Holland's Hypothesis Research Articles

US inflation and inflation uncertainty over 200 years

This article uses historical US inflation data covering over two centuries to examine the impact of the establishment of the US Federal Reserve on average US inflation and inflation uncertainty. We find that the founding of the Fed is associated with higher average US inflation and lower inflation uncertainty. Critically, these results are not driven by the post-1980 period, where the Fed policy is characterised by the dual mandate. Other important results are that the gold standard period is associated with both lower inflation and inflation uncertainty, and that banking and stock market crises are a positive determinant of inflation uncertainty and perhaps inflation. World Wars I and II and the US Civil War are associated with both higher inflation and higher inflation uncertainty. In addition, we find that the central bank has responded to increasing inflation uncertainty in a stabilising manner in support of the Holland hypothesis.

Development of Holland Vocational Interest Inventory(short form) and investigation of Holland's hypotheses

This study were preformed for two purposes. The first is to develop a Korean vocational interest inventory based on Holland theory(short version) and second is to investigate of Holland's hypotheses(circular order and circumplex). With a sample of 149 high school students(male 58, female 91) and 224 college students(male 132, female 92), the main results were as follows. First, the scale which developed as 72 items in this study has shown acceptable reliabilities and construct validities, that is, this short form interest inventory could be used to verify student's vocational interest in conjunction with existing inventories. Second, the radnomization test using RANDALL(Tracey, 1997) has shown that the circular order hypothesis were supported. Third, in the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the modle that Holland's circumplex hypothesis was not adapted, has had better fit(TLI, RMSEA) than the model which Holland's circumplex hypothesis was adapted. Forth, the results of MDS showed the RIASEC interest types could be explained well through Sociaility and Confirmity of Hogan(1983). In summary, Holland's circular order hypothesis was supported but the circumplex hypothesis was not supported to Korean student's data. Finally, the implications and limitations were discussed.

Development of Holland Vocational Interest Inventory(short form) and Investigation of Holland's Hypotheses

This study were preformed for two purposes. The first is to develop a Korean vocational interest inventory based on Holland theory(short version) and second is to investigate of Holland's hypotheses(circular order and circumplex). With a sample of 149 high school students(male 58, female 91) and 224 college students(male 132, female 92), the main results were as follows. First, the scale which developed as 72 items in this study has shown acceptable reliabilities and construct validities, that is, this short form interest inventory could be used to verify student's vocational interest in conjunction with existing inventories. Second, the radnomization test using RANDALL(Tracey, 1997) has shown that the circular order hypothesis were supported. Third, in the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the modle that Holland's circumplex hypothesis was not adapted, has had better fit(TLI, RMSEA) than the model which Holland's circumplex hypothesis was adapted. Forth, the results of MDS showed the RIASEC interest types could be explained well through Sociaility and Confirmity of Hogan(1983). In summary, Holland's circular order hypothesis was supported but the circumplex hypothesis was not supported to Korean student's data. Finally, the implications and limitations were discussed.

The development, evolution, and status of Holland’s theory of vocational personalities: Reflections and future directions for counseling psychology.

This article celebrates the 50th anniversary of the introduction of John L. Holland's (1959) theory of vocational personalities and work environments by describing the theory's development and evolution, its instrumentation, and its current status. Hallmarks of Holland's theory are its empirical testability and its user-friendliness. By constructing measures for operationalizing the theory's constructs, Holland and his colleagues helped ensure that the theory could be implemented in practice on a widespread basis. Empirical data offer considerable support for the existence of Holland's RIASEC types and their ordering among persons and environments. Although Holland's congruence hypotheses have received empirical support, congruence appears to have modest predictive power. Mixed support exists for Holland's hypotheses involving the secondary constructs of differentiation, consistency, and vocational identity. Evidence of the continued impact of Holland's theory on the field of counseling psychology, particularly in the area of interest assessment, can be seen from its frequent implementation in practice and its use by scholars. Ideas for future research and practice using Holland's theory are suggested.

Is the Relationship between Inflation and Its Uncertainty Linear?

AbstractWe use parametric power ARCH models of the conditional variance of inflation to model the relationship between inflation and its uncertainty using monthly data for Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden over a period ranging from 1962 to 2004. For all three countries inflation significantly raises inflation uncertainty as predicted by Friedman. Increased uncertainty affects inflation in all countries but not in the same manner. For Sweden we find a negative impact in accordance with the Holland hypothesis, whereas for Germany and the Netherlands we find the opposite in support of the Cukierman-Meltzer hypothesis. In a sensitivity analysis we show that an arbitrary choice of the heteroscedasticity parameter influences this relationship significantly.

The Relationship between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty in Emerging Market Economies

A standard Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (q,v) model is employed to construct a measure of monthly inflation uncertainty in 12 emerging market economies, and the relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty is examined using Granger‐causality tests. The results suggest that higher inflation rates increased inflation uncertainty in all the economies, providing strong support for the Friedman hypothesis. The evidence on the effect of inflation uncertainty on average monthly inflation is more mixed, with increased inflation uncertainty leading to lower average inflation in Colombia, Israel, Mexico, and Turkey, consistent with the Holland hypothesis, but to higher average inflation in Hungary, Indonesia, and Korea, consistent with the hypothesis of Cukierman and Meltzer.

Is the Relationship between Inflation and its Uncertainty Linear?

We use parametric power ARCH models of the conditional variance of inflation to model the relationship between inflation and its uncertainty using monthly data for Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden over a period ranging from 1962 to 2004. For all three countries inflation significantly raises inflation uncertainty as predicted by Friedman. Increased uncertainty affects inflation in all countries but not in the same manner. For Sweden we find a negative impact in accordance with the Holland hypothesis, whereas for Germany and the Netherlands we find the opposite in support of the Cukierman-Meltzer hypothesis. In a sensitivity analysis we show that an arbitrary choice of the heteroskedasticity parameter influences this relationship significantly.

Is Holland's theory worthy of so much attention, or should vocational psychology move on?

Holland's RIASEC calculus and Prediger's World-of-Work Map are viable heuristics for portraying vocational interests as they relate to vocational choice. These heuristics presuppose that at least one of Holland's hypotheses about achievement, stability, or satisfaction is theoretically and empirically sound. This paper questions the utility of the RIASEC and World-of-Work heuristics by presenting evidence that challenges the aforementioned hypotheses. A rationale is given for vocational psychology to direct its energies elsewhere.

Achievement-orientation of personality type: A variable to consider in tests of Holland's congruence-achievement and other hypotheses

Research that has tested Holland's congruence-achievement hypothesis was reviewed to explore the hypothesized influence of a confounding variable, “Achievement-Orientation of Personality Type,” on the congruence-achievement relation. When the effects of this confounding variable were considered, five studies were found that contradict Holland's hypothesis; one study was found that did not support Holland's hypothesis but that did support an Achievement-Orientation of Personality Type interpretation, and one study was found that supported Holland's hypothesis. One additional study revealed that when the confounding effects of Achievement-Orientation of Personality Type were controlled, strong support that had previously existed for Holland's hypothesis ceased to exist. The findings of this review suggest that the aforementioned confounding variable has been associated with the support that has been reported for one and probably more of Holland's hypotheses, that grade point average has probably outlived its usefulness in tests of these hypotheses, and that congruence is probably not a meaningful predictor of achievement. Implications for research are discussed.

Relationship between academic achievement and measured career interest: examination of Holland's theory.

The present study was designed to examine Holland's hypothesis that person-environment congruence relates positively to academic achievement. The sample of 157 nontraditional premedical students completed Holland's Self-directed Search interest inventory. The students were enrolled in the Medical/Dental Education Preparatory Program, which is designed to increase the number of qualified applicants who are underrepresented in the medical profession. Using scores on Holland's inventory students were classified as congruent or incongruent. A cumulative grade point average and a science grade point average were calculated for each student. An analysis of variance supported Holland's Congruence-achievement hypothesis. Congruent students did in fact achieve significantly higher cumulative GPA and science GPA than did incongruent students. Implications for counseling and academic advisement as well as further research are discussed.

Group importance as a mediator between personality-environment congruence and satisfaction

According to J. L. Holland (1985, Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall), there is a positive relationship between personality-environment congruence and satisfaction. The variable “group importance” was used in the present study as a mediator to explain why in some studies Holland's hypothesis was confirmed while in others no support was found. Group importance was measured by an inventory (reliability: .85) and by raters. Spearman rank order correlations between these measures of importance and congruence-satisfaction correlations were .68 (15 groups, p < .01) and .77 (23 groups, p < .01), respectively. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Types produce types—Especially fathers

Employing a larger sample and a more stringent statistical criterion, this study replicated an attempt by T. G. Grandy and R. F. Stahmann ( Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1974 , 5, 231–239.) to test Holland's hypothesis that parents' personality types foster similar offspring personality development. The relationships between paternal and offspring personality types were consonant with the findings of Grandy and Stahmann but the role of maternal personalities remained unclear. An explanation was offered that fathers' personality types carry more weight in the development of offspring types.

Types produce types: An examination of personality development using Holland's theory

This study was designed to test Holland's hypothesis that parents encourage the development of their own personality types in their offspring. Data were collected by personal interviews from three freshmen classes at a large midwestern university. Parent's personality types (occupations) were compared to offsprings' personality types (expressed occupational choices) using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test to determine whether or not the comparisons were due to chance. The results indicated that relationships existed between the personality types of fathers-sons, fathers-daughters and mothers-daughters while no relationship was confirmed between mothers-sons.