal ideation and demographic data and containing the Resilience Scale of Wagnild and Young, the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale and, for the measurement of trait EI, the Self-Report Emotional Ability Scale. Additionally, we applied the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to assess stressful life events.ResultsWe found significant negative correlations between lifetime and in part 4-weeks suicidal ideation and intrapersonal trait EI as well as resilience. Trait EI and resilience were interrelated. There was no significant moderating effect of trait EI or resilience on the relationship between SRRS score and suicidality.ConclusionAssessing EI and resilience as trait factors might be helpful in the prospective identification of suicidal individuals.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Relationship between rapheal echogenicity and personality as possible markers of a disposition to develop depressive and anxiety disorders

Early diagnosis of anxiety and depression may be facilitated by the use of neurobiological markers. In depression and panic disorder, transcranial sonography (TCS) has revealed decreased echogenicity of the brainstem raphe (BR). The aim of the present study was to detect whether decreased echogenicity of the BR correlates with personality features described in the five-dimension model, especially neuroticism. We examined 100 healthy volunteers using quantitative and qualitative TCS, the five-dimension revised NEO Personality Inventory, Beck´s scales of anxiety and depression, and the Social Re-adjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Visual BR anechogenicity was found in 11 subjects, BR hypoechogenicity in 29 subjects, and normal BR echogenicity in 60 subjects. The visual assessment correlated with the digital assessment. Comparing the groups with visual BR anechogenicity and BR normoechogenicity, only increased SRRS score and increased agreeableness z-score were significant. Our hypothesis that BR hypoechogenicity reflects an inclination for depression and anxiety characterized by the personality dimension neuroticism was not supported. However, this disposition may be present in a different state, such as stress.

Maternal stress during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes of children during the first 2 years of life

A growing body of literature documents associations between maternal stress in pregnancy and child development, but findings across studies are often inconsistent. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between exposure to different kinds of prenatal stress and child psychomotor development. The study population consisted of 372 mother-child pairs from Polish Mother and Child Cohort. The analysis was restricted to the women who worked at least 1 month during pregnancy period. Maternal psychological stress during pregnancy was assessed based on: the Subjective Work Characteristics Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale and Social Readjustment Rating Scale. The level of satisfaction with family functioning and support was evaluated by APGAR Family Scale. Child psychomotor development was assessed at the 12th and 24th months of age by Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Negative impact on child cognitive development at the age of two was observed for the Perceived Stress Scale (β = -0.8; P = 0.01) and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (β = -0.4; P = 0.03) after adjusting for the variety of confounders. Occupational stress, as well as satisfaction with family functioning, was not significantly associated with child psychomotor development (P > 0.05). The study supports the findings that prenatal exposure to maternal stress is significantly associated with decreased child cognitive functions. In order to further understand and quantify the effects of prenatal stress on child neurodevelopment further studies are needed. This will be important for developing interventions that provide more assistance to pregnant women, including emotional support or help to manage psychological stress.

Association of life events and depressive symptoms among early postmenopausal Chinese women in Hong Kong.

This study examined the occurrence of stressful life events (SLEs) and its association with the risk of developing depressive symptoms in midlife women. A total of 518 Hong Kong Chinese postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 years were recruited through random telephone dialing. Information on sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle variables was obtained through face-to-face interviews at baseline, and at 3-year (T1) and 5-year (T2) follow-up. A Centre of Epidemiological Study Depression scale (CES-D) score ≥16 was used to indicate high depressive symptoms. At T2, SLEs were assessed by a 21-item life-event scale, adapted from the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale for Adults. Potential confounders were controlled for in the multivariable logistic regression analysis on the relation between SLEs and high depressive symptoms among 379 women without CES-D score ≥16 at T1. 87.6% had experienced SLEs since T1 and 11.9% had CES-D score ≥16 at T2. Compared with those without SLEs, women with one to three SLEs had 2.7-fold (95% CI, 0.6-12.1) increased risk of having CES-D score ≥16, whereas those with four to nine SLEs had 5.2-fold (95% CI, 1.1-25.4) increased risk. A dose-response relationship was observed (P for trend = 0.005). Each additional SLEs experienced was associated with a 28% (95% CI, 1.07-1.54) increased risk of high depressive symptoms. Hong Kong Chinese women encounter many SLEs at midlife. Multiple episodes of SLE had a cumulative effect on the onset of depressive symptoms. Our findings have important implications for the identification and management of midlife women with high depressive symptoms.

Self management status and influencing factors of schizophrenia patients in community

Objective To investigate the present situation and analyze the influence factors of self-management ability of schizophrenic patients in community. Methods A total of 122 cases of schizophrenic patients in community that have been discharged from Zhenjiang Mental Health Center were investigated and analyzed by general information questionnaire, Schizophrenia Self-Management Ability Scale, quality of life and Social Support Rating Scale. Results The scores of self-management ability of schizophrenic patients in community were (68.74±10.24) points. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that long-term medication (t =2.351, P<0.05), degree of education(t =2.385, P<0.05), community rehabilitation guidance (t =3.813, P<0.01) and social support (t=2.768, P<0.01) were the influence factors of self-management ability of schizophrenic patients in community. Conclusions Schizophrenia patients in community medical staff should be aimed at strengthening the long-term medication in community rehabilitation guidance and social support, improvement, and strengthen the low degree of culture of patient care, to improve the ability of self-management. Key words: Community health centers; Schizophrenia; Self-management; Influence factors

Transformacje społeczne a oczekiwania przyszłościowe młodych Polaków i Ukraińców

Intensive and fast development of digital technology as well as the world financial crisis, which resulted in the collapse of economy created changes that had a serious impact upon the young generation both in their everyday activities and in planning their future life. However, the plans may depend to a considerable degree upon social and political situation of a given country. Therefore, the present study aimed at making comparison of planning and imagining their future by young Poles and Ukrainians as the two countries underwent serious transformations. The modified Social Readjustment Rating Scale , Cantril’s Ladder and The Vision of Future developed by L. Oryshchyn were administered. The obtained results reflect optimistic but differentiated attitudes towards future life in both examined groups.

Индивидуальный стиль саморегуляции как ресурс стрессоустойчивости у замещающих родителей

The article presents the results of an empirical study that looks into correlations between the person's behavioral self-regulation styles and the level of their stress resistance. The research demonstrates that the amount to which the self-regulation system components are formed may indicate the ability of foster parents to overcome social stress factors and various difficult situations taking place in foster families. Specific traits of foster parents' self-regulation styles in comparison to that of ordinary parents were discovered. The differences between individual self-regulation styles in foster parents and paramedics — both groups belonging to socionomic aid specialists — were examined. "The Social Readjustment Rating Scale" by T.H Holmes and R.H. Rahe was used to measure the level of stress. Specific traits of different self-regulation styles were examined with the help of V.I. Morosanova’s “Behavior self-regulation style” method. The research was supported by The Russian Foundation for Humanities, project 15-06-10508а.

Recent and childhood adversities in patients with depressive disorders

Background A strong association is believed to exist between stressful life events and development of depressive disorders. Childhood adverse experiences contribute to a person’s vulnerability to such disorders. The complex interplay between these variables needs further investigation. Objectives The objective of the present study was to clarify the impact of child abuse and recent stressful life events on patients with depressive disorders. Patients and methods A total of 75 patients with depressive disorders not having a comorbid mental illness were studied using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale of Holmes and Rahe and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Results The mean age of our patients was 34.96±12.32 years, 69.3% of them were females, and the duration of illness ranged from 2 to 288 weeks with a mean of 30.94±54.61; 36% of the sample had severe depression. There was a statistically significant relationship between urban residence and magnitude of stress (P=0.049); married patients suffered less severe depression compared with unmarried ones (P=0.02). A positive and significant correlation was found between magnitude of stress and severity of depression (P≤0.001). Duration of depressive illness was positively and significantly correlated with the raw score of Social Readjustment Rating Scale and with the severity of emotional neglect as measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (P=0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion The development of depression in adulthood is significantly associated with past exposure to child abuse and stressful life events. Childhood history of emotional neglect and magnitude of preonset stress may be contributing factors to the duration of depressive illness.

How Accumulated Real Life Stress Experience and Cognitive Speed Interact on Decision-Making Processes.

Rationale: Advances in neurocomputational modeling suggest that valuation systems for goal-directed (deliberative) on one side, and habitual (automatic) decision-making on the other side may rely on distinct computational strategies for reinforcement learning, namely model-free vs. model-based learning. As a key theoretical difference, the model-based system strongly demands cognitive functions to plan actions prospectively based on an internal cognitive model of the environment, whereas valuation in the model-free system relies on rather simple learning rules from operant conditioning to retrospectively associate actions with their outcomes and is thus cognitively less demanding. Acute stress reactivity is known to impair model-based but not model-free choice behavior, with higher working memory capacity protecting the model-based system from acute stress. However, it is not clear which impact accumulated real life stress has on model-free and model-based decision systems and how this influence interacts with cognitive abilities.Methods: We used a sequential decision-making task distinguishing relative contributions of both learning strategies to choice behavior, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale questionnaire to assess accumulated real life stress, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test to test cognitive speed in 95 healthy subjects.Results: Individuals reporting high stress exposure who had low cognitive speed showed reduced model-based but increased model-free behavioral control. In contrast, subjects exposed to accumulated real life stress with high cognitive speed displayed increased model-based performance but reduced model-free control.Conclusion: These findings suggest that accumulated real life stress exposure can enhance reliance on cognitive speed for model-based computations, which may ultimately protect the model-based system from the detrimental influences of accumulated real life stress. The combination of accumulated real life stress exposure and slower information processing capacities, however, might favor model-free strategies. Thus, the valence and preference of either system strongly depends on stressful experiences and individual cognitive capacities.

The Association between Work-Related Stress and Autonomic Imbalance among Call Center Employees in Japan.

There is little epidemiological evidence linking subjective stress to objective etiologic indicators. To clarify an association between work-related stress and autonomic nervous function, we examined call center employees (167 males and 371 females) undergoing electrocardiography (ECG) at the time of annual health checkups. The questionnaire was composed of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire based on the demand-control-support model and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale including detailed contents of home stress. The Bazett's corrected QT (QTc) interval, QT index, and heart rate were obtained from the ECG data. The male employees showed significantly higher scores of job demand, job control, and supervisor support than the female ones. In the male employees, QT index indicating the extent of autonomic imbalance and heart rate were associated with high score of supervisor support and low score of coworker support (P < 0.05), but no significant relationships were seen between QTc interval and either job strain (i.e., job demand and job control) or home stress. By contrast, the female employees showed no significant links between any autonomic indicators and either work-related stress or home stress. These data suggest that work-related stress affected QT index in male employees suffering specific occupational stressors such as emotional abuse from unsatisfied customers. Specifically, supports from supervisors and coworkers were paradoxically associated with QT index, implying that supervisors may have failed to effectively support such male employees. Also, autonomic nervous function in male employees appears to be more vulnerable to work-related stress than that in female ones.

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) and ONCO-Mpi Predict Mortality in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) in the Elderly: A Retrospective Evaluation in a Single Center Experience

DLBCL is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and it usually affects elderly patients, with a median age at diagnosis of 70 years and an incidence that rises with increasing age. Nevertheless patients > 70 years are rarely included in clinical trials and the management is often different according to local practice. A pre-treatment evaluation based on Performance Status (PS) or comorbidity index is not sufficient to identify patients suitable for treatment with curative intent.We retrospectively reviewed 93 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL, ≥65 years old , treated from January 2009 to December 2015 at Veneto Institute of Oncology-IRCCS (median age 76 years, range 65-96). Twenty-eight patients (28) were older than 80 years. All but one received at least first line treatment. All patients were evaluated with CGA at diagnosis, based on Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS). According to these variables they were classified into three categories named ’fit’, ’vulnerable’ and ’frail’. In addition, a cancer-specific modified multidimensional prognostic index (MPI), called Onco-MPI, was calculated for all patients. Onco-MPI score identify three risk score categories (low, moderate and high risk) that predict one-year mortality in older cancer patients. Onco-MPI was calculated according to a validate algorithm as a weighted linear combination of the following CGA domains: age, sex, ADL, IADL, PS, mini-mental state examination, body mass index, CIRS, number of drugs and the presence of caregiver. Cancer sites were also included in the model.Other features analyzed included clinical characteristics, treatment management and outcomes.In our cohort 48% of patients were at advanced Ann Arbor stage (III-IV) with intermediate-high or high risk IPI score in 31%. In 61% of patients we observed extranodal disease, mainly Waldeyer’s ring and gastrointestinal tract. First line treatments received included R-CHOP (38%), R-COMP (R-CHOP with non-pegylated liposomial doxorubicin - 23%), R-CVP (14%), R-CEOP (3%), high dose methotrexate (4 patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma), R-VACOP-B (3%), R-Bendamustine in 2 patients and radiotherapy alone was used in 5 patients. Sixty-eight patients (84%) completed the planned cycles of immunochemotherapy. In this group 48,5% required dose reduction for subsequent cycles of treatment because of side effects, in particular hematological toxicities of grade 3-4 or neurological toxicities. In 23 chemotherapy-treated patients initial doses were reduced according to CGA . We observed, after first line therapy, complete response in 63% and partial response in 21%, 8% of patients experienced a disease progression at the end of treatment and 8% died during first line therapy because of lymphoma progression. At time of diagnosis 49% of patients were considered fit at CGA, 16% vulnerable and 35% frail. According to onco-MPI 24 patients (26%) were at low risk of one year mortality, 31 (33%) at medium risk and 38 (41%) at high risk. With a median follow up of 41,1 months the overall survival (OS) of our cohort is 55,9% (95% CI 25,3-56,9). OS correlates with CGA ( 84,4% in fit patients, 31,2 % in vulnerable and 28,1% in unfit, p< 0,001) and Onco-MPI score seems to discriminate our cohort for one-year mortality (95% in low risk, 77% in moderate and 63% in high, p<0,01). OS also correlates with anthracycline administration (67,8% vs 33,3%, p<0,001) as well as the use of consolidation radiotherapy after chemotherapy induction ( 75% vs 49,3%, p <0,01).Our retrospective, single Center experience demonstrates that elderly DLBCL need a multidimensional evaluation at diagnosis in order to identify patients candidate to treatment with curative intent. CGA confirm its role for choosing correct management. Also Onco-MPI can be a useful tool even if more data are needed in lymphoma patients. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

P.3.b.011 - Holmes–Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale and life events involving social defeat in first episode psychosis: preliminary results of a Delphi study

Using data from 3305 students mistreated by peers two to three times per month or more often, we examined predictors of targets' telling adults at home and school about what happened. Grade, being in special education, having lower socioeconomic status, and physical and forms of social mistreatment were predictors of telling an adult at school. Grade, being in special education, race/ethnicity, experiencing some forms of social mistreatment and specific foci of mistreatment were related to telling an adult at home. We also report how helpful targets found 14 specific adult responses to be (things got better, things stayed the same, things got worse). The helpful responses from teachers most often leading to reports that things got better including showing concern and care for the targeted child.

Stressful life events and the risk of initial central nervous system demyelination

Background: There is substantial evidence that stress increases multiple sclerosis disease activity, but limited evidence on its association with the onset of multiple sclerosis. Objective: To examine the association between stressful life events and risk of first demyelinating event (FDE). Methods: This was a multicentre incident case–control study. Cases (n = 282 with first diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, including n = 216 with ‘classic FDE’) were aged 18–59 years. Controls without CNS demyelination (n = 558) were matched to cases on age, sex and study region. Stressful life events were assessed using a questionnaire based on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Results: Those who suffered from a serious illness in the previous 12 months were more likely to have an FDE (odds ratio (OR) = 2.35 (1.36, 4.06), p = 0.002), and when we limited our reference group to those who had no stressful life events, the magnitude of effect became stronger (OR = 5.41 (1.80, 16.28)). The total stress number and stress load were not convincingly associated with the risk of an FDE. Conclusion: Cases were more likely to report a serious illness in the previous 12 months, which could suggest that a non-specific illness provides an additional strain to an already predisposed immune system.

Maternal stress during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes of children during the first two years of life

Introduction: A growing body of literature documents associations between maternal stress in pregnancy and child development, but findings across studies are often inconsistent. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between exposure to different kinds of prenatal stress and child psychomotor development. Methods: The study population consisted of 372 mother-child pairs from Polish Mother and Child Cohort. The analysis was restricted to the women who worked at least one month during pregnancy period. Maternal psychological stress during pregnancy was assessed based on: the Subjective Work Characteristics Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale and Social Readjustment Rating Scale. The level of satisfaction with family functioning and support was evaluated by APGAR Family Scale. Child psychomotor development was assessed at the 12th and 24th months of age by Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Results: Negative impact on child cognitive development at the age of two was observed f...

The First Pilot Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Study of Depression in the Japanese Population.

Stressful events have been identified as a risk factor for depression. Although gene–environment (G × E) interaction in a limited number of candidate genes has been explored, no genome-wide search has been reported. The aim of the present study is to identify genes that influence the association of stressful events with depression. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide G × E interaction analysis in the Japanese population. A genome-wide screen with 320 subjects was performed using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human Array 6.0. Stressful life events were assessed using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and depression symptoms were assessed with self-rating questionnaires using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. The p values for interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and stressful events were calculated using the linear regression model adjusted for sex and age. After quality control of genotype data, a total of 534,848 SNPs on autosomal chromosomes were further analyzed. Although none surpassed the level of the genome-wide significance, a marginal significant association of interaction between SRRS and rs10510057 with depression were found (p = 4.5 × 10−8). The SNP is located on 10q26 near Regulators of G-protein signaling 10 (RGS10), which encodes a regulatory molecule involved in stress response. When we investigated a similar G × E interaction between depression (K6 scale) and work-related stress in an independent sample (n = 439), a significant G × E effect on depression was observed (p = 0.015). Our findings suggest that rs10510057, interacting with stressors, may be involved in depression risk. Incorporating G × E interaction into GWAS can contribute to find susceptibility locus that are potentially missed by conventional GWAS.